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1 Multi-beam MIMO for Millimeter-Wave Wireless: Architectures, Prototypes, and 5G Use Cases IEEE WCNC'2016 Workshop on Millimeter Wave-Based Integrated Mobile Communications for 5G Networks (mmw5g Workshop) April 3, 2016 Akbar M. Sayeed Wireless Communications and Sensing Laboratory Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Supported by the NSF and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Explosive Growth in Wireless Traffic Current Industry Solution: Small Cells & Het Nets Denser spatial reuse of spectrum (2014 Cisco visual networking index) T. Kadous (Qualcomm) (Qualcomm) J. Zhang (Samsung) 1 1
2 New Frequencies: mm-wave and cm-wave 3kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 300MHz 3GHz 3GHz 30GHz 30GHz 300GHz Current cellular wireless: 300MHz - 5GHz mmw - Short range: 60GHz Longer range: 30-40GHz, 70/80/90GHz cmw: 6-30GHz 2 mmw Wireless: GHz A unique opportunity for addressing the wireless data challenge Large bandwidths (GHz) High spatial dimension: short wavelength (1-100mm) Compact high-dimensional (massive) multi-antenna arrays 6 x 6 80GHz: 6400-element antenna array Highly directive narrow beams (low interference/higher security) Large antenna gain 80GHz 3 GHz 45dBi 15dBi Beamwidth: 35 3GHz 2 80GHz 3 2
3 Key Opportunities and Challenges Key Operational Functionality: Electronic multi-beam steering & MIMO data multiplexing Key Challenges: Hardware complexity: spatial analog-digital interface Computational complexity: high-dimensional DSP Our Approach: Beamspace MIMO (AS&NB 10; JB,AS&NB 13) 4 Beamspace MIMO Multiplexing data into multiple highly-directional (high-gain) beams Antenna space multiplexing Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) n dimensional signal space Beamspace multiplexing n-element array ( spacing) n orthogonal beams n spatial channels (AS 02; AS&NB 10; JB,AS&NB 13) Related: comm. modes in optics (Gabor 61, Miller 00, Friberg 07) 5 3
4 n-element (Phased) Antenna Array Spatial angle Spatial frequency: TX: steering vector or RX: response vector n-dimensional spatial sinusoid 6 Orthogonal Spatial Beams Spatial resolution/beamwidth: n = 40 n orthogonal spatial beams (DFT) DFT spatial modulation matrix: (n-dimensional orthogonal basis) Unitary 7 4
5 RX Beam Dir. Antenna vs Beamspace Representation Multipath Channel (DFT) (DFT) Multipath Channel (correlated) (decorrelated) MIMO Channel Matrix TX RX (AS 02) 8 mmw MIMO Channel: Beamspace Sparsity Massive mmw Arrays Directional, quasi-optical Line-of-sight Single-bounce multipath (DFT) (DFT) Point-to-point LoS Link Point-to-multipoint multiuser link TX Beam Dir. Communication occurs in a low-dimensional (p) subspace of the high-dimensional (n) spatial signal space How to optimally access the p active beams with the lowest O(p) - transceiver complexity? (AS&NB 10; Pi&Khan 11; Rappaport et. al, 13) 9 5
6 Continuous Aperture Phased (CAP) MIMO Practical Hybrid Analog-Digital Beamspace MIMO Transceiver (patented) Focal surface feed antennas: direct access to beamspace Lens computes analog spatial DFT Data multiplexing through active beams p digital data streams O(p) transceiver complexity Beam Selection p << n active beams n analog beams Performance vs Complexity Optimization (AS & NB 10, 11; JB, AS, NB, 13) 10 CAP-MIMO vs Conventional MIMO: Spatial Analog-Digital Interface p data streams Conventional MIMO: Digital Beamforming Beam Selection CAP MIMO: p << n Analog Multi-Beamforming active beams p data streams O(n) transceiver complexity O(p) transceiver complexity n: # of conventional MIMO array elements ( ,000) p: # spatial channels/data streams ( ) 11 6
