Flying Capacitor Converter as a wind turbine interface modulation and MPPT issues

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1 Kaml ANTONIEWICZ, Marek JASIŃSKI, Sebastan STYŃSKI Faculty of Electrcal Engneerng, Warsaw nversty of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75a Warsaw Flyng Capactor Converter as a wnd turbne nterface modulaton and MPPT ssues Abstract. Ths paper shows an applcaton of three-level Flyng Capactor Converter n an AC-DC-AC system nterfacng a wnd turbne. Modulaton, Maxmum Power Pont Trackng ssues are dscussed. Expermental results are shown wth conclusons. Streszczene. W artykule przedstawono aplkację trójpozomowego przekształtnka z kondensatoram o zmennym potencjale w układze AC-DC-AC w zastosowanu do turbny watrowej podłączonej do sec energetycznej. Omówone zostało zagadnene modulacj dla przekształtnka oraz śledzena punktu mocy maksymalnej. Przedstawono wynk eksperymentalne wraz z wnoskam. (Przekształtnk z kondensatoram o zmennym potencjale w zastosowanu do turbny watrowej zagadnena modulacj śledzena punktu mocy maksymalnej). Słowa kluczowe: przekształtnk welopozomowe, AC-DC-AC, modulacja, MPPT. Keywords: multlevel converters, AC-DC-AC, modulaton, MPPT. Abstract Ths paper presents an applcaton of the three-level Flyng Capactor Converter (FCC) n an AC-DC-AC (Back to Back - BtB) system nterfacng a wnd turbne wth an asynchronous generator to the grd. The FCC operates as the machne converter (MC) whle also three-level Dode Clamped Converter (DCC) s the grd converter (GC). The control s based on Voltage Orented Control (VOC) and Indrect-Feld Orented Control (IFOC) methods but t also comprses a Space Vector Modulaton (SVM) for the FCC, the Maxmum Power Pont Trackng (MPPT) to ncrease the effectveness of power generaton and the Power Feed- Forward to mprove system stablty. Moreover, the reference machne flux control s proposed as the way to reduce magnetzaton power losses and rase the output power. Expermental results confrm correct operaton of the proposed control structure. Addtonally, basc comparson of the FCC and DCC converters features are shortly ponted out. And fnally a detaled analyss of flyng capactors voltages balancng s proven by expermental results. Introducton There are several advantages of multlevel converters n comparson to two-level converters. Consderng power electroncs systems the most mportant are decrease of voltage stress of swtches and mproved harmonc dstorton of output voltage. Accordng to an ncreased nterest n renewable sources and development of medum and hghlevel power generaton systems fed by wnd turbnes, a good soluton for these applcatons are multlevel converters. However, there are some complcatons related to that, lke more complex modulaton algorthm or necessty of eventual, addtonal capactors voltages balancng. There have already been several publcatons ntroducng the Dode Clamped Converter (DCC) back-toback (BtB) system nterfacng a wnd turbne, for example [1], [2]. Ths knd of applcaton brngs specfc condtons for the modulaton strategy. Wth the use of MPPT the wnd speed usually keep the modulaton ndex value n the range where zero-voltage vectors content s comparatvely hgh. For the DCC topology only nternal transstors of each leg are used to generate the level zero of phase voltage [3][4]. It leads to an unevenness of conducton losses between the leg swtches. For ths ssue the FCC topology brngs the soluton, whch are the redundant states, descrbed n the further secton. They requre the use of all leg swtches. Thanks to that the conducton losses are dstrbuted more evenly. Accordng to above ths paper presents a hybrd multlevel system wth a Flyng Capactor Converter (FCC) on the machne sde (MS) and DCC on the grd sde (GS). The man features of both converters are lsted n Table 1 [3][4][7][10]. It presents a short comparson of the modulaton complexty and topologes. The hybrd BtB topology has been proposed to confrm a stable operaton of the system n wde speed range and voltage