Full-duplex hybrid PON/RoF link with the 10 Gbit/s 16-QAM signal for alternative wired and 60 GHz millimeter-wave wireless accesses

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1 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7:16 7 DOI /s Full-duplex hybrid PON/RoF link with the 10 Gbit/s 16-QAM signal for alternative wired and 60 GHz millimeter-wave wireless accesses Jianxin Ma Yu Zhan Received: 13 June 013 / Accepted: October 013 / Published online: 9 November 013 Springer Science+Business Media New York 013 Abstract A novel full-duplex hybrid access link with 10 Gbit/s 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) wired and wireless converged signal is proposed, which can provide PON access or RoF-based wireless access alternately with centralized lightwave source. The converged signal, consisting of the 10 Gbit/s 16-QAM baseband optical signal and two optical local oscillators (OLOs), is generated by central station and can be decomposed in different patterns at remote base station. For the wired PON access, the identical frequency OLO is used to coherently demodulate the 16-QAM signal; while for the RoF-based wireless access, the 16-QAM signal and its parallel polarized OLO are abstracted as optical millimeter wave by a polarization beam splitter; the other OLO is used as the uplink optical carrier to carry wired or wireless uplink signal. Since the three tones come from the same source, they maintain high coherency even after transmitted over fiber link. The proposed hybrid wired/wireless full-duplex fiber link suffers little from fiber chromatic dispersion. These are verified by simulations for both wired and wireless access applications. Keywords Microwave photonics (MWP) Full-duplex link Hybrid wired/wireless access QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) 1 Introduction As the rapid growth of the communication capacity demand of the new broadband services, such as future Internet, high J. Ma (B) Y. Zhan State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Electric Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing , China majianxinxy@163.com definition video, and multi-media, current narrow bandwidth access networks can hardly meet the requirement of many bandwidth-hungry applications. Optical fiber access network can distribute higher speed traffic over long reach because of the fiber s ultra low attenuation, high bandwidth, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, but it is inconvenient and fixed by cable [1,]. Current wireless communication with low-frequency radio can provide a convenient access solution but with a narrow bandwidth. An effective solution to improve bandwidth capacity of the wireless system is to increase the radio frequency, and the millimeter (mm) wave at 60-GHz band has attracted much attention due to its up to 7-GHz license-free spectrum. However, the high loss in the atmosphere and the cable of mm wave limits its transmission distance and antenna coverage. Moreover, the high price of cable makes the mm-wave communication system expensive. Radio over fiber (RoF) technology, developed recently to distribute the higher frequency radio signal optically over a long distance, is becoming a potential option to solve these issues [3,4]. Since the 60 GHz mm-wave signal has much short transmission distance in the air, the PON access network and RoF system for distributing broadband wireless signals in optical domain are overlapped in most part, so the optical fiber distribution network, which can support both wired access and RoF-based wireless access simultaneously, is more prefer. This converged network can not only make sufficient use of the optical fiber network source, but also reduces installation and maintenance cost. There are some reports on the hybrid wired/wireless optical access based on PON and RoF hybrid techniques [5 11], while most of them are simple combination of the wired and wireless transmission links, and the wireless and wired channels are independent and bounded together simply. The transceivers of the wired and wireless access are individual two subsystems, which makes inefficient use of the equipments and sources.

