60 MHz A-line rate ultra-high speed Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography
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1 60 MHz Aline rate ultrahigh speed Fourierdomain optical coherence tomography K. Ohbayashi a,b), D. Choi b), H. HiroOka b), H. Furukawa b), R. Yoshimura b), M. Nakanishi c), and K. Shimizu c) a Graduate School of Medical Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa , Japan; b Center for Natural Science, Kitasato University, Sagaminara, Kanagawa , Japan; c Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa , Japan ABSTRACT We describe a highspeed Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) using optical demultiplexers for spectral dispersion of interferograms. The optical demultiplexer enables to separate 256 narrow spectral bands from a broadband incident light in 25.0 GHz frequency interval centered at THz ( nm) and allows simultaneous detection of all the bands at the speed of DAQ. Using the optical demultiplexers into a Fourier domain OCT system as spectral analyzers, OCT imaging of 60,000,000 axial scans per second has been achieved. Using a resonant scanner for lateral scan, 16 khz frame rate, 1400 Alines per frame, 3 mm depth range, 23 micron meter resolution OCT imaging has been demonstrated. Keywords: OCT, optical coherence tomography, Fourier domain, optical demultiplexer 1. INTRODUCTION As optical coherence tomography (OCT) becomes useful imaging modality for biological applications 1, higher speeds of data acquisition are required to increase diagnostic volume within a finite limited time and to reduce motion artifacts for rendering 3 dimensional (3D) tomography images. For that purpose, fast OCT imaging methods have been developed. With swept source (SS) OCT methods, such as 236 khz 2 and 5 MHz 3 axial scans per second have been achieved. The speed of SSOCT is limited by sweeping speed of a source. Highspeed OCTs have also been realized with spectral domain (SD) OCT, a typical highspeed axial scan rate being 52 khz 4, which is limited by reading speed of data from the CCD detector. Because those techniques are still developed toward higher speed, much faster OCT methods would be realized with those methods. We have been developing a unique optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) using a superstructuredgrating distributed Bragg reflector (SSGDBR) lasers as the light source 512. Merit of the source is that the wave number is scanned discretely in equal interval in wave number (frequency) and the line width is much narrow compared with the scan interval. As the result, measurements with as long as 12 mm depth range can be done. However, data acquisition speed is limited by the scanning speed of the laser source. Because discrete sampling is possible for Fourier domain OCT, we have come to an idea to detect all the data at different wave numbers simultaneously. An optical element to enable such detection is optical demultiplexers used in telecommunication fields. In this work, we propose a new method of highspeed OCT (ODOCT), where optical demultiplexers (OD) are used for spectral separation. An optical demultiplexer (OD) is similar to a spectrometer in that it disperse incident light, but differs in that it separates light at different frequencies discretely in equal frequency interval. The ODs we use in this study are custom made arrayed wave guides (AWG) (NTT Electronics, prototype). The OD separates light at δ f = 25 GHz equal frequency interval at 256 channels, the frequency of the center channel being THz ( λ = nm in c wavelength). The detection of interference spectrum in equal interval in frequency (also in wave number) is more appropriate for Fourier transform than equal spaced detection in wavelength as in a spectrometer, where rescaling is required. The window characteristic of each channel is nearly Gaussian with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 14 GHz ( δλ = nm). The narrower FWHM than the frequency interval makes effective coherence length of detection longer than the case without window. About details of AWG, we refer the readers to the text book 13.. Coherence Domain Optical Methods and Optical Coherence Tomography in Biomedicine XII, edited by Joseph A. Izatt, James G. Fujimoto, Valery V. Tuchin, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6847, 68470M, (2008) /08/$18 doi: / SPIE Digital Library Subscriber Archive Copy Proc. of SPIE Vol M1