range. Ths BtB converter s connected to the laboratory wnd turbne model conssted of an nducton generator wth DC machne (prme mover) fed by reversble rectfer. Classcal Space Vector Modulaton (SVM) was used for both converters, but for DCC t has been already wdely descrbed n the lterature [3], [4], [7] and here wll be omtted. Accordng to that, n secton I the Classcal SVM algorthm for three phase, three-level FCC s descrbed [9],[10]. The secton also ncludes an overvew of problems connected wth the mplementaton. Incorrect flyng capactors (FCs) voltages balancng leads to wrong output voltage levels generaton, whle undesred swtchng states can cause hgh overvoltage. The solutons are presented here. It s of course possble to enhance the classcal modulaton for multlevel converters, usng technques dscussed n [5], [6], [8], [10], [11], [12], [13]. Further sectons are dedcated to machne control and DC-lnk voltage control. In secton II a block scheme and short descrpton of IFOC s presented. Proper work of the system s dependent on fast and correct control of the DC-lnk voltage. To mprove control response dynamc, an actve Power Feed-Forward (PFF) s used. It cooperates wth the grd sde converter control. Secton III ncludes more detals and a block scheme of PFF. For the best explotaton of wnd potental for power generaton t s necessary to use the Maxmum Power-Pont Trackng (MPPT). Accordng to that an ncremental MPPT algorthm was mplemented n the smulaton and laboratory model. The results of ts performance are presented n secton IV. Addtonal output power can be brought by the machne power losses reducton, obtaned wth the reference flux control. For ths ssue the results are also presented. Laboratory setup s descrbed n secton V, whle smulaton and expermental results for PFF and MPPT mplementaton are presented n sectons VI. Fnally secton VII contans conclusons. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN , R. 88 NR 12a/

2 Table 1. Comparson of the DCC and FCC man features Feature DCC FCC Elements Measurement Redundant vectors selectng relance Classcal SVM Overmodulaton Sx-Step Mode 1. Addtonal Clampng-Dodes per each leg 2. DC-lnk capactors 1. DC-lnk capactors voltages 2. phase currents 1. DC-lnk capactors voltage levels 2. all phase currents sgns 3. dependent on all legs state 1. Dffcultes wth DC-lnk capactors voltages balancng, possble nstablty 1. Both DC-lnk Capactors n use smultaneously, no problems wth balancng 1. Addtonal Flyng Capactor per each leg 1. DC-lnk voltage 2. FCs voltages 3. phase currents 1. DC-lnk voltage 2. FC voltage 3. phase current 4. (ndependent for all legs), all adjacent vectors used n a perod 1. No problems wth FCs voltages balancng, possble hgher rpples 1. Impossble FCs voltages balancng For a better overvew, the whole system block scheme s presented n fgure 1. For control algorthm mplementaton a dspace DS1005 card was used. u abc abc Fg. 2. The voltage αβ plane for three-level three-phase converter. Fgure 2 shows graphc representaton of the Space Vector αβ voltage plane wth possble output voltage vectors of the three-level converter. All voltage vectors are descrbed by three numbers, where the frst corresponds to swtchng states n leg a, the second n leg b and the thrd n leg c. Table II presents all possble swtchng states for sngle nverter leg and respectve generated pole voltage x- levels ( x to DC mnus). Typcally, the FC voltage should equals to half of the DC-lnk voltage ( DC ). Wth ths condton swtchng state 1 can be dvded nto two redundant states A and B, whch generates the same output voltage /2. Those states are used for ndependent control of FCs voltages FCx., one for each samplng perod and leg. Table III shows selecton between redundant states A or B based on the stator current Sx sgn. Table II Swtchng States For The Three-Lelel FCC Leg. States T x1 T x2 x- 0 OFF OFF 0 u dc d A ON OFF DC - FCx P nv u dc 2 3u d ff 0 q T e u dc B OFF ON FCx 2 ON ON DC Table III Reduntant Swtchng State Selecton Voltage condtons Sx < 0 