Harmful Effects on Human Body Tissues Due to Electromagnetic Waves of Radio Broadcasting at Frequency 1566 khz

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1 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C; Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1; Harmful Effects on Human Body Tissues Due to Electromagnetic Waves of Radio Broadcasting at Frequency 1566 khz Arvind Kumar, Vijay Kumar and P. P. Pathak Corresponding author: Arvind Kumar; Department of Physics, Graphic Era University, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India

2 November 2013 January 2014, Vol. 4, No. 1; E- ISSN: Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online atwww.jcbsc.org Section C: Physical Sciences CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article Harmful Effects on Human Body Tissues Due to Electromagnetic Waves of Radio Broadcasting at Frequency 1566 khz Arvind Kumar 1*, Vijay Kumar 2 and P. P. Pathak 3 1* Department of Physics, Graphic Era University, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India 2 Department of Physics, Uttarakhand Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India, 3 Department of Physics, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar (Uttarakhand) India Received: 20 November 2013; Revised: 16 December 2013; Accepted: 23 December 2013 Abstract: The medium frequency waves are used for amplitude modulation (AM) broadcasting in the frequency range 535 khz 1705 khz. The broadcasting stations are situated in public living environment. In this manuscript the studies are taken for the health effects in general public due to electromagnetic radiation at frequency of 1566 khz. The people who are living near the AM broadcasting antenna may affected by this electromagnetic energy. So the penetrated electric fields and specific absorption rate (SAR) are calculated inside human body tissues using their electrical conductivity. The penetrated electric fields and SAR inside the selected tissues are calculated at 100 m and 150 m distances from antenna and the calculated values inside tissues at various depths are compared with the given permissible limit by the international agencies such as international commission for non-ionizing radiation protection (ICNIRP), world health organization (WHO) etc. The results suggested that electromagnetic wave (EMW) of 1566 khz frequency are harmful for the tissue life of the human body at various distances from the broadcasting antenna. Keywords: AM broadcasting antenna, Human body tissues, Electric field, Specific absorption rate(sar). 480 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;

3 INTRODUCATION In present times of faster communication, the general public is exposed to many types of radiation from all types of communication systems like TV, radio and mobile telephone. Generally speaking, some radiation penetrates and is being absorbed by the human body when it is exposed to it. Depending on the frequency of radiation, the human body interacts with such a field via induced fields and thermal effects are resulted. The field generated within the body, the so-called internal field is determined by the amount by which a body is influenced by electromagnetic fields.the daily exposure to an electromagnetic environment raises the question of the effects of electromagnetic fields on human health. The accurate assessment of the currents induced in the human body by an electromagnetic field is a major issue, not only for its relevance in medical research, but also for its implications on the definition of industrial standards 1. In this manuscript we have taken the radiated power of radio broadcasting antenna of 1000 kw for general public exposure. When this high power antenna radiates the electromagnetic energy in the living environment, these EMW of radiation may become harmful for the health of human body tissues. When these electromagnetic waves are incident on the human body, they penetrate in to the human body. The penetrated electric field and SAR are calculated at the various depths inside the body. The absorption of this energy inside the body may increase the temperature of various body tissues. On the basis of this absorption of energy, the human body causes many diseases. These diseases are given in various studies by review of literature.according to Fact Sheet no fields at frequencies above about 1 MHz primarily cause heating by moving ions and water molecules through the medium in which they exist. Even very low levels of energy produce a small amount of heat, but this heat is carried away by the body s normal thermoregulatory processes without the person noticing it. A number of studies at these frequencies suggest that exposure even to fields too weak to cause heating may have adverse health consequences, including memory loss. Fields at frequencies below about 1 MHz, primarily induce electrical charges and currents which can stimulate cells in tissues such as nerves and muscles. Electrical currents already exist in the body as a normal part of the chemical reactions involved in living processes. If fields induce currents significantly exceeding this background level in the body, there is a possibility of adverse health consequences. According to Matthes et al. 3 the values of optimized source currents are obtained by coupling the electromagnetic field computation inside the body with an optimization process. In both cases the electromagnetic field distribution has to be computed in the human body, taking into account all the peculiarities of the system of the human body that has very unusual values of electromagnetic properties like electric permittivity, electric conductivity. These properties are not well known and depend on the activity of the person. The material is an active material at the cell level, in most cases; the problem is actually a coupled problem: the thermal effect is one of the major effects and it is affected by the blood circulation, the geometry is complex and generally environment of the human body has to be taken into account. According to Goldstein et al. 4, laboratory studies suggest that adverse biological effects can be caused by temperature rise in tissue that exceeds 1 C above their normal temperatures. In addition to the absolute increase in temperature, duration of heating and thermoregulatory capacity of the body are important determinants of the harmful levels of tissue heating. High rates of physical activity and warm and humid environments will reduce tolerance to the additional heat loads. Electromagnetic fields in both extremely low frequency and radio frequency ranges activate the cellular stress response and studies with model biochemical systems suggest that, EMF could interact directly with electrons in DNA. While low energy EMF interacts with DNA to induce the stress response, increasing EMF energy in the RF range can lead to breaks in DNA strands. 481 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;