2 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7: Moreover, in many scenarios, only either wired or wireless access is required, so alternative wired and wireless access with uniform converged signal is a good choice, in which the wireless and wired channels can be converged as a channel. In this paper, we have proposed a novel full-duplex PON/ROF hybrid link architecture with a uniform converged signal for alternative wired and wireless access, in which the downlink converged optical signal is generated at the central station (CS) and consists of the 10 Gbit/s 16-QAM optical signal and two optical local oscillators (OLOs). One OLO has the same frequency but orthogonal polarization states with the signal optical carrier, viz., identical frequency OLO; the other OLO has parallel polarization state but with 60 GHz frequency spacing away from the signal carrier, viz., parallel polarization OLO. The converged signal carriers are generated by frequency quadrupling the 15 GHz RF LO optically. After transmission over the downlink with the fiber, the converged signals are decomposed in different patterns according to the requirement of the user terminals. For the PON wired access, an interleaver is used to abstract out the 16-QAM signal and its identical frequency OLO for coherent demodulation optically, while the parallel polarization OLO is reserved as uplink optical carrier and would be modulated by the uplink wired stream. For the RoF-based wireless access, a polarization beam splitter (PBS) is used to abstract the 16-QAM signal and its parallel polarization OLO as the dual-tone optical mm-wave signal for heterodyne beating in a photodiode (PD) in the remote base station (RBS), while the identical frequency OLO is used as the uplink optical carrier to carry the uplink mm-wave signal from the antenna. The upstream wired or wireless signal is transmitted back to the CS through fiber uplink and demodulated with the reserved OLO coherently. In the RBS, the photodetector for the downlink and the optical modulator for the uplink can be co-shared for simplifying the RBS. In our proposed full-duplex hybrid wired/wireless link, uplink optical carrier is abstracted from the converged downlink signal, so the RBS can be implemented free from optical source. Since the three tones of the converged signal come from identical laser source, they maintain good coherency. The proposed hybrid wired/wireless full-duplex fiber link suffers little from fiber chromatic dispersion (CD) due to its simple spectrum of the converged signal. To demonstrate its feasibility, the hybrid full-duplex link is built up in simulation platform, and the simulation results show that the link with the converged signal has good performance for both wired and wireless accesses. To the best knowledge of ours, this is the first report on the full-duplex link with alternative wired/wireless hybrid access with RBS free from laser source. This paper is organized as follows. In Sect., principle of the full-duplex hybrid wired/wireless access link with the converged signal is presented and analyzed theoretically. In Sect. 3, the hybrid link based on simulation platform is built up to verify its feasibility, and the simulation results are discussed. At last, a conclusion is drawn in Sect. 4. Principle of the hybrid wired/wireless full-duplex access link The proposed hybrid wired/wireless full-duplex access link is shown in Fig. 1. At CS, the lightwave, omitted from laser diode with the frequency of f 0 = ω 0 /π, can be expressed as E 0 (t) = E 0 exp( jω 0 t), and is modulated via a push pull LiNbO 3 Mach Zehnder modulator (LN-MZM) by RF LO, V RF (t) = V RF cos(π f RF t). The odd-order sidebands and the optical carrier can be canceled out completely due to the interference of MZM and the proper modulation index value of m h = π V RF /V π, respectively. The fourth and the other higher-order sidebands are neglected because of their smaller amplitudes. The output of the LN-MZM1, consisting mainly of positive and negative second-order sidebands at (ω 0 ± ω RF ), is obtained [1], E MZM1 (t) = 1 [ ( γ 1E 0 exp ( jω 0 t) exp j π ) V RF cos ω RF t V π ( + exp j π )] V RF cos ω RF t V π = γ 1 E 0 exp ( jω 0 t) k= ( 1) k J k (m h ) e jkω RFt [ γ 1 E 0 J (.405) exp j (ω 0 ω RF ) t + J (.405) exp j (ω 0 ) t + J (.405) exp j (ω 0 + ω RF ) t ] [ = 0.431γ 1 E 0 exp j (ω0 ω RF ) t + exp j (ω 0 + ω RF ) t ] (1) Here, γ 1 denotes the insertion loss caused by LN-MZM1, and J k (m h ) is the kth-order Bessel function of the first kind. When the modulation index m h =.405, J 0 (.405) = 0, and J (.405) = J (.405) = A Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is used to separate the two tones from each other. The sideband at (ω 0 + ω RF ) is split by a polarization beam splitter (PBS1) into two beams (B1 and B). The downlink vector signal is modulated onto B1 via a dual-electrode LN-MZM. To modulate the 16-QAM signal linearly on the lightwave, the driving voltages of the two electrodes are predistorted according to the I- and Q-branches of the 16-QAM signal as [13,14] V 1 (t) = V π π V (t) = V π π arctan Q(t) I (t) +arccos arctan Q(t) I (t) arccos I (t) + Q (t) () 18 I (t) + Q (t) 18 (3)