2 2. METHOD How the ODs are installed in our OCT system is shown in Fig. 1. In the system, the light source is a broad band superluminescent diode (SLD, prototype by NTT Electronics). The output light from the SLD is amplified with a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) (COVEGA, BOA1004 type) and divided into the sample arm (50%) and the reference arm (50%) with the coupler CP1. The output intensity of light from SOA1 was adjusted so that the power illuminating the sample is 9 mw (ANSI safety limit). The light into sample arm is directed onto the sample S with a collimator lens L1 and an objective lens L2. A resonant scanner RS (ElectroOptical Products, SC30 type) and a galvano mirror G (Cambridge Technology, 6210 type) are used to scan the light beam on the sample. Backscattered or backreflected light from the sample is collected with the light illuminating optics and directed to SOA2 (COVEGA, BOA 1004 type) with an optical circulator C1. The output of SOA2 and the reference light are combined with a coupler CP2 (50:50 coupling ratio). The reference arm comprises the optical circulator C2, the collimator lens L3 and reference mirror RM. Figure 1. Expreimental set up of ODOCT. For details, see text. The outputs from CP2 are demultiplexed with two optical demultiplexers (OD1 and OD2) for balanced detection. The outputs at the same optical frequency from the two ODs are detected with a balanced photoreceivers (New Focus, 2117 type), 256 photoreceivers in total. The outputs of the photoreceivers are detected with a fast multichannel DAQ system. The DAQ system comprises 32 DAQ boards (National Instruments, 5105 type with 8 inputs). Data are stored in the memory of the DAQ system during a single data acquisition and then transferred to a computer for analysis. The ODOCT is similar to SDOCT in that it detects the interference spectrum simultaneously. The difference is that a whole interferogram is detected at the speed of DAQ at different frequencies simultaneously, instead of accumulating it into a CCD detector during certain time duration as in SDOCT. Therefore the axial scan rate is determined by the data acquisition speed of the DAQ system, which is as fast as 60 MHz in the present system. The speed 16 KHz of the resonant scanner determines the frame rate. Only one scanning direction was used for data acquisition (50 % duty), which leads to the sampling time of µ s per frame axial scans are acquired per frame, however the lateral scanning with a resonant scanner is highly nonlinear and only 1400 axial scans are used discarding 475 axial scans. 3. RESULTS The dynamic range, measured as a function of the imaging depth, is shown in Fig. 2. The dynamic range was determined as the ratio between the peak value of the point spread function (PSF) and the noise floor when the sample arm is not blocked. From the result, the dynamic range is estimated to be about 40 db at all depths, slightly decreasing as the depth increases. A merit of ODOCT is that the spectral width ( δλ = nm) detected at each channel of AWG is narrower 2 than the frequency step of 25 GHz. The effective coherence length is estimate tobe l = (2ln 2/ π )( λ / δλ) = 9. 7 mm, c c which is longer than the depth range z = c / 4δf = 3. 0 mm determined by the frequency interval δ f. Here, c is the velocity of light. The coherence length, about three times longer than the depth range, is consistent with the nearly constant dynamic range all over the depth range. The dynamic range of 40 db is marginally sufficient for biological tissue measurements. Proc. of SPIE Vol M2
3 Figure 2. Point spread functions (PSF) as a function of the axial position of mirror placed at the sample position. Signal power is indicated at the left vertical axis. The reflection was attenuated with 39.3 db with neutral density filters. The thick solid curve is the noise floor measured with the sample light blocked. Sensitivity determined by these values are scaled at the right hand side vertical scale. The PSFs shown in Fig. 2 were measured by attenuating the reflected signal from the mirror at the sample position by 39.3 db using neutral filters. The thick solid curve shown in Fig. 2 is the noise when the sample arm was blocked (reference noise floor). By adding 39.3 db to the observed peak height values measured from the reference noise floor level, we can determine the experimental sensitivity. The sensitivity is shown in the right hand vertical axis in Fig. 2. The sensitivity is 88 db at the depth of 0.28 mm and decreases slightly to 86 db at the depth of 2.7 mm, the mean being 87 db. The sensitivity is not sufficient to observe a typical biological tissue signal intensity of 55 db with above mentioned dynamic range of 40 db. In the case, sensitivity of better than 95 db is require Fig. 3. Interferogram (left) and the peak profile (right) obtained by Fourier transform of the interferogram. Proc. of SPIE Vol M3