4 It is clear that in order to protect living cells, EMF safety limits must be changed from the current thermal standard, based on energy, to one based on biological responses that occur long before the threshold for thermal changes 5. According to Hirata and Shiozawa 6 their study attempts to correlate the maximum temperature increase in the head and brain with the peak SAR value due to handset antennas. The rationale for this study is that physiological effects and damage to humans through electromagnetic wave exposure are induced by temperature increases, they found that to be (0.31 C and 0.13 C) for the Federal Communications Commission Standard (1.6 W/kg for 1 g of tissue), while (0.60 C and 0.25 C) for the International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Standard (2.0 W/kg for 10 g of tissue). 7 According to Lisheng Xu et al. the maximum SAR values increase with the increase in conductivities of human body tissues and decrease with the increase in relative permittivity s of human body tissues. A variation of up to 20% in conductivity and relative permittivity, alone in one or in both simultaneously always causes a variation of SAR to be less than 10%. As far as the compliance of safety is concerned, the maxima of 1g averaged and 10g averaged SAR can reach 3.16 and 0.89 W/kg at the input power of 25 mw. The pregnant woman model employed in this study has just one position of the foetus. It is obvious from these results that the SAR in the foetus is largely affected by the distance and penetration path from the antenna to the surface on the foetus. However, position of the foetus varies frequently at advanced stage of pregnancy. Thus, it might be expected that the distance between the antenna and surface on the foetus is shorter than that in this study 8. MATERIAL AND METHODS The proposed approach is useful to predict the induced electric field around the AM broadcasting antenna and penetrated electric field inside the body and specific absorption rate (SAR) of the tissues of the human body. In this manuscript the power of broadcasting antenna, which radiate the electromagnetic energy at frequency 1566 khz is taken to be 1000 kw. When the EMW of broadcasting antenna is incident on the human body, the wave produced by the dipole antenna has a cylindrical wave front.the incident electric field around the radio broadcasting tower of power P is given as 9 (1) where r is the distance of the exposed body from the transmission tower. When a human body is exposed to the EM wave of electric field, it penetrates into the body. It results into inside or induced electric field E z at a given depth z given as 10. = exp ( ) (2) where is skin depth, which is the distance over which the field decreases to of its value just inside the boundary at angular frequency, given as (3) 482 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;

