International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS)

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teratioal Associatio of Scietific ovatio ad Research (ASR) (A Associatio Uifyig the Scieces, Egieerig, ad Applied Research) teratioal Joural of Emergig Techologies i Computatioal ad Applied Scieces

et SSN (Prit): 79-0047 SSN (Olie): 79-0055 Predictio of Harmoic Distortio i a Distributio System Caused by Housig Loads (Case Study i Surabaya, doesia) Daiel Rohi, Dio Dwipayaa Utomo, Otoseo Peagsag

1 teratioal Associatio of Scietific ovatio ad Research (ASR) (A Associatio Uifyig the Scieces, Egieerig, ad Applied Research) teratioal Joural of Emergig Techologies i Computatioal ad Applied Scieces (JETCAS) SSN (Prit): SSN (Olie): Predictio of Harmoic Distortio i a Distributio System Caused by Housig Loads (Case Study i Surabaya, doesia) Daiel Rohi, Dio Dwipayaa Utomo, Otoseo Peagsag Electrical Egieerig Departemet, Faculty of dustrial Techology Petra Christia Uiversity Jl. Siwalakerto Surabaya 6036, doesia Abstract: This paper will discuss about impact of oliear load i residetial costumer to harmoic distortio. Electricity cosumer behaviour particularly i the household sector with the developmet of techology will evolve. Equipmet used for everyday purposes cotiues to grow ad has become a lifestyle. The moder life is becomig fabulous with the ivetio of ew techology, so that may more electricity utilities are used by people ad their houses i daily life. Nowadays, loads i the housig electricity utility do ot oly cotai of liier loads, but also o-liier loads such as televisio, computer, microwave, fluorescet lamp ad so o. The problem uses oliear load is create harmoic distortio. The harmoic distortio will reduce the life time of electrical equipmet ad iefficiecy. The purpose of this research is to do modellig ad predictio of harmoics level o housig electricity utility. The modellig ad predictio of this research was usig harmoic aalysis with ETAP PowerStatio versio C. This experimet was doe i five houses as sample. The measuremet was doe o o-liier load ad Kwh-meter i every house usig Fluke 41B. The result of measuremet o Kwh-meter o houses was compared i order to get the aalysis result for VTHD, THD, power factor ad frequecy. The results research showed that VTHD, power factor (PF) ad frequecy o house are comply to the ormal stadard. VTHD result (maximum 5%) is 1.1 % 3.6%. Beside those, THD o house also comformable to due stadard, but there are houses that did ot comply ito the appoited stadard. The aalysis result showed that eergy savig lamp cause the biggest harmoics level. The level of harmoics i every house depeds o how may electricity equipmet used i it. Keywords: Power Quality, Harmoics, Housig Electricity Utility.. troductio Power quality is a major cocer i the world of electricity i this decade. t is the electrical power used by cosumers ad ot damage or reduce the life time of the equipmet ad the power ca be used efficietly [1][]. Power quality meas the quality of voltage ad curret. Quality the voltage ad currets is the value what used does ot exceed limits of tolerace from equipmet that used. additio, a wave of currets ad voltages are siusoidal waves are ormal. Oe of the problems that resulted i the curret ad voltage waveforms will ot be siusoidal or defect is caused by the resultig harmoics i the power system. Terms of quality power to a buildig ad housig is power ad voltage shall be i accordace with specified stadards ad Harmoics harmoic currets ad voltages that occur must be small. Harmoics is a pheomeo arisig from the operatio of the electrical load that is maily caused from the o-liear load, which will form a high-frequecy waves (100 Hz, 150 Hz, 00 Hz ad so o) ad ca iterfere with the electrical power system fudametal frequecy is 50 Hz or 60 Hz, so that the curret ad voltage waveforms are purely siusoidal ideally would be disabled as a result of harmoic distortio that occurs. The ideal form of the provisio of electric power systems both voltage ad curret must be cotaied o a sigle frequecy siusoidal ad costat value that is 50 Hz. the power system voltage ad curret harmoics always cotai, because the harmoics have a frequecy which is a iteger multiple of the fudametal wave compoet [3]. The third harmoic wave formatio of a 3 wave periods are repeated whe the fudametal wave is still goig o i oe period. This also applies to other waves, like the waves of the fifth harmoic is also formed ito 5 periods of smaller waves agai whe the wave amplitude of the fudametal harmoic wave is still ogoig i the period as show i figure 1.The patter of harmoic distortio o the basic wave. JETCAS 13-43; 013, JETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 578