Sx > 0 FCx < DC /2 B A FCx > DC /2 A B v wnd Ψ r Fg. 1. Complete scheme of AC-DC-AC (BtB) system wth control blocks ncludng PFF and MPPT. Space Vector Modulaton In FCC Each leg of FCC conssts of four swtches and one Flyng Capactor C FCx (see fg. 1 - [5],[14]) where x refers to leg (phase) a, b or c. As far as the FCC load s assumed to be symmetrc, the Clarke transformaton of voltage vectors from natural nto statonary αβγ coordnate system s used wth γ equal 0. It s gven by: 1 0, 5 0, 5 a (1) 3 3 b c T e uvw For the three-phase three-level FCC the twenty seven voltage states (vectors) can be specfed: 3 zero vectors, 12 nternal, small ampltude vectors, 6 medum ampltude vectors and 6 external, large ampltude vectors. External vectors dvde the plane nto sx sectors (see fg. 2) and each sector s dvded nto four trangular regons. Fgure 3 presents a detaled vew of sector 1. The reference Space Vector ref angle s used to determne the Space Vector sector locaton. To calculate duty cycles T v (where v relates to vector number) of swtchng states (vectors) t s necessary to defne the regon number, thus also the modulaton coeffcent M nv, gven by (2) and addtonal ndexes m 1, m 2. These ndexes are projecton of Space Vector on the sector sdes, lmted by vectors (see fg 3) and accordng to trgonometrc relatons are computed wth (3). Table IV ([10]) shows D v calculaton methodology whch s analogcal for all sectors. ref (2) M nv DC sn (3) m1 M nv cos, 3 2M m2 nv sn 3 24 PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN , R. 88 NR 12a/2012

3 Table IV. Regon Number And Vectors Duratons Calculaton. Modulaton ndex Regon Duty cycle m 1 >1 1 D v1 =m 1-1; D v2 =m 2 ; D v4 =2-m 1 -m 2 m 1 1; m 2 1; m 1 +m 2 >1 2 D v4 =1-m 2 ; D v5 =1-m 1 ; D v2 =m 1 +m 2-1 m 2 >1 3 m 1 1; m 2 1; m 1 +m 2 1 D v2 =m 1 +m 2-1; D v3 =m 2-1; D v5 =2- m 1 -m 2 4 D v4 =m 1 ; D v5 =m 2 ; D v0 =1-m 1 -m 2 It must be noted that delay between computatons and hardware realzaton has sgnfcant mpact on FCs voltages balancng through the PWM modulator, whch s based on actual measured values. Ths may duplcate voltage rpples. Moreover, FCs voltages balancng leads to necessty of swtchng between state A and B n subsequent perods whch, n the worst case occurs at the end of the frst and the begnnng of the second (fg. 5 (). In that case all the four sgnals are changng, whch can cause overvoltage. To elmnate ths phenomenon and provde better swtchng dstrbuton between partcular swtches a modfcaton of the swtchng pattern, presented n fgure 5( was ntroduced. sng that, both objectves can be reached. Fg. 5 Transton between state A and B: ( classcal pattern, ( modfed pattern. Fg. 3 Sector 1 wth dvson nto four regons and possble swtchng states. Therefore, to compensate the delay effect, the estmaton of the FCs voltages at the end of the subsequent samplng perod was ntroduced wth the equaton: (1) t 1 t FCx FCx sc t 0, 5 dt C where FCx (t) s the measured FC x voltage, dt Sx s duraton of the pulse nfluencng the FC x voltage and Sx (t+0.5) s the estmated ampltude of measured Sx (t) phase current n the mddle of samplng perod: (2) t 0, 5 t Sx Sx Sx FC sx t t 1 Sx 0, 5T s sng FCx (t+1) value t s possble to elmnate the delay and choose the approprate A or B state. ( ( Fg. 4 Duty cycle for regon 1 for chosen state A-( and B-( of sector 1. Fnally, when duty cycles are set, the sgnals can be generated. Fgure 4 llustrates swtchng pattern sample for the regon 1 of sector 1 (see fg. 3). As t can be notced, all adjacent vectors are ncluded n modulaton. Fgure 3 presents generated sgnals for the case when state A s used, whle fgure 3 for state B. Indrect Feld-Orented Control General Informaton Fg. 6 shows a block scheme of IFOC whch was mplemented n the system. It has been wdely descrbed n the lterature [15], [16]. Reference stator currents n rotatng coordnates dq are calculated usng reference rotor flux r module and torque Te, obtaned wth speed controller. Currents errors are delvered to PI controllers whch gves reference