5 1 2 {( 1+ ) 1} 2 εμ q = 2 p (4) where (5) p = σ ωε and ω is angular frequency of radiation, is the permittivity, µ is the permeability and σ is conductivity of biological material. Specific absorption rate: The specific absorption rate is defined as the time derivative of the incremental energy absorbed by or dissipated in an incremental mass (dm) contained in a volume element of a given density (ρ). It can be defined as, SAR = (6) SAR = d dt d dt dw dm ρ dw dv By using Poynting s vector theorem for sinusoidal electromagnetic fields, one gets σe 2 z SAR = ρ (7) where σ the conductivity of the biological materials, and is the field inside that material. This relation represents the rate at which the electromagnetic energy is converted into heat through wellestablished interaction mechanisms. It provides a valid quantitative measure of all interaction mechanisms that are dependent on the intensity of the internal electric field 11. The amount of heating produced in a living organism depends primarily on the intensity of the radiation once it has penetrated inside the body. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The penetrated electric field and specific absorption rate of the tissues due to the radiation of frequency 1566 khz at power 1000 kw are taken for this study. The radiations produce an electric blanket around the people. These incident electric fields penetrate inside the human body. The incident electric fields around the AM broadcasting tower are calculated by Eq. (1). These electric fields penetrate inside the human body and penetrated electric fields inside the tissues are calculated by Eq. (2). The calculated penetrated electric fields at the distance 100 m, 150 m from the broadcasting antenna due to 1566 khz are presented in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The variations of electric field with respect to the selected tissues are given in Fig. 1 & 2 for the distance 100 m, 150 m respectively. Specific absorption rate of the selected tissues are calculated by Eq. (7) and presented in Table 3 & 4 due to the electromagnetic waves of frequencies 1566 khz respectively at 100 m and 150 m distance. The variation of SAR with respect to selected tissues at the 100 m, 150 m distance from the broadcasting antenna given in Figures 3 & 4 respectively. These tables also show that the tissues of 483 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;

6 the human body living near at the radio broadcasting tower, absorb the given amount of energy. According to some international agencies such as WHO, ICNIRP, the specific absorption rate becomes harmful for general public exposure after 0.08W/ kg, of the whole body weight and for head and trunk it is 2 W/kg and for limbs 4 W/kg. It means that, if SAR becomes greater to 0.08 W/kg, it may be harmful for the tissue- life of the human body. The safe limit is taken from ICNIRP guidelines. When the calculated data of SAR which is given in Tables 3 & 4 is compared with the safe limits, it is observed that the given frequency 1566 khz of electromagnetic radiation at 100 m distance from broadcasting antenna is harmful for the health of bladder, blood, blood vessel, body fluid, brain white matter, cerebra spinal fluid, eye sclera, gall bladder, gall bladder bile, gland, heart, lung outer, lung inner, lymph, mucous membrane, muscle, pancreas stomach, testis and vitreous humor tissues respectively and at depth 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. For 150 m distance this radiation is harmful for the health of bladder, blood, blood vessel, body fluid, cerebra spinal fluid, eye sclera, gall bladder, gall bladder bile, gland, heart, lung outer, lung inner, lymph, mucous membrane, muscle, pancreas stomach, testis and vitreous humor tissues respectively at depth 0.1 mm mm. The radio broadcasting tower generally situated in populated area and very near to the general public. Thus the calculations are made only for 100 m, 150 m distance from the antenna. Table-1: Penetrated electric fields inside different human tissues at frequency 1566 khz at 100 m distance from the broadcasting antenna at radiated power 1000 kw Tissue of human body Penetrated electric field ( E z ) in volt per meter ( V/m) at frequency ( f ) = 1566 khz at depth (0.1 mm mm) from 100 m distance 0.1 mm 0.2 mm 0.3 mm 0.4 mm 0.5 mm Bladder Blood Blood vessel Body fluid Brain white matter Cerebella spinal fluid Eye sclera Fat Gall bladder Gall bladder Bile Gland Heart Lung outer Lung inner Lymph Mucous membrane Muscle Pancreas Stomach Testis Vitreous Humor J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;

7 Table-2: Penetrated electric field inside different human tissues at frequency 1566 khz at 150 m distance from the broadcasting antenna at radiated power 1000 kw Tissue of human body Penetrated electric field ( E z ) in volt per meter ( V/m) at frequency ( f ) = 1566 KHz at depth (0.1 mm mm) from 150 m distance 0.1mm 0.2 mm 0.3 mm 0.4 mm 0.5 mm Bladder Blood Blood vessel Body fluid Brain white matter Cerebella spinal fluid Eye sclera Fat Gall bladder Gall bladder Bile Gland Heart Lung outer Lung inner Lymph Mucous membrane Muscle Pancreas Stomach Testis Vitreous Humor Penetrated electric field in V/m inside human body of frequency 1566 khz at 100m distance Fig mm 0.2 mm 0.3 mm 0.4 mm 0.5 mm Tissues of human body 485 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;