2 Figure 1 Fudametal ad Siusoidal Sigal Distorted Fudametal frequecy (first harmoic) is f, the harmoics have frequecies f secod, third harmoics have frequecies 3f ad -th harmoic has a frequecy f. f the fudametal frequecy is 50 Hz, the secod harmoic has a frequecy of 100 Hz, the third harmoic has a frequecy of 150 Hz, ad so o. Harmoic distortio ca be uderstood through some major parameters. The importat parameters to describe the effects of harmoics o power system compoets. The first parameter is the THD (Total Harmoic Distortio) Total harmoic distortio is the ratio of the rms value of the harmoic compoets to the rms value of the fudametal compoet is usually expressed i percet (%). The idex is used to measure the deviatio of a periodic waveform cotaiig harmoics from a perfect sie wave [4]. For a perfect sie wave THD is zero percet. Here is the formula for the voltage ad curret THD, amely: VTHD V V 1 (1) Where: V = Rated voltage harmoics, V1 = Fudametal value ad = maximum harmoic compoet is observed THD 1 () Where: V = Value of harmoic currets, 1 = Fudametal value ad = maximum harmoic compoet is observed The secod parameter is the HD (dividual Harmoic Distortio). dividual harmoic distortio is the ratio of the rms value of the idividual harmoics to the rms value of the fudametal [3]. The third parameter is TDD (Total Demad Distortio) Total demad distortio (TDD) are total harmoic curret distortio is defied as: TDD N R (3) Where : R = the maximum demad load curret (selama15 or 30 miutes) o the basis of the frequecy of Poit of Commo Couplig / PCC (poit of commo expeses), calculated as the average curret of the maximum demad for the previous 1 moths. Harmoics stadard is used to evaluate the stadard EEE-519 "EEE Recommeded Practices ad Requiremets for Harmoic Cotrol i Electrical Power Systems" [5]. There are two types of criteria are used to evaluate the harmoic distortio is the harmoic curret limits ad limits for voltage harmoics. JETCAS 13-43; 013, JETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 578