4 r A few factors affect frequency dependence of an interferogram. Those factors are frequency dependence of the ouput power of the SLD source, frequency dependence of amplification of the optical amplifiers, channel dependence of the insertion loss of the AWGs, and variations of the amplification of photoreceivers from one to another. The dependence can be determined experimentally for correction of the observed interferograms. An interferogarm observed placing a mirror at the depth of 287 µ m is depicted in Fig. 3 (a). The discrete Fourier transform of the signal is shown in Fig. 3 (b) in linear vertical scale. From FWHM of the peak, resolution is determined as 23 µ m. For a rectangular profile of the source power with frequency span of f = 6. 4 THz ( GHz), the resolution is estimated as δ z = 2.78c / 2π f = 21 µ m. 6 The observed value is consistent with this theoretical limit. Figure 4 (a) shows OCT images of human finger skin obtained at 60,000,000 axial scans per second with OD OCT system. A part of lateral scan is shown. The penetration depth of the image is about 1 mm, which is shallow compared with usually obtained about 2mm penetration depth with SSOCT or SDOCT. This is due to the low sensitivity. In order to render 3D image, a number of OCT cross sections are required. For that purpose, due to limited memory, we need to reduce the sampling rate to 10 MHz. An OCT image obtained at 10 MHz sampling rate is shown in Fig.. 4 (b). There is not much difference in quality between the two images shown Fig. 4. &..: t.; I.... I.. Fig. 4 OCT image of finger skin observed (a) 60 MHz sampling rate and (b) 10 MHz sampling rate. 3D rendering of OCT image is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5. 3D rendering OCT image acquired at 10,000,000 axial scans per sec. 4. SUMMARY In conclusion, we have demonstrated OCT imaging at record high speed of 60,000,000 axial scans per second. Proc. of SPIE Vol M4
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research is supported by System Development Programs for Advanced Measurement and Analysis of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). Authors express sincere thanks to Dr. A. Himeno with NTT Electronics Corporation and Dr. K. Kato with NTT Photonics Laboratories for valuable discussions. 1 REFERENCES D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, ans J. G. Fujimoto, Science 254, 1178 (1991). 2 R. Huber, D. C. Adler and J. G. Fujimoto, Buffered Fourier domain mode locking: unidirectional swept laser sources for optical coherence tomography imaging at 370,000 lines/s, Opt. Lett. 31, (2006) 3 S. Moon and D. Y. Kim, Ultrahighspeed optical coherence tomography with a stretched pulse supercontinuum source, Opt. Express 14, (2006) 4 Y. K. Tao, M. Zhao, and J. A. Izatt Highspeed complex sonjugate resolved retinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography using sinusoidal phase modulation, Opt. Lett. 32, (2007). 5 T. Amano, H. Hirooka, D. Choi, H. Furukawa, F. Kano, M. Takeda, M. Nakanishi, K. Shimizu and K. Ohbayashi, Optical frequencydomain reflectometry with a rapid wavelengthscanning superstructuregrating distributed Bragg reflector laser, Appl. Opt. 44, (2005) 6 D. Choi, T. Amano, H. Hirooka, H. Furukawa, T. Miyazawa, R. Yoshimura, M. Nakanishi, K. Shimizu and K. Ohbayashi, Tissue imaging by OFDROCT using an SSGDBR laser, Proc. SPIE 5690, (2005). 7 H. Furukawa, H. Hirooka, T. Amano, D. H. Choi, T. Miyazawa, R. Yoshimura. K. Shimizu and K. Ohbayashi, Reconstruction of threedimensional structure of an extracted tooth by OFDROCT, Proc. SPIE 6079, 60790T T7 (2006). 8 K. Ohbayashi, T. Amano, H. Hirooka, F. Furukawa, D. Choi, P. Jayavel, R. Yoshimura, K. Asaka, N. Fujiwara, H. Ishii, M. Suzuki, M. Nakanishi, and K. Shimizu, Discretely swept opticalfrequency domain imaging toward highresolution, highspeed, hghsensitivity and longdepthrange, SPIE 6429, 64291G G7 (2007). 9 K. Ohbayashi, P. Jayavel, T. Amano and K. Asaka, Enhancement of OFDROCT sensitivity using semiconductor optical amplifier, SPIE 6429, 64291I I6 (2007). 10 K. Asaka and K. Ohbayashi, Dispersion compensation in OFDIOCT by using dispersion shifted fiber, SPIE 6429, (2007) 11 H. Furukawa, T. Amano, D. Choi, H. Hirooka, K. Ohbyashi, Highspeed opticalfrequency domain imaging by one frame imaging within one single frequency sweep, SPIE 6429, 6429D1 6429D5 (2007). 12 D. Choi, H. Hirooka, T. Amano, H. Furukawa, N. Fujiwara, H. Ishii and K. Ohbayashi, A Method of improving Scanning Speed and Resolution of OFDROCT Using Multiple SSGDBR Lasers Simultaneously, SPIE 6429, 64292E E7. 13 K. Okamoto, Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, Academic Press, Amsterdam, Proc. of SPIE Vol M5
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