3 18 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7:16 7 LD Center Station cos( RFt) MZM1 BPF MZI QAM V1 V B1 MZM PBS1 B B3 B4 PBC EDFA1 EDFA PC Remote Base Station IL PBS MZM3 QAM coherent optical receiver Wired User Terminal Wired uplink Wireless uplink PD coherent optical receiver EDFA3 PBS3 B5 BPF PD BPF MZM4 QAM Wireless User Terminal Fig. 1 The full-duplex hybrid wired/wireless access link. LD laser diode, BPF band-pass filter, QAM quadrature amplitude modulator, MZM Mach Zehnder modulator, MZI Mach Zehnder Interferometer, PBS polarization beam splitter, PBC polarization beam combiner, PC polarization controller, optical coupler, EDFA erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, IL interleaver, quadrature amplitude demodulator, PD photodiode Here, V π is the half-wave voltage of the dual-electrode LN-MZM. After vector modulation of the 16-QAM signal, the lightwave can be expressed as E MZM = γ 1 γ E 0 exp j (ω 0 + ω RF ) t 1 { exp j π [V 1 (t) + V b1 ] V π + exp j π } [V (t) + V b ] V π = γ 1γ E 0 exp j (ω 0 + ω RF ) t { exp j π [ V π arctan Q (t) V π π I (t) I + arccos (t) + Q (t) 18 + exp j π [ V π arctan Q (t) V π arccos π I (t) + Q (t) 18 I (t) = 0.07γ 1 γ E 0 [I (t) + jq(t)] exp j (ω 0 +ω RF ) t (4) Here, γ denotes the insertion loss caused by LN-MZM, and V b1 = V b = 0. The OLO B is combined with the modulated B1 by a polarization beam combiner (PBC) to assure their orthogonal polarization states. The sideband at (ω 0 ω RF ) is power split into B3 and B4. B4 is reserved as the OLO for uplink demodulation. B3 is combined with B1 and B by an optical coupler () after aligning its polarization to B1. Consequently, the converged wired/wireless optical signal can be expressed in Jones Matrix as E t (t) = 0.305γ 1 E 0 exp j (ω 0 ω RF ) t +0.07γ 1 γ E 0 [I (t) + jq(t)] exp j (ω 0 +ω RF ) t 0.305γ 1 E 0 exp j (ω 0 + ω RF ) t A exp j (ω 0 ω RF ) t + B [I (t) = + jq(t)] exp j (ω 0 + ω RF ) t A exp j (ω 0 + ω RF ) t (5) Here A = 0.05γ 1 E 0, B = 0.07γ 1 γ E 0. The converged signals mainly consist of three optical tones at frequencies of (ω 0 + ω RF ) and (ω 0 ω RF ) with a simple spectrum, in which B1 carries the downstream signal while B and B3 are blank. B has identical frequency at (ω 0 + ω RF ) but the orthogonal polarization states with B1, and is referred to as identical frequency OLO, while B3 at the frequency of (ω 0 ω RF ) has a parallel polarization state but frequency spacing of 4ω RF with modulated B1, and is referred to as parallel polarization OLO. The converged signal is transmitted to the RBS over the fiber downlink after boosted to a proper optical power by EDFA1. For single-mode fiber (SMF) with the attenuation of α and propagation constant of β x (ω) and β y (ω), if fiber nonlinearity is not considered in our theoretical analysis for

4 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7: simplification, the transmission function can be expressed as ( ) H (ω) = e αz e jβ x (ω)z 0 0 e jβ (6) y(ω)z Here, z is the fiber length. So, the converged signal after fiber transmission becomes second term is the reserved uplink optical carrier (B3). B1 is polarization split from B by a PBS, and is self-homodyne detection by a coherent receiver, which consists of a polarization controller (PC), an optical phase shifter (PS), a 4-port optical hybrid, and two pairs of balanced photodiodes (PDs). The PC and PS are used to align the polarization states and E DR (z, t) = h (t) E t (t) = F 1 {H (ω) F {E t (t)}} { ( )( )} = F 1 e αz e jβ x (ω)z 0 Aδ (ω ω0 +ω RF )+ B [I (ω ω 0 ω RF )+ jq(ω ω 0 ω RF )] 0 e jβ y(ω)z Aδ (ω ω 0 ω RF ) { ( = F 1 e αz Ae jβ x (ω 0 ω RF )z + Be jβ x (ω)z )} [I (ω ω 0 ω RF ) + jq(ω ω 0 ω RF )] = e αz Ae jβ y(ω 0 +ω RF )z ( Ae j[(ω 0 ω RF )t β x (ω 0 ω RF )z] + BMe j[(ω 0+ω RF )t β x (ω 0 +ω RF )z] ) Ae j[(ω 0+ω RF )t β y (ω 0 +ω RF )z] (7) Here, M =[I { (t β x (ω 0+ω RF )z)+ jq(t β x (ω 0+ω RF } ) z)] F 1 e j[β x (ω) β x (ω 0 +ω RF ) (ω 0 +ω RF )β x (ω 0+ω RF )]z and F 1 {exp j[β x (ω) β x (ω 0 +ω RF ) (ω 0 +ω RF )β x (ω 0 + ω RF )z]} is the distortion on the signal pulse caused by the second- and other higher-order CD according to the Taylor expansion of β x (ω) at (ω 0 + ω RF ) is considered. If the fiber length is less than 100 km, the impact of this distortion is small enough to be neglected, viz., F 1 {exp j[β x (ω) β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) (ω 0 + ω RF )β x (ω 0 + ω RF )z]} = 1, and so Eq. (7) can be simplified as E DR (z, t) = e αz Ae j[(ω 0 ω RF )t β x (ω 0 ω RF )z] +B [ I ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z ) + jq ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z )] e j[(ω 0+ω RF )t β x (ω 0 +ω RF )z] Ae j[(ω 0+ω RF )t β y (ω 0 +ω RF )z] After transmitted over optical fiber to the RBS, the downlink converged signal can be