g - Compensated, Miniature, High Performance Quartz Crystal Oscillators Frequency Electronics Inc. Hugo Fruehauf
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1 g - Compensated, Miniature, High Performance Quartz Crystal Oscillators Frequency Electronics Inc. Hugo Fruehauf hxf@fei-zyfer.com April 2007
2 Discussion Outline Introduction Radar Applications GPS Navigation Application g - Compensation Scheme Oscillator Spec Goals Helpful Info 2
3 Introduction The Issue Sophisticated military electronic systems aboard helicopters, missiles, and UAVs must provide superior performance while subjected to severe environmental conditions. Of these dynamic disturbances, vibration, acceleration, and shock have the greatest influence on performance. The Precision Quartz Oscillator is the common component in all these systems and is also the most sensitive to environmental disturbances. A chasm therefore exists between how well these systems work in the quiescent state vs. being dynamic, due to the Qz Osc performance. Through electronic g -Compensation, the Qz Oscillator achieves near quiescent level performance, while the platform is in the operational dynamic state. 3
4 Specific Applications Radars and sensors mounted on helicopters Severe low and medium frequency vibration environment; noise translates to lower precision imaging and false target detection. Sensors mounted on unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) Vibration levels during target loitering ; noise affect sensor precision and communications data rate with the control center. Airborne emitter detection and signal analysis systems Loss of detection range (vehicle must be closer to the threat for ID) and slower signal analysis process (time needed for positive ID of threat). Dynamic host Navigation, guidance, and targeting systems Accuracy degradation of GPS-aided navigation, guidance, and targeting systems operating in severe environments. Broadband, High Data Rate Communications Systems Platform dynamics degrade the signal to noise ratio, increasing BER (bit error rate), requiring data rate decrease to maintain desired BER. 4
5 Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Noise A f (a) Amplitude - Time t Amplitude - Frequency (b) (c) A(t) Example (a) shows a sine wave and its second harmonic. A signal consisting of the sum of the two waves is shown in the time domain (b), and in the frequency domain (c). In the time domain, all frequency components of a signal are summed together. In the frequency domain, signals are separated into their frequency components and the power level at each frequency is displayed. A(f) Courtesy of Dr. John Vig 5
6 FEI 6.3 MHz LN Osc. Test Plot, A Spectrum Analyzer adds- up all the frequency energy in a 1 Hz bandwidth to say 100 KHz from the carrier and plots the curve below (c) A(f) Carrier 6 6
7 Discussion Outline Introduction Radar Applications GPS Navigation Application g - Compensation Scheme Oscillator Spec Goals Helpful Info 7
8 Steady State Radar Application A 4 km/h moving object engaged by a 10 GHz X-Band Radar 2,400 km/h - Mach 2 Aircraft 100 km/h - Vehicle, Ground or Air 700 km/h - Subsonic Aircraft 4 km/h - Man or Slow Moving Vehicle X-Band RADAR 5 ~70 Hz R a d a r F r e q u e n c y ( G H z ) K 10K 100K 1M Doppler Shift for Objects Moving Toward Fixed Radar (Hz) 8 Courtesy of Dr. John Vig
9 P h a s e N o I s e ( d B c / H z ) Oscillator Phase Noise Performance for 4 km/hr. Object Detection ~70 Hz 10 GHz Radar Frequency Source ~performance to detect 4 km/hr. Objects 10 MHz Quartz Oscillator Spec to see a 4 km/hr object (2 σ) approx dbc at ~70 Hz Good 10 GHz Quartz/DRO- combination Oscillator phase noise performance (at rest) Good 10 MHz Quartz Oscillator phase noise performance (at rest) ,000 10, K 1M 10M Single Sideband Frequency Offset from Carrier (Hz) 9
