X2Y Capacitors for Instrumentation Amplifier RFI Suppression
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1 XY Capacitors for Instrumentation mplifier Summary Instrumentation amplifiers are often employed in hostile environments. Long sensor lead cables may pick-up substantial RF radiation, particularly if they are not well shielded. When applied to the input of an instrumentation amplifier, RF C common mode voltages can result in DC rectification, and a consequential shift in the output operating point of the instrument amplifier. This application note compares a traditional solution vs. a new solution using XY Technology for RFI suppression to improve common mode rejection and prevent DC rectification in instrumentation amplifiers (In-amps). Standard Solutions To prevent DC rectification, RFI filters may be employed at the input to the instrument amplifier. n ideal RFI filter: Inserts no attenuation or phase distortion within the signal pass band. Inserts infinite attenuation outside the pass band. Is perfectly balanced, i.e. it introduces no conversion of common mode noise to differential signals. common starting point is to simply apply a pair of low-pass filters, one to each leg of the differential input: R 4.0K % C 0pF Sig_in Sig_out R C 0pF 4.0K % Figure. 'Y' Common Mode RFI Filter. The common mode and differential pass band that results is simply: F pole _ cm = n R C DISCLIMER: Information and suggestions furnished in this document by XY ttenuators, LLC are believed to be reliable and accurate. XY ttenuators, LLC assumes no responsibility for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. XY is a registered trademark. ll other brand or product names mentioned in this document are trademark or registered trademarks of their respective holders. These notes are subject to change without notice. Copyright XY ttenuators, LLC all rights reserved. Note# 008, v.0, 4/8/05 Page of 9
2 XY Capacitors for Instrumentation mplifier However, mismatches between the R / C, and R / C networks result in unequal attenuation and phase approaching and above the respective poles. This converts a substantial amount of common mode signal and noise to differential noise from well below the point where common mode filtering affords any significant attenuation. Mode conversion from this filter arrangement can easily reduce the d CMRR of a high quality instrumentation amplifier to 0d or less. To overcome this problem a large value X capacitor is used to bridge across the two Y capacitors, and thereby equalize differences: R Sig_in 4.0K % C 0pF C 0nF Sig_out R C 0pF 4.0K % Figure. 'X' + 'Y' Common Mode RFI Filter. The X shunt has two effects: a. The desired effect of common mode balancing, b. n undesired side effect of differential signal filtering To be effective, we need C >> C. The differential signal pole appears at: F pole _ dm = F pole _ cm C C ( * C ) + C C The greater the mismatch between the two R X / C X networks, the greater the required ratio between C and C and hence the more differential signal bandwidth we surrender in the name of RFI filtering. Typically, high quality film capacitors are limited to +/-% tolerance. Note# 008, v.0, 4/8/05 Page of 9
3 XY Capacitors for Instrumentation mplifier Figure. Signal vs. RFI Filtering: 4kHz => X + Y, 0pF Y. XY Capacitors XY capacitors are three terminal devices with four external connections:,, G, and G. Figure 4. XY Capacitor. G G G G Figure 5. XY Construction. G and G connect internally within the device. The internal plate structure of the XY capacitor forms an Integrated Passive Circuit with very interesting properties. Note# 008, v.0, 4/8/05 Page of 9
4 XY Capacitors for Instrumentation mplifier Electrostatically, the three electrical nodes form two capacitors that share the G and G terminals. The manufacturing process automatically matches both capacitors very closely. G G Figure 6. XY Electrostatic Model. The more layers in the capacitor, the better this matching is. However, the magnetic circuits within an XY capacitor make these parts even more novel. The XY structure includes an effective autotransformer / common mode choke. t frequencies above the SRF, the autotransformer dominates behavior. This transformer structure contains no ferrous metals, and by its geometry is effective into the GHz. The ESR of XY multi-layer capacitors varies from about 00 milliohms for the smallest capacitances, down to a few milliohms for the largest capacitance values. t frequencies well above or below the SRF the ESR has little effect and may be largely ignored. To illustrate the common mode choke behavior, we redraw with both the ESR and capacitance shorted (Figure 7): G/G G/G Difference potentials see an inductor of X 'turns', = 4X inductance of a single 'winding'. Common potentials generate opposing fields, and see only the leakage inductance. Figure 7. utotransformer / common mode choke behavior of the XY structure. Note# 008, v.0, 4/8/05 Page 4 of 9
5 XY Capacitors for Instrumentation mplifier For to difference signals the autotransformer appears as an inductor with twice the turns as the G/G winding, and hence four times the inductance. Conversely, for common mode potentials from / to G/G the fields oppose, and the remaining inductance is the difference of the G/G inductance, and coupling factor times the G/G inductance. This magnetic coupling serves to balance the currents in each leg and therefore the complex common mode impedance presented by each leg. Combined with the inherently tightly matched capacitance, the XY capacitor preserves high CMRRs, not only at audio frequencies but up into the low GHz. nd it does so without a performance compromising X capacitor. For example, consider a typical three capacitor X + Y filter: J J PE454 R 4.0K % R C 0pF C 0pF C 0nF RC 499 % C 0nF 4 U C4 0nF CON J PE K % 5 C5 0nF C6 0nF Figure 8. Traditional 'X' + 'Y' RFI Filter. nd, contrast this with a filter, using only one 0nF rated XY capacitor: J J PE454 R 4.0K % R C 0nF RC 499 % C 0nF 4 U C4 0nF CON J PE K % 5 C5 0nF C6 0nF Figure 9. XY RFI Filter. Note# 008, v.0, 4/8/05 Page 5 of 9