decomposed in different patterns according to the user premises. Here, EDFA is a tunable preamplifier to compensate the fiber transmission loss. For the wired access with coherent reception, an interleaver is utilized to separate the uplink optical carrier at (ω 0 ω RF ) from the downlink optical signals at (ω 0 +ω RF ), and the decomposed downlink converged signal can be expressed as B [ I ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z ) E DR (z,t) = + jq ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z )] Ae j[β x (ω 0 +ω RF ) β y (ω 0 +ω RF )]z e αz e j[(ω 0 +ω RF )t β x (ω 0 +ω RF )z] ( ) A + e αz e j[(ω 0 ω RF )t β x (ω 0 ω RF )z] (9) 0 The first term at the right hand of Eq. (9) includes the downlink signal (B1) and its co-transmitted OLO (B), and the (8) match relative phase shift between B1 and B, respectively. After that, B1 and B are feed into the optical hybrid and balanced PD pairs to coherently demodulate the 16-QAM optical signal to electrical one. According to the transmission matrix of the optical hybrid [15], the lightwaves before balanced PD pairs can be written as E 1 (z, t) = 1 αz e {B [I (z, t) + jq(z, t)] jae j (z)} e j[(ω 0+ω RF )t β x (ω 0 +ω RF )z] { Ae j (z) jb[i (z, t) E (z, t) = 1 αz e + jq(z, t)]} e j[(ω 0+ω RF )t β x (ω 0 +ω RF )z] E 3 (z, t) = 1 { αz je Ae j (z) + B [I (z, t) + jq(z, t)]} e j[(ω 0+ω RF )t β x (ω 0 +ω RF )z] E 4 (z, t) = 1 αz e { Ae j (z) B [I (z, t) + jq(z, t)]} e j[(ω 0+ω RF )t β x (ω 0 +ω RF )z] (10) (11) (1) (13) Here, (z) =[β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) β y (ω 0 + ω RF )]z is the differential group delay between B1 and B. The total phase shift is compensated for as nπ by the PS, so the differential photocurrents of two balanced PD pairs become I R (z, t) = I 3 (z, t) I 4 (z, t) = μ E 3 (z, t) μ E 4 (z, t) = μe αz BAI (z, t) (14) Q R (z, t) = I 1 (z, t) I (z, t) = μ E 1 (z, t) μ E (z, t) = μe αz BAQ(z, t) (15) Here, the four PDs are assumed to have equal sensitivities of μ.eqs.(14 15) show that the downlink QAM optical signals are coherently demodulated in the RBS, and the wired access downlink does not suffer from CD.

5 0 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7:16 7 According to Eq. (9), the reserved uplink optical carrier at (ω 0 ω RF ) (B3) in the RBS can be simplified as E UCB (t) = Ae j[(ω 0 ω RF )t β x (ω 0 ω RF )z D ] αz D / = A e j[(ω 0 ω RF )t ϕ] (16) Here, A = A e αz D/ and ϕ = β x (ω 0 ω RF )z D are amplitude and phase shift of the uplink optical carrier caused by the downlink transmission, respectively, and z D is the length of downlink. After the uplink vector signal S up (t) = I up (t)+ jq up (t) is modulated on the reserved optical carrier via an LN-MZM, which is similar to the downlink signal, the generated uplink optical signal is obtained, E UTB (t) = γ 3 A [ I up (t) + jq up (t) ] exp [ j (ω 0 ω RF ) t ϕ] (17) Here, γ 3 denotes the MZM3 insertion loss. After transmitted from RBS to CS over fiber with the length of z, the uplink lightwave signal becomes ( E URB z,t ) = γ 3 A e α [ ( z Iup t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z ) ( + jq up t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z )] exp [ j (ω 0 ω RF ) t ϕ β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z ] (18) At the CS, the reserved OLO B4 at (ω 0 ω RF ) is used to coherently demodulate the uplink optical signal via a lowspeed coherent receiver. For RoF-based wireless access, the full-duplex link is switched in the dashed case in Fig. 1. InRBS,aPBSis used to separate the optical mm-wave signal, consisting of one tone modulated by QAM signal at (ω 0 +ω RF ) (B1) and the other tone at (ω 0 ω RF ) (B3), from the orthogonally polarized tone at (ω 0 + ω RF ) (B), which is used as the uplink optical carrier. The optical mm-wave signal E DRR (z, t) = e αz { Ae j[(ω 0 ω RF )t β x (ω 0 ω RF )z] +B [ I ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z ) + jq ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z )] } e j[(ω 0+ω RF )t β x (ω 0 +ω RF )z] (19) is injected into the high-speed square-law PD, and its photocurrent can be expressed as I DRR (t) = μ E DRR (z, t) { [ = μ e αz A + B I ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z ) +Q ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z )] +ABI ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z ) cos [4ω RF t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z +β x (ω 0 ω RF ) z] +ABQ ( t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z ) sin [4ω RF t β x (ω 0 + ω RF ) z +β x (ω 0 ω RF ) z] } (0) Here, μ is the PD s sensitivity. After abstracted out by bandpass filtering, the mm-wave signal at 4ω RF is radiated directly to the user terminal wirelessly, and received by the user s antenna, and then, the mm-wave signal is coherently demodulated to baseband. In the RoF uplink, the reserved optical carrier at (ω 0 + ω RF ) (B) is modulated by the uplink QAM electrical mmwave signal received by antenna in the RBS. The optical signal at (ω 0 + ω RF ω up ) (B5) carrying the upstream is filtered out by an optical filter and then transmitted back to CS over the uplink fiber. At the CS, the reserved OLO at (ω 0 ω RF ) (B4) is used to coherently demodulate the uplink optical signal to the electrical domain if ω up = 4ω RF. Otherwise, the uplink optical signal is converted to the IF signal at the frequency of (ω up 4ω RF ). The proposed scheme can realize the full-duplex RoF or PON access alternatively on the demand of the user terminals since the downlink signal can be decomposed as the optical mm-wave signal or optical baseband in RBS. The downlink converged signal includes three tones: the modulated optical signal at (ω 0 + ω RF ),theoloat(ω 0 ω RF ), and the OLO at (ω 0 + ω RF ), which has the orthogonal polarization with the modulated optical signal. Such a simple spectrum configuration makes the downlink converged optical signals suffer little from CD as it is transmitted over the fiber. The uplink optical carrier provided by the downlink converged signal makes the RBS free from the laser source, and only one laser source is required in the CS for the fullduplex link. Because both the optical signal and OLOs come from the same laser source in the whole full-duplex link, both wired and wireless electrical signals obtained after optoelectrical conversion have small phase noises. Moreover, coherent demodulation of the uplink signal with the reserved OLO in the CS improves its receiving sensitivity. 3 Simulation experiment setup and results To verify our proposed scheme of the full-duplex wired/ wireless hybrid access link, the simulation links are built up based on Optisystem simulation platform firstly, as shown for wired access in Fig. and for wireless access in Fig 9 with the co-shared optical links. The lightwave with the central frequency of THz and linewidth of 0. MHz is emitted from a continuous-wave laser diode (LD) and then is injected into an LN-MZM with the half-wave voltage of 4 V. The LN-MZM is driven in push pull pattern by the electrical 15 GHz RF LO with amplitude of 3.06 V biased at the maximum point, so the odd-order sidebands and the carrier are suppressed completely, and the fourth- and other higher-

6 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) LD cos(p frft) MZM BPF (a) MZI (b) (c) PBS1 QAM B1 B V1 V MZM B3 B4 (d) PBC PC (e) EDFA1 EDFA IL (f) (i) PBS (g) (h) coherent optical receiver coherent optical receiver EDFA3 (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (j) B5 MZM3 QAM Fig. The full-duplex hybrid link for wired access order sidebands are at least 17 db smaller than the secondorder ones. After filtered out by a bandpass filter with central frequency at THz and bandwidth of 10 GHz, two second-order sidebands at and THz with frequency spacing of 60 GHz, are generated with the carrier-tonoise ratio over 65 db, as shown in Fig. a. An MZI with transmission time delay of 16.7 ps between its two arms is used to separate the two tones from each other. The tone at THz, as shown in the Fig. b, is power split into two equally by PBS1, marked as B1 and B. B1 is modulated via a dual-electrode LN-MZM by the signals of V 1 (t) and V (t), which are generated by mapping the 10 Gbit/s binary to.5 GS/s 16-QAM signal according to Eqs. ( 3) and then pulse shaping and predistortion. Figure d shows the modulated B1 with broadened spectrum. The modulated B1 and blank B are combined with the orthogonal polarized state by a PBC. The tone at THz is power split into B3 and B4. B4 is reserved as the OLO for demodulating the uplink signals. B3 is combined with B1 and B by an with its polarization parallel to B1 via a PC. The combined three tones with different polarization states constitute the converged signal with spectrum shown in Fig. e. After boosted to about 5 dbm by EDFA1 with the noise figure of about 7 db in the CS, the converged signal is transmitted to the RBS over the SMF with the CD of ps/nm km, CD slope of ps/nm km, and differential group delay of 0. ps/km. In our simulations, the transmission loss of the converged signal is compensated for by the tunable optical amplifier EDFA at the RBS for comparing the transmission performance. The converged signal can be decomposed in different patterns for wired PON access or RoF-based wireless access. For the wired access, the 16-QAM optical signal (B1) at THz and its identical frequency OLO (B) are separated from the tone at THz by an interleaver, as shown by the spectrum in Fig. f, and then are input into the coherent optical receiver for homodyne detection. In the receiver, the orthogonal polarized B1 and B are separated by PBS along with a PC, as shown in Fig. g, h, respectively, for aligning their polarization states and matching their phase shift before they are injected into the 90 optical hybrid and balanced PD pairs with the responsivity of 1 ma/mw and the dark current of 10 na. After coherent homodyne detection, the constellation and the I- and Q-branch eye diagrams of the downlink signals are measured, as shown in Figs. 3, 4, and 5 at B-T-B case and after fiber transmissions, respectively. In the constellations, the red and black points denote with and without noise of PD and LD, respectively. The constellation point has no expansion at B-T-B case since B1 and B are coherent completely. After