10 Radar - Probability of Detection P r o b a b I l i t y o f D e t e c t I o n ( % ) σ (~95%) 1σ (~68%) Lower Noise Higher Noise at 70 Hz from the Radar Carrier Frequency, for 4 km/hr objects Phase Noise (dbc/hz) - 10 MHz Quartz Oscillator Courtesy of Dr. John Vig, (modified by HF) 10
11 0.5 Typical Helicopter and Loiter Aircraft Random Vibration 5g 2 /Hz 0.4 V i b r a t i o n g 2 / H z g 2 /Hz 0.04g 2 /Hz Loiter Aircraft Helicopter Frequency (Hz) 11
12 Sinusoidal Vibration-Induced Phase Noise L(f) 10g 100 Hz Γ = 1.4 x 10-9 per g Quartz Disk Z Г = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ½ As vibration increases, so do sidebands that overpower the carrier Y Qz Crystal Resonator base X The actual product encloses the disk with a cap f Courtesy of Dr. John Vig (modified by HF) 12
13 Sinusoidal Vibration-Induced Phase Noise L(f) under the random vibration shown PSD (g 2 /Hz) L (f) (dbc) L(f) without vibration 45 db K 2K Frequency (Hz) Typical aircraft random vibration envelope f K 2K For this example, Qz g sensitivity is Γ = 1E-9/g for a 10 MHz Osc. Courtesy of Dr. John Vig 13
14 Phase Noise vs. 10 MHz Oscillator g Sensitivity (Gamma) (Loiter Aircraft Random Vibration Environment) P h a s e N o i s e ( d B c / H z ) Oscillator under Loiter Aircraft Vibration Level (~0.04 g 2 /Hz) Crystal Gamma of 1E-09/g (Std. Product) Crystal Gamma of 1E-10/g (Compensated) Crystal Gamma of 2E-11/g (Comp d) Crystal Gamma of 2E-12/g (Goal, not yet achieved) 70 Hz ,000 10,000 Frequency Offset from Carrier (Hz) 4 km/hr Radar Detection Requirement 14
15 Phase Noise vs. 10 MHz Oscillator g Sensitivity (Gamma) (Helicopter Random Vibration Environment) P h a s e N o i s e (d B c / H z) Helicopter 4 km/hr detection spec Electronic Compensation Required Shock Mount Required 70 Hz 200 Hz ,000 10,000 Frequency Offset from Carrier (Hz) Gamma of 1E-9/g Gamma of 5E-11/g Proposed 10 MHz Oscillator Phase Noise Spec for Helicopter Radar at rest 15
16 P h a s e N o i s e (d B c / H z) Expected PN of 10 MHz Osc. g Sensitivity of ~5E-12/g (Helicopter Random Vibration Environment) Electronic Compensation Shock Mount Helicopter 4 km/hr detection spec Gamma of 5E-11/g Proposed 10 MHz Oscillator Phase Noise Spec for Helicopter Radar at rest Hz 200 Hz ,000 10,000 Expected Frequency Offset from Carrier (Hz) performance with compensation to ~5E-12/g Shock Mount Resonance 16
17 Uncompensated Compensated 4 km/hr detection spec 70 Hz Vibration Profile: 4g RMS total, Random; 0.08g 2 /Hz, 10 to 200 Hz Approximate Sensitivity per g (Γ)( 10 Hz 50 Hz 100 Hz Uncompensated 1.1 E-9E 7.9 E-10 E 8.9 E-10 E Compensated 6.3 E-12E 2.2 E-11 E 4.0 E-11E 17
18 Uncompensated Compensated 70 Hz 4 km/hr detection spec Vibration Profile: 4g RMS total, Random; 0.08g2/Hz, 10 to 200 Hz Approximate Sensitivity per g (Γ)( 10 Hz 50 Hz 100 Hz Uncompensated 2.2 E-11 E 2.8 E-11 E 2.2 E-11E Compensated 2.8 E-12 E 2.5 E-12 E 5.0 E-12E 18
19 Uncompensated Compensated (Needs more work) 70 Hz 4 km/hr detection spec Vibration Profile: 4g RMS total, Random; 0.08g2/Hz, 10 to 200 Hz Approximate Sensitivity per g (Γ)( 10 Hz 50 Hz 100 Hz Uncompensated 7.0 E-11E 8.9 E-11 E 7.0 E-11E Compensated 1.8 E-11 E 3.1E E-11E 19
20 Discussion Outline Introduction Radar Applications GPS Navigation Application g - Compensation Scheme Oscillator Spec Goals Helpful Info 20
21 ~6gRMS Random Vibration Test of NovAtel Super Star II Com l l GPS Rcvr 21
22 Receiver Performance under Random Vibration ~1 minute to lock No change when vibration is suspended Navigation solution better than 3m CEP 22