voltage n dq coordnates. Thus, after transformaton to αβ, PWM sgnals are generated through SVM. T e 2 Lr 1 p ms LM Ψ b r Ψ r Fg. 6 Block scheme of Indrect Feld-Orented Control (IFOC). Power Feed-Forward Power Feed-Forward brngs a sgnfcant mprovement n DC-lnk voltage control. Consderng large step changes of the load, the sngle PI controller, lke n VOC, may not be fast enough to brng the best response and relablty of control. Fgure 7 presents a scheme of mplemented PFF. As can be seen, machne power s calculated wth: (3) 1,5 P nv 1 L M q d ref s ref s where P nv s a machne actve power, refα, refβ and sα, sβ are reference voltage and stator currents vectors n statonary coordnates. In the next step correcton value ff s computed wth: 2 (4) ff 3 d where d s a part of the grd voltage n rotatng coordnates dq. Eventually, the ff s added to I d_ref part of reference current n rotatng coordnates. The power flter (see fg. 7 [15], [19]) has a sgnfcant nfluence on qualty of the feed-forward, hence ts tme abc DC PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN , R. 88 NR 12a/

4 constant has to be chosen n order to acheve a good dynamc. Thus, to elmnate possble dstortons nfluencng the calculated machne power, the flter cut-off frequency was set to 150Hz. All results wll be showed n secton V. Reversble rectfer, dspace modular hardware, Computer wth dspace DS1005 and encoder card, Tektronx 3034B osclloscope. 2 3u d Fg. 7 Block scheme of mplemented Power Feed-Forward. Incremental MPPT For Wnd Turbne Generator Incremental MPPT s based on turbne speed measure and calculaton of generated power [17], [18], [19]. sng those values t changes the reference speed wth defned step ω. No addtonal parameters lke turbne characterstc, ar densty or nstantaneous wnd speed are necessary. Relatve change of generated power s computed n every MPPT perod, whch means that n each cycle actual power s compared wth ts value calculated n the prevous cycle. Thus, t can be wrtten: (5) P Pactual 1 P prevous The rest of the algorthm wll run f ΔP exceeds the requred mnmal value. The second parameter s the change of reference speed n the last perod ( ω ref1 ) and two perods before the actual one ( ω ref2 ). Once the P condton s met the trackng algorthm runs. It wll change the reference speed wth a step ω dependng on the followng condtons: If P>0 (ncrease of power n last perod) and ω ref1 0 (ncrease of reference speed n last perod), then ncrease the reference speed (note that the maxmum speed must be set), If P>0 and ω ref1 <0, then contnue decreasng the reference speed, If P<0 and ω ref2 >0 and ω ref1 <0, then no reference speed change ncreases generated power; decrease the reference speed wth double step ω, If P<0 and ω ref1 0, then decrease the reference speed (note that the mnmum speed must be set), If P<0 and ω ref1 <0, then ncrease the reference speed. Another method to ncrease the generated power s based on machne feld losses reducton [16][20][21]. When the turbne torque s not nomnal, then respectve decrease of the reference flux ampltude wll have an effect of magnetzaton losses mnmzaton. The research results are presented n secton VII. Laboratory Setup The control algorthm was mplemented on laboratory setup based on Modular DSP dspace DS1005 PPC Board [10], [22], whch s the core of dspace modular hardware. Expermental setup was connected to the grd by autotransformer. As has been mentoned, the wnd turbne was modeled wth DC-machne fed by a reversble rectfer (prme-mover) shaft connected wth an asynchronous machne. Parameters of AC machne are shown n table 5. The reference torque of the turbne s gven by dspace calculaton, based on the turbne characterstc presented n fgure 8. The whole laboratory setup conssted of: Three-level 15kVA DCC/ three-level 3kVA FCC, LCL grd flter 2.8mH/6uF/2.2mH, 3kW asynchronous machne/ 3kW DC-machne, Fg. 8 Mechancal torque characterstc of 3kW turbne. Dependency between angular speed (horzontal axe), turbne torque (vertcal axe) and wnd speed. Table 