8 Table-3: SAR in W/kg inside different human tissues at the frequency 1566 khz at 100 m distance from broadcasting antenna at radiated power 1000 kw Tissue of human body S.A.R. in (W/kg) at frequency ( f ) = 1566 khz at depth (0.1 mm mm) from 100 m distance 0.1 mmm 0.2 mm 0.3 mm 0.4 mmm 0.5 mm Bladder Blood Blood vessel Body fluid Brain white matter Cerebella spinal fluid Eye sclera Fat Gall bladder Gall bladder bile Gland Heart Lung outer Lung inner Lymph Mucous membrane Muscle Pancreas Stomach Testis Vitreous Humor J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;

9 Table-4: SAR in W/kg inside different human tissues at the frequency 1566 khz at 150 m distance from broadcasting antenna at radiated power 1000 kw Tissue of human body S.A.R. in (W/kg) at frequency ( f ) = 1566 khz at depth (0.1 mm mm) from 150 m distance 0.1 mmm 0.2 mm 0.3 mm 0.4 mmm 0.5 mm Bladder Blood Blood vessel Body fluid Brain white matter Cerebella spinal fluid Eye sclera Fat Gall bladder Gall bladder bile Gland Heart Lung outer Lung inner Lymph Mucous membrane Muscle Pancreas Stomach Testis Vitreous Humor J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;

10 SAR in W/kg inside human body of frequency 1566 kh Bladder Blood Blood vessel Body fluid Brain white Cerebella Eye sclera Fat Gall bladder Fig. 4 Gall bladder bile Gland Heart Lung outer Lung inner Tissues of human body Lymph Mucous Muscle Pancreas Stomach Testis Vitreous Humor 0.1 mmm 0.2 mmm 0.3 mmm 0.4 mmm 0.5 mmm CONCLUSION The above calculations and analysis shows that the radiation at frequency of 1566 khz is harmful for the tissues of human body at the distance 1000 m, 150 m from broadcasting antenna. This study is done only for some selected tissues of human body. Study may be done for some more tissues of the human body. It may be possible that the health of those tissues will become more negative. Thus it is suggested that peoples and workers should keep away from thesee radiators emitting radiation at frequency of 1566 khz, or we can say that these types of radiation towers should located away from the populated area. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to the Management of Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (India) and Uttarakhand Graphic Era Hill University for providing all the necessary facilities at their campus. REFERENCES ICNIRP, Health Phys., 1998; 74 (4), Fact Sheet N0. 182, Reviewed May 1998; R. Matthes, E. van Rongen, M. Repacholi (Eds.), Proceedings of the international seminar Maastricht, The Netherlands, ICNIRP, 1999; (ICNIRP 8/99). L.S. Goldstein, M.W. Dewhirst, M.H. Repacholi, L. Kheifets, International Journal of Hyperthermia, M. Blank, R. Goodman, Pathophysiology, 2009;16 (2), A. Hirata and T. Shiozawa, IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques, 2003; 51(7) Xu. Lisheng, M.Q.H. Meng and Y. Chan, IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering, 2009; 56(8), 2083 S. Akimoto, S. Kikuchi,T. Nagaoka, K. Saito, S. Watanabe, M. Takahashi and K. Ito, IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques, 2010 ; 58( (12), J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;

11 9. K.D. Prasad, In: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, 1st. ed., India, Satya Prakashan, 1999; M.A. Stuchly and S.S. Stuchly, Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, C. Polk and E. Postow (Eds.), 2nd ed., Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1996; V. Roje, Serbian journal of electrical engineering, 2003; 1:15-26 Corresponding author: Arvind Kumar; * Department of Physics, Graphic Era University, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India 489 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. C, Nov Jan.2014; Vol.4, No.1;