3 Table 1 Stadard of Maximum Harmoic Curret Distortio Maximum Harmoic Curret Distortio (i % of fudametal) sc / L Distortio Harmoic Order (Odd Harmoics) Total Harmoic <11 11 h17 17 h <3 3 h <35 35 h < > Percetage of the amout of harmoic curret distortio (% THD ) is the percetage of the total amout of curret is distorted by harmoics of the fudametal frequecy. To determie (% THD ) is depedig o the ratio of sc / L. Percetage of the umber of harmoic voltage distortio (% V THD ) is the percetage of the total voltage is distorted by harmoics of the fudametal frequecy. % V THD system is determied by the voltage used. Detailed iformatio o the stadard harmoic curret ad voltage allowed is as show i table 1 ad table [6]. Electrical load which is the source of harmoics ca be grouped ito two kids, amely [7]: First Load liear, liear load is a load that gives a liear output waveform meas the curret flowig is proportioal to the impedace ad voltage chages. No-liear load waveform output is ot proportioal to the voltage i each half cycle so that the curret waveform ad output voltage waveform is ot the same as the iput (distorted). Table Stadard of Maximum Harmoic Voltage Distortio System Voltage Maximum Distortio < 69 kv kv > 138 kv dividual Harmoic Total Harmoic The o-liear load is domiat create harmoics i compariso with liear load. This is due to the semicoductor compoet i which the process works act as a switch that works o every cycle of the source voltage waveform. additio, the harmoics are also ofte caused by equipmet especially equipmet that uses a rectifier diode ad thyristor rectifier. Fuctio of the rectifier is to covert alteratig curret ito direct curret. the use of the coverter as a direct resource to take a loss o the destructive power grid voltage waveform ad alteratig curret so it is ot a pure siusoidal wave. The mai effect of voltage ad curret harmoics o power systems, amely: Additio of harmoics due to the level of the series ad parallel resoat relatioship ad decrease the efficiecy of power geerators, trasmissio ad load equipmet. Broadly speakig, the effects of harmoics that arise i the power system depeds o the locatio of the source harmoics ad harmoics. additio to the harmoics of the power system ca cause udesirable effects such as equipmet becomes heat, equipmet ot workig properly, the life time of the equipmet is reduced, equipmet damage, sigal iterferece or oise o the phoe lie. This is because the series is zero, the resoace betwee the capacitace ad the trasformer reactace resultig i excessive voltage ad curret. Ecoomic ad evirometal losses caused by harmoic distortio is very serious, it becomes imperative to coduct routie of moitorig ad evaluatio of the distributio system ad the idetificatio of load used by electricity cosumers []. Cosumer household sector is oe segmet of cosumers who use o-liear devices i large umbers. This research was coducted with the aim to idetify the use of o-liear load i the household sector ad its impact o the icrease of harmoic distortio. This study is used five samples of household with loads 00 VA < loads 6600 VA.. MATERAL AND METHODS Measuremets take are to measure each oliear load i every house. additio measuremets were also carried out i power-meter (through MCB groupig i each house). The scheme ad real coditio of measuremet as show i figure 4. A measuremet o power-meter i every house was at the peak load time. This is doe because at the time of peak load, all the electroic equipmet that is i every house is up ad also durig peak load voltage drop occurs. Measuremets were performed usig special equipmet is power harmoics aalyzer fluke 41B. After retrieval of data, the the data stored i the memory fluke 41B ad the the data is trasferred to a computer for aalysis ad i the prit-out results. The specificatio of power harmoics aalyzer fluke 41B as describe i table 3. JETCAS 13-43; 013, JETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 579

Figure Measuremet Scheme for Load oe Phase Evaluatio ad calculatio i this study uses of the EEE 519-199 stadard.

4 Figure Measuremet Scheme for Load oe Phase Evaluatio ad calculatio i this study uses of the EEE stadard. Curret THD is evaluated by first calculatig the value of the compariso betwee the SC with L. From the compariso of these values ca be evaluated from the value of THD that has bee obtaied from the measuremet exceeds the stadard or ot. Short circuit curret ( SC ) is obtaied by determiig the upper side of the poit as a bechmark, the positio where the short circuit curret will be calculated. The first cout is a short circuit i the trasformer, which is coected to each Kwh-meter house. While the value of L is the rms value of curret geerated from measuremet.. RESULT AND DSCUSSON The value obtaied from the SC / L will be compared with the stadard curret THD. Oe was selected as a example for the calculatio of curret THD. The data is used to calculate are the legth of cable from the trasformer to the power pole closest to the 180 m with a cable cross-sectioal area of 35 mm. Accordig to the data obtaied cable short circuit curret ( SC ) of 1.6 ka. Cable legth from power lies to Kwh-meter house with a 15 m cross-sectioal area of 6 mm. Base o the data obtaied short-circuit curret ( SC ) 1.1 ka. Figure 3 Spectrum of harmoic distortios Calculatio SC / L ad THD by lookig at the results of measuremets obtaied results are as follows: 1 st Harmoic (fudametal rms curret) is 99.6%., 3 rd Harmoics is 6.9%, ie 5 th Harmoics 5, 63%., Harmoics 7 th amely 4.9%, 9th Harmoics, amely.98%, Harmoics 11 th is.11% ad Harmoic to-31 is 0.14%. SC calculatio results obtaied at 6:08 ka ad measuremet results obtaied from the value of L = A. From the above calculatio THD curret is geerated that is equal to % ad these results do ot exceed the prescribed stadards. More a calculatios measuremet results cotaied i Table 3. This coditio shows that 0% of houses do ot meet stadard evaluated from the aspect TDH. The results of calculatios ad measuremets for house V are very small differece that is 0.3. So there is a specific betwee calculatios ad measuremets. Differeces betwee the measuremets ad stadards reached 5.5%. The use of o-liear devices i the home will icrease the electric curret harmoic distortio wave, whe coected to the distributio system [8] The Calculatios for V TDH is used of stadard EEE calculatig the value of voltage THD is a stadard used for voltages below 69 kv. Furthermore, from the results of measuremets that has bee obtaied by a compariso with appropriate stadards for voltages below 69 kv. From the results of this compariso ca be see the value of measuremet results that have bee coducted over the allowable limit or JETCAS 13-43; 013, JETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 580