7 CAP-MIMO vs Phased-Array-Based Arch. CAP-MIMO: Lens + Beamspace Array + mmw Beam Selector Network Phased-Array-Based: n phase shifters per data stream O(p) transceiver complexity Multi-beam forming mechanism Phase Shifter Network (np) + Combiner Network (e.g., Samsung; Ayach et. al 12) 12 5G Use Cases of MB mmw MIMO Access Point Technology Backhaul Mobile Access Last Mile Connectivity Indoor Gigabit wireless (e.g., HDTV) Satellite links Electronic multi-beam steering & MIMO data multiplexing multi-gbps speeds millisecond latency Vehicular communication networks; machine-to-machine communications 13 7
8 Dense Beamspace Multiplexing small-cell access point Idealized upper bound (non-interfering K users): x increase in capacity due to beamspace multiplexing 30dB Ant. gain 6 x 6 antenna x increase in capacity due to extra bandwidth (~1-10GHz vs 100MHz) 200Gbps-200Tbps (per cell throughput) (20-200Gbps/user) Beamspace channel sparsity Performance-complexity optimization (JB&AS 13; JB&AS 14) 14 2D Arrays for 3D Beamforming 2D steering vector: Beamspace Transformation Matrix: (2D DFT) k-th user channel: (JB&AS 14) 15 8
9 Small-Cell AP Design: 2D Beam Footprints 0.5 x 3 80GHz 1.1 x 6 ant. 2.3 x GHz Cell coverage (200 m x 100m) (JB&AS 14) 16 Sparse Beamspace Linear Precoding Downlink system: Multiuser channel: Beamspace precoder: Lower-dimensional system Sparse set of dominant active beams (power thresholding) 17 9
10 Sum Capacity: Sparse MMSE Precoding Beamspace Downlink: MMSE Precoder: Capacity: (MMSE precoder: (JB&AS 13, JB&AS 14) Joham, Utschick, & Nossek 2005) 18 Performance vs Complexity: Perfect CSI p=k, 2K, 4K p=16k=1600 (2.3 x 12 ) p=4k=400 (1.1 x 6 ) p=k=100 (0.5 x 3 ) x 10 x 3 Full dim. vs low-dim. 400 max active beams p=16k= beam mask/user vs Full dimension Upperbound vs MMSE precoder performance p=k=100 beams p=4k=400 beams p=16k=1600 beams 0.5 x 3 80GHz 1.1 x 6 80GHz 2.3 x 12 80GHz 19 10
11 K=10 Power-Complexity: with Beam Selection and Channel Estimation Full dim: ñ = 158 Capacity (b/s/hz) p=k 10 0 Full Dimensional Perfect CSI Perfect CSI, p=k Noisy BS, p=k Noisy CE, p=k Noisy BS+CE, p=k Transmit SNR (db) Capacity (b/s/hz) p=2k 10 0 Full Dimensional Perfect CSI Perfect CSI, p=2k Noisy BS, p=2k Noisy CE, p=2k Noisy BS+CE, p=2k Transmit SNR (db) Capacity (b/s/hz/user) Full vs low-dim Full Dimensional Perfect CSI p=k Perfect CSI 10 0 p=2k Perfect CSI Full Dimensional Noisy BS+CE p=k Noisy BS+CE p=2k Noisy BS+CE Transmit SNR (db) K=50 Capacity (b/s/hz) Full Dimensional Perfect CSI Perfect CSI, p=k Noisy BS, p=k Noisy CE, p=k Noisy BS+CE, p=k Transmit SNR (db) Capacity (b/s/hz) Full Dimensional Perfect CSI Perfect CSI, p=2k Noisy BS, p=2k Noisy CE, p=2k Noisy BS+CE, p=2k Transmit SNR (db) Transmit SNR (db) Channel estimation (not Beam Sel.) is the limiting factor (Path loss: db) 20 Capacity (b/s/hz/user) Full Dimensional Perfect CSI p=k Perfect CSI p=2k Perfect CSI Full Dimensional Noisy BS+CE p=k Noisy BS+CE p=2k Noisy BS+CE Beam Squint: Multi-Beam Solution H b,i (f) 2 /M (db) f/f c i = i o =25 i=24 i=23 i=26 i=27 Σ H b,i (f) 2 /M (db) beam 5 beam f/f c Phased array 3-beam CAP-MIMO 5-beam CAP-MIMO 21 11
12 10GHz CAP-MIMO Prototype VCO FPGA DAC IQ BPF PA 40cm x 40cm Lens array LO LNA BPF IQ ADC FPGA n=676, p=4 (channels), R=10ft DLA 1 DLA 2 10 GHz LoS prototype theoretical performance: 100 Gigabits/sec (1 GHz BW) at 20dB SNR Compelling gains over state-of-the-art (JB,AS,NB 13; JB,PT,DV,AS 14) 22 P2P Link: Spatial Filtering + Differential Detection DLA 1 DLA 2 RF Bandwidth: 1GHz Symbol rate: 125MS/s 4x4 CAP-MIMO Real-time comm + Channel meas. AS and JB ICC
