Channel partitioning protocols
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1 Wireless Networks a.y Channel partitioning protocols Giacinto Gelli DIBET 1
2 Outline Introduction Duplexing techniques FDD TDD Channel partitioning techniques FDMA TDMA CDMA Hybrid techniques 2
3 Introduction Medium access control (MAC) schemes allow many users/stations to share simultaneously the same communication resource: Cable, fiber in wired systems Radio spectrum in wireless systems Multiple channels can be obtained by partitioning the available communication resource along one or many directions (e.g., time, frequency, code, space) => multiplexing Another important issue is how to separate uplink/downlink transmissions => duplexing 3
4 Two-way communications Simplex systems communication is unidirectional e.g. broadcast systems, paging systems Half-duplex systems communication is bidirectional, but not simultaneous e.g. push-to-talk systems, CB radio Full-duplex systems communication is bidirectional and simultaneous e.g. cellular systems, WLAN Many wireless systems are full duplex => duplexing techniques are needed to support simultaneous bidirectional communications on the same medium 4
5 Duplexing techniques Uplink channel Downlink channel Uplink channel Downlink channel f u frequency f d f t time t u t d separation separation Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) DL/UL use a pair of different frequencies Analog and digital systems e.g. TACS, GSM Time Division Duplexing (TDD) DL/UL use a pair of different time slots Only digital systems e.g. DECT 5
6 Basic classification of MAC protocols Channel partitioning protocols: The communication resource is partitioned in N channels that are assigned to stations is a quasi-static way TDMA, FDMA, CDMA and combinations Random access protocols: Each station tries to access the full communication resource in a random, uncoordinated manner => collisions occur ALOHA and variants Taking-turns protocols: Usage of the communication resource is disciplined by some turning mechanisms Polling, token-passing, etc. 6
7 Ideal characteristics of MAC protocols Broadcast channel of rate R b bps 1) When one station wants to transmit, it can send at rate R b 2) When N stations want to transmit, each can send at average rate R b /N 3) Fully decentralized: - no special station to coordinate transmissions - no synchronization of clocks, slots 4) Simple and scalable 7
8 Channel partitioning protocols Channels are obtained by partitioning the communication resource along one or more dimensions: FDMA=Frequency Division Multiple Access TDMA=Time Division Multiple Access CDMA=Code Division Multiple Access Hybrid schemes (TDMA+FDMA, TDMA+CDMA, etc.) Channel partitioning techniques are mainly used in voiceoriented networks 8
9 FAMA vs. DAMA Fixed Assignment Multiple Access (FAMA): each user is permanently allocated a channel: Inefficient use of resources when the number of users >> number of channels Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA): the available channels are allocated to users only on demand, after the use the channels are returned to a central pool Efficient use of resources when the number of users >> number of channels and the percentage of occupancy of the channel is low 9
10 FDMA code The available bandwidth is divided in N frequency bands In any band, only one user is allowed to transmit/receive frequency Utilized in analog cellular systems (AMPS, TACS) time 10
11 FDMA (cont d) Pros: No temporal synchronization needed Can be employed also with analog systems Cons: Not flexible => one user is limited to transmit at rate R b /N even when he/she is the only user of the system Small efficiency when traffic is bursty Guard bandwidths needed to reduce the interference between channels (ACI=Adjacent Channel Interference) Vulnerable to non-linearities (channel intermodulation) 11
12 Example: TACS Total Access Communication System 1G analog cellular system f 960 MHz Duplexing: FDD, multiplexing: FDMA UL bandwidth: MHz, DL bandwidth: MHz. DL Every FDMA channel is 25 khz wide Fixed separation of 45 MHz between each DL and UL channel Maximum number of duplex channel is (25MHz /25 khz) = 1000 Evolved in E-TACS (Extended TACS) 45 MHz UL 935 MHz 915 MHz 25 khz channel uplink MHz, downlink MHz, further 640 channels 890 MHz 12
13 TDMA code The available time is divided in N time slots In any slot, only one user can transmit/receive frequency The slots constitute a structure that repeats periodically => frame Rarely used alone, often in combination with other techniques (TDMA+FDMA, TDMA+CDMA) time 13
14 TDMA (cont d) Pros: Discontinuous (burst) transmission => power saving More flexible to accommodate users with different rates => assign more slots to high-speed users Cons: One user is limited to transmit at rate R b /N even when he/she is the only user of the system => same limitation of FDMA Accurate synchronization required (difficult in uplink) Only for digital systems Guard times required (similar to guard bandwidths in FDMA) 14
15 FDMA/TDMA code frequency Combination of FDMA and TDMA In any slot and in any band, only one user can transmit/receive Utilized in 2G digital cellular systems (IS-54, GSM) Utilized in DECT time 15
16 FDMA/TDMA (cont d) Pros: Capacity increase over TDMA and FDMA Increased protection against eavesdropping Increased protection against interference and frequency-selective fading Cons: One user is limited to transmit at rate R b /N even when he/she is the only user of the system => same limitation of FDMA and TDMA Accurate synchronization and coordination Only for digital systems 16
17 Example: GSM 45 MHz DL UL f 960 MHz 200 khz channel 935 MHz 915 MHz 890 MHz frame=4.615 ms time slot = 577μs Global System for Mobile Communications t 2G digital cellular system Duplexing FDD, multiplexing FDMA/TDMA UL bandwidth: MHz, DL bandwidth: MHz (like TACS), extensions to 1.8 GHz and 1.9 GHz (USA) Every FDMA channel is 200 khz wide and multiplexes 8 TDMA channels Maximum number of duplex channel is (25MHz /200 khz) 8 = 1000 (like TACS) 17
18 Example: DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications 2G digital cordless system Duplexing TDD, multiplexing FDMA/TDMA UL/DL bandwidth: MHz f MHz DL MHz channel MHz frame=10 ms UL time slot = μs 10 FDMA channels with channel spacing MHz multiplexing 12 TDMA channels => total number of channels = 120 Each frame of 10 ms contains 24 slots: the first 12 are for UL, the last 12 for DL t 18
19 CDMA time code frequency Every user is characterized by a different code Users transmit in the same time/band possibly without coordination Transmission bandwidth is much larger than information bandwidth => spread spectrum techniques (DSSS, FHSS) Utilized in 2G and 3G cellular systems (IS-95, W-CDMA) 19
20 CDMA (cont d) Pros: User coordination not required Increased protection against eavesdropping Capacity degrades gradually with increasing number of users Flexibility to accommodate multirate users Robustness to fading multipath, NBI and ISI => overlay with narrowband systems Cons: accurate power control required (near-far effect) high transmission rates (chip-rate) 20
21 References A. S. Tanenbaum. Computer Networks (4th edition). Prentice-Hall, 2003 (chap. 4) A. Goldsmith. Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press, 2005 (chap. 14) J. H. Schiller. Mobile Communications. Addison-Wesley, 2003 (chap. 3 & 7) 21
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