6 XY Capacitors for Instrumentation mplifier The X capacitor in our conventional circuit appears in the differential signal path. The minor aberrations of even an X7R type dielectric will cause unwanted signal distortion. So, an expensive and fragile plastic film capacitor is called for. For the values shown, differential roll-off begins at khz, while common mode filtering does not begin until 40KHz. On the other hand, the XY circuit contains only two Y capacitors, and so the cut-off frequency for both the common mode and differential signals is now the same: 4kHz. ecause of the tight balance between capacitor halves, piezoelectric effects are equal and opposite, canceling out. This allows us to use ceramics with XY with little or no signal distortion, where we could not with the traditional discrete filter. Figure 0. Signal vs. RFI Filtering: 4kHz => 0nF. For both circuits, common mode rejection increases from the common mode cutoff at 0d / decade until the self-resonant frequency of the mounted capacitor is reached. ttenuation then decreases at 0d / decade until stabilizing at the ratio of device mounted ESL divided by the combined ESL and the circuit series inductance. The Y configuration of the XY capacitor, and lower effective inductance together afford much greater RFI attenuation than a discrete solution with similar signal bandwidth. For the circuits shown below, the XY solution maintains a d advantage from 00KHz to over 00MHz, and a significant advantage at all higher frequencies. In this example the XY signal bandwidth is twice that of the discrete circuit. Setting the signal bandwidths equal would increase the XY advantage to 9d+. Note# 008, v.0, 4/8/05 Page 6 of 9
7 XY Capacitors for Instrumentation mplifier Specialized pplications Figure. RFI attenuation, XY vs. X + Y. Under certain circumstances, the series filter resistors may be eliminated. If the signal source includes significant, controlled and matched impedance, such as a strain gauge bridge, and the cables are not very long, then we can scale the capacitor value, and eliminate the series resistors: J VCC J PE454 J PE454 C 00nF RC 499 % C 0nF 4 U C4 0nF CON J PE454 5 C5 0nF C6 0nF Figure. Strain Gauge Filter. Some caution is warranted with cables long enough to behave as transmission lines to impinging RFI. The low impedance of the filter capacitor does not properly terminate a transmission line. In such cases, the series resistors should be retained to decouple the suppression capacitor from the cable and prevent formation of standing waves. XY Capacitors for Decoupling The unique construction of XY capacitors makes them not only unsurpassed for RFI filtering, but also for decoupling. y simply tying the / terminals together, we get the XY Circuit configuration. s we saw before, voltages common to both terminals result in currents with opposing magnetic fields, sic very low effective inductance. XY capacitors in the Circuit configuration demonstrate ESL well under 00pH, compared to pH for quality 060 devices. Note# 008, v.0, 4/8/05 Page 7 of 9
8 XY Capacitors for Instrumentation mplifier J C 00nF* CON J PE454 R 4.0K % R C 0nF R 499 % 4 U J PE K % 5 C 00nF* Test Results Figure. XY Filter, w/ XY Decoupling. Test circuits were constructed using both the traditional X + Y capacitor configuration shown in Figure 8, and the XY filter shown in Figure 9. The inputs were shorted together with a 50 ohm shunt to ground and driven with a V p-p, KHz to 0MHz sweep signal as measured at the input shunt. In both cases the filters performed as expected, suppressing RFI rectification that would be visible as a shift in the DC output. oth circuits exhibited very good common mode rejection. Table. Comparisons of test circuit performance, XY vs. discrete. Parameter XY 0nF Discrete 0nF+nF+nF Comments DC offset shift <0.uV <0.uV Referred to input Common mode rejection 9d 9d Conclusion The novel construction and equivalent circuit of the XY Integrated Passive Circuit, uniquely suit it to instrumentation RFI suppression applications. Only XY capacitors have the combined features: tightly matched capacitors and integrated GHz common mode magnetics. Note# 008, v.0, 4/8/05 Page 8 of 9
9 XY Capacitors for Instrumentation mplifier Compared to the traditional X + Y filter The XY solution is: Simpler, using fewer components to achieve the same result. Smaller, one XY vs. three standard components uses significantly less space on the printed circuit board. Lower cost, the discrete solution uses specialized tight-tolerance film capacitors, which raises the cost of the filtering. The XY MLCC uses standard X7R dielectric and tight tolerance (balance) is inherent in the XY design, yielding a 70-80% cost savings. Superior at all frequencies, XY exhibits broad band performance characteristics vs. the narrow band discrete counterpart. In addition to use as RFI input filters, XY capacitors provide unmatched performance as decoupling capacitors, allowing for further: simplification, size reduction and cost savings. Note: Performance results reported in this and other application notes can only be achieved with patented XY components sourced from XY licensed manufacturers or their authorized distribution channels. Contact Information Direct inquiries and questions about this application note or XY products to xy@xy.com or telephone: XY ttenuators, LLC 70 West st Street Erie, P Phone: Fax: To visit us on the web, go to uthor cknowledgement XY ttenuators, LLC would like to thank Steve Weir for authoring this application note and for the test board development shown. Steve has over 5 years industry experience, holds numerous patents, and is a frequent contributor to the si_list. Steve Weir Steve Weir Design Engineering Petaluma, C weirspde@comcast.net Note# 008, v.0, 4/8/05 Page 9 of 9
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