5. Asynchronous Machne Parameters Parameter nt Value Nomnal power P n kw 3 Nomnal phase-phase voltage f-f V 380 Nomnal frequency f n Hz 50 Stator resstance R s 1.84 Stator nductance L s H 0.17 Rotor resstance R r 1.84 Rotor nductance L r H 0.17 Mutual nductance L M H 0.16 Inerta J m Pole pars p b 2 Expermental Results Smulaton and expermental research have been nvestgated for 600V of the DC-lnk voltage. They gave very smlar results, thus only expermental results wll be presented. Flyng Capactor voltage balancng s shown n fgure 9 and fgure 10. It presents the comparson of modulaton algorthm performance for the case when FCs voltage predcton s turned off (fg. 9a and fg. 10 and turned on (fg. 9b and fg. 10). There are two cases of the reference speed, 50rad/s (fg. 9 only 4 th regons operaton) and 120rad/s (fg st, 2 nd and 3 rd regons operaton). It can be seen that FCs voltage predcton results n sgnfcant mprovement of FCs voltage balancng (about 50% reducton). Dynamc test of MPPT, reled on generaton of wnd speed as a trapezodal wave functon (fg. 11). Results were obtaned for machne speed controlled by MPPT. Fgure 11 presents relaton of generated actve power ( and grd phase current ( to wnd speed changes. It can be seen how the algorthm tracks the maxmum of generated power. The generator speeds up and slows down accordngly to the wnd speed ncreases or decreases respectvely (see the ramp). When the wnd speed s constant then t reaches the steady state. Feld losses reducton test result s presented n fgure 12. It shows a comparson of the system performance for the reference rotor flux ampltude set to 1Web (fg. 12 and 0.6Web (fg. 12. The other condtons, n both cases, were, the same (DC lnk voltage 300V, wnd speed 5,5m/s). As s shown, acheved losses reducton, brought an ncrease of generated power (n ths partcular, case almost 50%). 26 PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN , R. 88 NR 12a/2012

5 Fg. 9 Balancng of leg A Flyng Capactor voltage; the reference speed 50rad/s; FCs voltage predcton turned off ( and turned on (; from the top: phase voltage (brown) 500[V/dv], machne phase current (blue) [10A/dv], phase pole voltage [500V/dv], FC voltage [5V/dv offset 300V]. Fg. 11 Trapezodal wnd speed changes (4-7m/s, perod 20s); from the top: wnd speed [5m/s/dv], turbne torque [10Nm/dv], reference machne angular speed [100rad/s/dv], generated machne power [1kW/dv] (, grd phase current [A] (. Fg. 10 Balancng of leg A Flyng Capactor voltage; the reference speed 120rad/s; FCs voltage predcton turned off ( and turned on (; from the top: phase voltage (brown) 500[V/dv], machne phase current (blue) [10A/dv], phase pole voltage [500V/dv], FC voltage [5V/dv offset 300V]. Fg. 12 Steady state operaton (constant wnd speed 5.5m/s) wth MPPT and the reference rotor flux 1Web -, and 0.6Web - ; from the top: wnd speed [5m/s/dv], reference machne angular speed [50rad/s/dv], machne phase current [10A/dv], generated machne power [200W/dv] PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN , R. 88 NR 12a/

6 Fg. 13 Step change of load torque 0-10Nm: wthout PFF (, wth PFF (; from the top: machne angular speed [5rad/s/dv offset 100rad/s], machne (FCC) phase current [10A/dv], load torque [10Nm/dv], DC-lnk voltage [10V/dv offset 600V]. turned off ( and turned on (. As can be notced n fg. 13 and fg. 14 the DC lnk voltage remans steady, ndependently on the load change. Note that n fugure 13 machne phase current s shown, whle n fgure 14grd phase current. Tests were taken wth DC =600V. Summary and Conclusons Typcal applcaton of the Flyng Capactor Converter (FCC) s an actve flter, where the Carrer-Based PWM technque s used for each leg. Consderng the machne converter MC n proposed hybrd BtB system, t s preferable to adapt the SVM, thus a standard machne control lke FOC or DTC-SVM can be smply used as well as the other presented algorthms. The Classcal SVM for the FCC brngs an relatvely easy way to control the converter. As t was mentoned n the ntroducton, the