13 P2MP Link: Spatio-Temporal Filtering & Coherent Detection TX Frame RX Frame (MS2) Raw RX samples Spatial filtering Spatial+temporal filtering 24 P2MP Channel Measurements MS2 MS
14 28 GHz CAP-MIMO Prototype 6 Lens Antenna with 16-feed Array RF Bandwidth: 1 GHz Symbol rate: 370 MS/s 4 simultaneous beams/data streams Powerful Altera Arria 10 FPGA board for backed DSP AP 4 MS bi-directional P2MP link Real-time comm. + ch. Meas. + scaled-up testbed network 26 5G Outlook and Impact: Multi-scale mmw MIMO Networks small cell Mobile Access Network Multi-Gbps Speeds Sub-millisecond latency Backhaul network Other Use Cases: Last-mile connectivity (remote & urban) Vehicular networks (sensing+comm) M2M comm. (Gigabit) (Source: 3G.co.uk) 27 14
15 Ongoing Work Gen 2 prototype: 28 GHz, advanced functionality Channel Measurements: massive, beamspace, and multi-beam Lens Array and Beam Selector Network Spatial Analog-Digital Interface Gigabit-rate DSP power hungry; more analog processing? Wideband High-Dimensional MIMO New insights into the beam-squint problem model OFDM, SC, SC-OFDM? Short-Time Fourier Signaling 28 Conclusion Beamspace MIMO: Versatile theory & design framework for mmw CAP-MIMO: practical architecture Performance-Complexity Optimization Compelling advantages over state-of-the-art Capacity/SNR gains Operational functionality Electronic multi-beam steering & data multiplexing Timely applications (multi-gigabits/s speeds) Wireless backhaul networks: fixed point-to-multipoint links Smart 5G Basestations: dynamic beamspace multiplexing Last-mile connectivity, vehicular comm, M2M, satellite comm. Prototyping & technology development: Multi-beam CAP-MIMO vs Phased arrays? 29 15
16 Relevant Publications ( A. Sayeed, Deconstructing Multi-antenna Fading Channels, IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., Oct 2002 A. Sayeed and N. Behdad, Continuous Aperture Phased MIMO: Basic Theory and Applications, Allerton Conference, Sep J. Brady, N. Behdad, and A. Sayeed, Beamspace MIMO for Millimeter-Wave Communications: System Architecture, Modeling, Analysis, and Measurements, IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propagation, July G.-H Song, J. Brady, and A. Sayeed, Beamspace MIMO Transceivers for Low-Complexity and Near-Optimal Communication at mm-wave Frequencies, ICASSP 2013 A. Sayeed and J. Brady, Beamspace MIMO for High-Dimensional Multiuser Communication at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies, IEEE Globecom, Dec J. Brady and A. Sayeed, Beamspace MU-MIMO for High Density Small Cell Access at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies, IEEE SPAWC, June J. Brady, P. Thomas, D. Virgilio, A. Sayeed, Beamspace MIMO Prototype for Low- Complexity Gigabit/s Wireless Communication, IEEE SPAWC, June Hogan and A. Sayeed, Beam Selection for Performance-Complexity Optimization in High-Dimensional MIMO Systems, 2016 Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), Princeton, NJ, March J. Brady and A. Sayeed, Differential Beamspace MIMO for High-Dimensional MultiuserCommunication, IEEE GlobalSIP, Orlando, December A. Sayeed and J. Brady, High Frequency Differential MIMO: Basic Theory and Transceiver Architectures,IEEE ICC, London, June J. Brady and A. Sayeed, Wideband Communication with High-Dimensional Arrays: New Results and Transceiver Architectures, IEEE ICC, Workshop on 5G and Beyond, London, June A. Sayeed and T. Sivanadyan, Wireless Communication and Sensing in Multipath Environments Using Multiantenna Transceivers, Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks, S. Haykin & K.J.R. Liu Eds, Thank You! 30 16
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