7 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7:16 7 Fig. 3 The constellation diagrams of the downlink 16-QAM signal for wired access a at the back-to-back (B-T-B) case and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions Fig. 4 The I-branch eye diagrams of the downlink 16-QAM signal for wired access a at the back-to-back (B-T-B) case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions Fig. 5 The Q-branch eye diagrams of the downlink 16-QAM signal for wired access a at the B-T-B case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions fiber transmission, the constellation points are expanded in a small degree due to the higher-order CD and PMD, which are neglected in our theoretical analysis above. The constellation points keep good convergence after fiber length reaches 70 km. The eye lips become wide, and the eyes become narrow as the fiber length increases. The simulation results show that the downlink signal can be distinguished clearly and have good performance even if it is transmitted over 150-km SMF. For the uplink of the wired access, the reserved uplink optical carrier (B3) at THz, as shown as Fig. i, is modulated by the 16-QAM uplink baseband signal with the spectrum as shown in Fig. j. Then, the uplink optical signal is transmitted back to CS over the fiber with the same parameters as the downlink, and is coherent homodyne detected by the reserved OLO B4 via a coherent optical receiver. The constellation and I-, Q-branch eye diagrams of the demodulated uplink signals are shown in Figs. 6, 7, and 8, respectively. Because of the complete coherence between B3 and B4 at B-T-B case, the uplink signal has clear constellation and eye diagram. As the fiber length increases, the constellation points expand along the tangent direction and the eye diagrams close gradually due to this phase noise caused by the degradation of coherency between B3 and B4. The eye diagrams keep open even if the fiber length is increased up to 70 km. The phase noise comes from the phase difference between the optical carrier of the uplink signal and OLO. The OLO comes from the same laser as the optical carrier of the uplink signal, and their frequency offset and phase fluctuation are

8 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7: Fig. 6 The constellation diagrams of the uplink 16-QAM signal for wired access a at the B-T-B case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions Fig. 7 The I-branch eye diagrams of the uplink 16-QAM signal for wired access a at the B-T-B case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions Fig. 8 The Q-branch eye diagrams of the uplink 16-QAM signal for wired access a at the B-T-B case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions highly in-phase although they are random if there is no time delay between them such as the back-to-back case. The downlink signal coherently demodulated by the OLO has much small phase noise, and there is no phase rotation of constellations, as shown by Fig. 6a. However, if there is some time delay between the optical carrier of the uplink signal and the OLO, their coherency reduces, and so, the synchronicity of the frequency offset and phase fluctuation reduces with the transmission of the signal in the duplex link, corresponding to the increase in the time delay between them. Consequently, the phase noise increases and the constellation points expand along the tangent direction, as shown by the constellations in Fig. 6b d. The good performances of the full-duplex link for the wired access attribute to: (1) coherent balanced detection with symmetric PD pairs, which suppresses random noise from PD and LD effectively; () the OLO for the coherent homodyne detection come from the same LD with the optical carrier, which minimizes the frequency and phase deviation between the optical signal and the OLO. The downlink optical signal (B1) and its OLO (B) keep good coherency since they are propagated over the same fiber path. The uplink signal suffers from phase noise due to the coherency degradation of B3 and B4 since B3 experiments additional downand up-link fiber paths. For the RoF-based wireless access, the full-duplex link is configured as that shown in Fig. 9. Since the downlink before the optical switch changes little, the simulation results of the optical signal are identical with the wired case and so are not repeated here. In the RBS, the converged optical signal is