5 ot. Obtaied from the calculatio of the resultig voltage THD is equal to.86% ad the result does ot exceed the predetermied voltage stadards. Table 4 Evaluatio of Total Harmoic Distortio of Curret ( THD ) Houses Measuremet Calculatio (%) SC / L Stadards Evaluatio Fluke 41B (%) THD (%) accordig to Stadard accordig to Stadard , accordig to Stadard V out of stadards V accordig to Stadard Table 5 Evaluatio of V THD Houses Fluke 41B (%) ETAP (%) Calculatio (%) Stadard V THD (%) Evaluatios Accordig to stadard Accordig to stadard Accordig to stadard V Accordig to stadard V Accordig to stadard Other electrical parameters were measured as i Table 6. Measuremet result shows that the power factor (PF) has bee produced i accordace with the stadards set by the stadard doesia Electric Compay PLN (0.85 miimum). The resultig frequecies are also i accordace with the stadard 49.8 to 50 Hz. These data prove that, distortio harmoics ca be see from the electrical parameters. f the electrical parameters have bee determied to meet the stadards, meas harmoics i coditios that are safe or i accordace with established stadards. Table 6 Evaluatio of Electric Paremeter Electric Parameter Houses Eveluatios V V Frekuesi (49,5-50,5) Accordig to stadard Power N/A Vrms (198-31) Accordig to stadard rms ,5-18, N/A PF (mi 0.85) Accordig to stadard V. CONCLUSON The results of the simulatio, calculatio ad measuremet showed that V THD rage at 1.1% - 3.6% already meet the EEE stadard is 5% ad showed results ragig THD -10.3% -19.3%. At THD there are 0% of households that do ot meet the stadards. Betwee simulatio, calculatio ad measuremet is ot a sigificat differece. Eergy-efficiet lightig is oe of the electroic devices that pose the greatest harmoic o residetial electric utility compared with other electroic equipmet ad the amout of harmoics that may arise depedig o the electroics used. f more ad more electroic equipmet, the greater the harmoics produced i the home. Refereces [1]. Duga, Roger.C ad McGraagha, Mark.F. Electrical Power Systems Quality. New York: McGraw-Hill []. Schipma, Kurt, at all, The mportace Of Go Od Power Quality Abb Power Quality Products, Belgium /power quality improvemet with lv capacitors ad filters.pdf [3]. Sakara, C. Power Quality. Florida: CRC Press LLC, 00. [4]. Arrilaga, Jos ad Watso, Neville. Power System Harmoics. Chicester: Joh Walley ad Sos, 003. [5]. Maual Book Power Harmoics Aalyzer Fluke 41B. New York: Fluke Corporatio, July [6]. Moha, Ned. Power Electroics: Coverter, Applicatio ad Desig. New York : Joh Wiley & Sos. 1994, p.41. [7]. Tribuaa, at all, The impact of Harmoic Distortio to Distributio Trasformer, [8]. Haroo Farooq et al.: Aalyzig the Harmoic Distortio i a Distributio System Caused by the No-Liear Residetial Loads, teratioal Joural of Smart Grid ad Clea Eergy, vol., o. 1, Jauary 013. JETCAS 13-43; 013, JETCAS All Rights Reserved Page

APPLICATION NOTE UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS

APPLICATION NOTE UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS APPLICATION NOTE AN95091 INTRODUCTION UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS Toy Girard, Sigatec, Desig ad Applicatios Egieer Oe criteria ofte used to evaluate a Aalog to Digital Coverter (ADC) or data acquisitio