23 Navigation Solution NovAtel Super Star II Com l l GPS Rcvr under ~6gRMS vibration Performance is all related to the local oscillator, in this case a TCXO Greater than 6 grms for this GPS Rcvr degrades PVT Solution, then unlocks Main problem inability to measure GPS Satellite doppler (+/-6KHz) Satellite GPS L1-C/A: TCXO Doppler pilot freq MHz Frequency derivative for doppler f measurement f Greater than 6 grms expected effect GPS Rcvr Unlock 23
24 Discussion Outline Introduction Radar Applications GPS Navigation Application g - Compensation Scheme Oscillator Spec Goals Helpful Info 24
25 g Compensation Technology Sensing devices mounted in each axis (B) Vibration applied to the Oscillator (C) Quartz Disk Y Z Quartz Crystal Resonator base Г = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ½ X (A) The actual product encloses the disk with a cap Quartz Resonator responds (E) Sensing devices respond (D) (F) Electronics adjusts amplitude and phase as needed to compensate (G) Oscillator Output 25
26 Hardware Examples Stand-alone g - Compensated Qz Oscillators Master Clocks GPS, Rb, and Compensated Qz (Maintains lock with ~ 22 grms, 10 to 2,000 Hz environment) GPS Time/Frequency Sync Rb Hold-over g-comp Qz Good performance under vibration Low PN 26
27 Discussion Outline Introduction Radar Applications GPS Navigation Application g - Compensation Scheme Oscillator Spec Goals Helpful Info 27
28 Acceleration Levels and Effects Environment Acceleration* typical levels, in g sg f/f 1E-9/g Std. Qz Osc. f/f 1E-11/g 11/g Production g - Comp. Qz Osc. Buildings, quiesent 0.02 rms 2E-11 2E-13 Tractor-trailer trailer (3-80 Hz) 0.2 peak 20E-11 2E-12 Armored personnel carrier 0.5 to 3 rms 50 to 300E-11 Better than 3E-11 Ship - calm seas 0.02 to 0.1 peak 2 to 10E Better than 1E Ship - rough seas 0.8 peak 80E-11 8E-12 Propeller aircraft 0.3 to 5 rms 30 to 500E-11 Better than 5E-11 Helicopter 0.1 to 7 rms 10 to 700E-11 Better than 7E-11 Jet aircraft 0.02 to 2 rms 2 to 200E-11 Better than 2E-11 Missile - boost phase 15 peak 1,500E E Railroads 0.1 to 1 peak 10 to 100E Better than 1E * Levels at the oscillator depend on how and where the oscillator is mounted Platform resonances can greatly amplify the acceleration levels. Courtesy of Dr. John Vig (modified by HF) 28
29 g -Compensated Qz Oscillator Spec Goals Parameter g -Sensitivity: Power Consumption: Volume: Short Term Stability: Aging: 1.5 W In Production Compensation to 1E-11/g; 10 Hz to 200 Hz (shock mount after that) Uncompensated at Qz level, 2E-10 (best in class) at least 40 cm 3 or more 1E-12; 1 to 100 seconds 3 to 4E-8 over 10 years Compensation to 2E-12/g; 10 Hz to 2 KHz (No shock mount) 100 mw 8 cm 3 1E-13 1E-8 Spec Goals Temperature Coefficient: +/-1E-10 from -40C to +85C +/-2E-11 29
30 Discussion Outline Introduction Radar Applications GPS Navigation Application g - Compensation Scheme Oscillator Spec Goals Helpful Info 30
31 Sine Vibration-Induced Phase Noise Sinusoidal vibration produces spectral lines at ±f v from the carrier, where f v is the vibration frequency. Γ Af ' L 0 ( f ) = v 20 log 2fv e.g., if Γ = 1 x 10-9 /g and f 0 = 10 MHz, then even if the oscillator is completely noise free at rest, the phase noise i.e., the spectral lines, due solely to a sine vibration level of 1g will be; Vibr. freq., f v, in Hz ,000 10,000 L (f v ), in dbc Courtesy of Dr. John Vig 31
32 Random Vibration-Induced Phase Noise Random vibration s contribution to phase noise is given by: Γ Af 0 L() f = 20 log, where lal = [( 2)( PSD) ] 1 2 2f e.g., if Γ = 1 x 10-9 /g and f 0 = 10 MHz, then even if the oscillator is completely noise free at rest, the phase noise i.e., the spectral lines, due solely to a vibration PSD = 0.1 g 2 /Hz will be: Offset freq., f, in Hz ,000 10,000 L (f), in dbc/hz Courtesy of Dr. John Vig 32
33 33
G - COMPENSATED, MINIATURE, HIGH-PERFORMANCE QUARTZ CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS
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