9 4 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7:16 7 LD cos(πfrft) MZM BPF (a) Data MZI (b) (c) PBS1 QAM B1 V1 V MZM B B3 B4 (d) PBC PC (e) EDFA1 EDFA PBS3 (f ) (g ) PD BPF (h ) Data (h ) (f ) PD (g ) (k ) EDFA3 (j ) B5 BPF (i ) (i ) (j ) (k ) MZM4 at 65GHz Fig. 9 The full-duplex hybrid link for wireless access Fig. 10 The constellation diagrams of the downlink 16-QAM signal for wireless access a at the B-T-B case and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions Fig. 11 The I-branch eye diagrams of the downlink 16-QAM signal for wireless access a at the B-T-B case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions decomposed in wireless pattern. The 16-QAM optical signal (B1) and its identical-polarization OLO (B3) at THz are separated by PBS3 and a PC, as its spectrum shown in Fig. 9f, and then are injected into the high-speed PD with the bandwidth of 70 GHz to realize the self-heterodyne beating. The photocurrent includes the 60 GHz electrical mm-wave signal as can be seen in the RF spectrum shown in Fig. 9h. To check the performance of RoF downlink for the wireless access, the mm-wave signal is coherently demodulated back to the baseband by the 60 GHz LO without wireless propagation. The constellation and the I- and Q-branch eye diagrams of the 16-QAM signal at B-T-B case and after fiber transmissions are given in Figs. 10, 11, and 1, respectively. Compared with the wired case above, the constellation points in Fig. 10 show obvious expansion in all direction, especially after fiber transmission. This is attributed to the phase noise is converted into the intensity in the self-heterodyne beating process in addition to PD and LD noises. The fiber dis-

10 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7: Fig. 1 The Q-branch eye diagrams of the downlink 16-QAM signal for wireless access a at the B-T-B case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions Fig. 13 The constellation diagrams of the uplink 16-QAM signal for wireless access a at the B-T-B case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions Fig. 14 The I-branch eye diagrams of the uplink 16-QAM signal for wireless access a at the B-T-B case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions persion will enhance this noise and further deteriorates the constellation as can be seen in Fig. 10. Fromtheeyediagrams in Figs. 11 and 1, the eye lips become wide and the eyes become narrow as the fiber length increases, but there is no the fading effect and bit walk-off effect caused by the CD. The expansion of constellation points is not serious, and the signal can be recovered easily even if the fiber length is 70 km. The eye diagrams always keep open clearly, which indicates that the link can maintain good performance. For the uplink of RoF-based wireless access, the reserved tone (B) at THz, as shown in Fig. 9g, is single sideband modulated by the 16-QAM uplink mm-wave signal at 65 GHz, as shown in Fig. 9i. The generated sideband at THz carries the uplink and is filtered out by an optical bandpass filter with the central frequency at THz and the bandwidth of 10 GHz, marked as B5, as shown in Fig. 9j. Then, B5 is transmitted back to CS over uplink fiber and is downconverted to the 5 GHz electrical IF signal via PD by heterodyne beating with the reserved OLO at THz (B4). The electrical IF signal is further demodulated to the baseband signal to test the link performance. The uplink signal is degraded by the phase to intensity noise, as shown by the constellation diagrams in Fig. 13. The constellation points expand along the tangent direction due to the phase noise of the phase difference between the optical carrier of the uplink signal and OLO as the fiber length increases, which is similar with the wired uplink. Although the instants between each constellation point become closer as the fiber length increases, the points do not overlap each other and the link maintains considerable performance even

11 6 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7:16 7 Fig. 15 The Q-branch eye diagrams of the uplink 16-QAM signal for wireless access a at the B-T-B case, and after b 0 km, c 40 km, d 70 km fiber transmissions if the transmission distance reaches 70 km. This is confirmed by the eye diagrams of I- and Q-branches in Figs. 14 and 15, and the eye diagrams keep open if the signal is transmitted over 70 km fiber. The evolution of the constellation and the eye diagrams qualitatively shows that the uplink has acceptable performance. Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NECT) with Grant No. NECT , the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No.: ), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No.: 013RC009). 4 Conclusion This paper has proposed a full-duplex link based on hybrid PON and RoF with 10 Gbit/s 16-QAM down- and up-link streams for wired and wireless accesses without laser source in RBS. The two optical carriers of the converged optical signals have good coherence since they come from the same laser source by RF modulation in optical domain. The converged signal, consisting of the 16-QAM optical signal along with an identical frequency OLO and a parallel polarization OLO, can be decomposed in different patterns for PON wired and RoF-based wireless accesses. Since the uplink optical carrier is reserved in the downlink, the optical source of the uplink in the RBS is not required for either wired or wireless accesses. Because both the optical signal and two OLOs come from the same optical source, the self-homodyne or self-heterodyne detections of the wired and wireless signal can suppress the phase noise of the signal effectively. The converged signals can immune to fiber dispersion because of its simple spectrum configuration. Moreover, the coherent demodulation of the uplink signal with the reserved OLO in the CS improves its receiving sensitivity. The simulation results show that our proposed full-duplex hybrid link for both wired and wireless accesses has good performance and can realize 10 Gbit/s bidirectional transmission with 70 km fiber transmission. The proposed full-duplex link can support the coherent PON wired access and distribute the 60 GHz band signal over 70 km fiber for RoF-based wireless access alternatively. Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant ), the References [1] Wong, E.: Next-generation broadband access networks and technologies. J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), (01) [] Ahmed, A., Shami, A.: RPR-EPON-WiMAX hybrid network: a solution for access and metro networks. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 4(3), (01) [3] Chang, G.-K., Chowdhury, A., Jia, Z., Chien, H., Huang, M., Yu, J., Ellinas, G.: Key technologies of WDM-PON for future converged optical broadband access networks. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 1(4), C35 C50 (009) [4] Stöhr, A., Akrout, A., Buß, R., Charbonnier, B., van Dijk, F., Enard, A., Fedderwitz, S., Jäger, D., Huchard, M., Lecoche, F., Marti, J., Sambaraju, R., Steffan, A., Umbach, A., Weiß, M.: 60 GHz radio-over-fiber technologies for broadband wireless services. J. Opt. Netw. 8(5), (009) [5] Li, C.-Y., Su, H.-S., Chang, C.-H., Lu, H.-H., Wu, P.-Y., Chen, C.- Y., Ying, C.-L.: Generation and transmission of BB-MW-MMW s by cascading PM and MZM. J. Lightwave Technol. 30(3), (01) [6] Milosavljevic, M., Thakur, M.P., Kourtessis, P., Mitchell, J.E., Senior, J.M.: Demonstration of wireless backhauling over longreach PONs. J. Lightwave Technol. 30(5), (01) [7] Chow, C.W., Lin, Y.H.: Convergent optical wired and wireless long reach access network using high spectral efficient modulation. Opt. Express 0(8), (01) [8] Huang, M., Chowdhury, A., Hsueh, Y., Yu, J., Chang, G.: Integration of RoF with WDM-PON for lightwave centralized access network. In: Proceedings of OECC 011, pp , 4 8 July 011 [9] Zhang, L., Hu, X., Cao, P., Chang, Q., Su, Y.: Simultaneous generation of independent wired and 60-GHz wireless signals in an integrated WDM-PON-RoF system based on frequency-sextupling and S-DPSK modulation. Opt. Express 0(13), (01) [10] Cao, Z., Yu, J., Zhou, H., Wang, W., Xia, M., Wang, J., Tang, Q., Chen, L.: WDM-RoF-PON architecture for flexible wireless and wire-line layout. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. (), (010) [11] Jia, Z., Yu, J., Chowdhury, A., Ellinas, G., Chang, G.-K.: Simultaneous generation of independent wired and wireless services using

12 Photon Netw Commun (014) 7: a single modulator in millimeter-wave-band radio-over-fiber systems. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(0), (007) [1] Ma, J., Chen, L., Xin, X., Yu, J., Yu, C., Dong, Z., Zhang, Q.: Transmission of 40-GHz optical millimeter-wave generated by quadrupling 10-GHz local oscillator via Mach-Zehnder modulator. J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 11(6), (009) [13] Ho, K., Cuei, H.: Generation of arbitrary quadrature signals using one dual-drive modulator. J. Lightwave Technol. 3(), (005) [14] Kametani, S., Sugihara, T., Mizuochi, T.: 16-QAM modulation by polar coordinate transformation with a single dual drive Mach- Zehnder modulator. In: Proceedings of OFC/NFOEC009, paper OWG6 (March 009) [15] Feng, Y., Wen, H., Zhang, H., Zheng, X.: 40-Gb/s PolMux-QPSK transmission using low-voltage modulation and single-ended digital coherent detection. Chin. Opt. Lett. 8(10), (010) Yu Zhan received the Bachelor and Master degrees in optical communications from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 010 and 013, respectively. Her research focuses on Radio over Fiber technologies and the hybrid wired/wireless access technologies. Currently, she is a client engineer of China Telecom. Author Biographies Jianxin Ma received the Ph.D. degree in optical communication from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 007. He is currently with Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications as associate professor. He has authored or coauthored more than 50 scientific publications appearing in journals or international conferences. His main research interests include the applications of microwave photonics to telecommunications systems and radio over fiber technologies.

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