redundant states assure more balanced conducton losses dstrbuton. For ths specfc applcaton t reduces the stress on the nner swtches n comparson to the DCC topology. However the modulaton provdes a correct Flyng Capactors (FCs) voltages balancng, n fgure 9 and fgure 10 t can be seen how hgh dstortons can occur. sng the predcton algorthm, elmnatng the delays, had ncreased the stablty of FC voltage. Moreover, the proposed modfed swtchng pattern allows to avod possble overvoltage, enhancng converter protecton. To acheve a hgh effcency of modeled wnd turbne power generator, the MPPT algorthm was mplemented. Presented results (fg. 10,fg. 11), shows that the Incremental MPPT assures a very good machne reference speed control n reference to the generated power maxmum and the actual wnd speed n the dynamc and steady states. Moreover, the feld losses reducton test, showed that t s possble to ncrease the effcency of power generaton for a low turbne torque values. The Power Feed-Forward (PFF) algorthm mproved the dynamc of the control response to the load step changes. As shown n fgure 13 and fgure 14 t has almost no nfluence on the DC lnk voltage stablty what, as the result, provdes a good phase voltages levels generaton. Acknowledgment Ths work has been supported by Polsh Mnstry of Scence and Hgher Educaton grant no N N n as scentfc project. Fg. 14 Step change of load torque 0-10Nm: wthout PFF (, wth PFF (; from the top: machne angular speed [5rad/s/dv offset 100rad/s], grd (DCC) phase current [5A/dv], load torque [10Nm/dv], DC-lnk voltage [10V/dv offset 600V]. Fgure 13 and 14 present system response to load step change from 0 to 10Nm under the condton of PFF beng REFERENCES [1] Bueno E. J., Cobreces S., F. J. Rodrguez, Hernandez A., Espnosa F., Desgn of a Back-to-Back NPC Converter Interface for Wnd Turbnes Wth Squrrel-Cage Inducton Generator, IEEE Transacton on Energy Converson, 23 (2008), No. 3, [2] Bueno E., Cobreces S., Rodrguez F., Hernandez A., Espnosa F., Mateos R., et al., Optmzed desgn of a back-to-back NPC converter to be used as nterface for renewable energes, Industral Electroncs Socety, IECON st Annual Conference of IEEE, [3] Nabae A., Takahash I., Akag H., A New Neutral-Pont- Clamped PWM Inverter, IEEE Transacton on Industral Applcatons, (1981) [4] Rodrquez J., Pontt J., Lezana P., Kouro S., Tutoral on Multlevel Converters, Internatonal Conference on Power Electroncs and Indtellgent Control for Energy Conservaton. Warsaw (2005) [5] Meynard T. A., Foch H., Multlevel Converson: Hgh Voltage Choppers and Voltage-Source Inverters, IEEE Power Electroncs Specalst Conference, (1992), [6] McGrath B. P., Holmes D. G., Lpo T., Optmzed space vector swtchng sequences for multlevel nverters, IEEE Transactons on Power Electroncs, (2003), PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN , R. 88 NR 12a/2012

7 [7] Kolomyjsk W., Modulaton strateges for three-level pwm converter-fed nducton machne drve, Ph.D. dssertaton Warsaw: Warsaw nversty of Technology (2009) [8] McGrath B. P., Holmes D. G., Meynard T., Reduced PWM harmonc dstorton for multlevel nverters operatng over a wde modulaton range, IEEE Transactons on Power Electroncs, 21 (2006), No. 4, [9] Mendes M. A. S., Pexoto Z. M. A., Sexas P. F., Donoso- Garca P., A space vector pwm method for three-level flyngcapactor nverters, n Proc. of IEEE PESC 2001, [10] Stynsk S., Analyss and Control of Multlevel AC DC AC Flyng Capactor Converter Fed from Sngle Phase Grd, Ph.D. dssertaton, Warsaw nversty of Technology (2011) [11] Jwu-Sheng H.; Keng-Yuan C.; Te-Yang S.; Ch-Hm T., Analytcal Solutons of Multlevel Space-Vector PWM for Multphase Voltage Source Inverters, IEEE Transactons on Power Electroncs, 26 (2011), No. 5, [12] Leon J.I, Vazquez S., Sanchez J.A., Portllo R., Franquelo L.G., Carrasco J.M., Domnguez E. T., Conventonal Space-Vector Modulaton Technques Versus the Sngle-Phase Modulator for Multlevel Converters, IEEE Trans. on Industral Electroncs, 57 (2010), No. 7, [13] Cho Sanghun, Saeedfard M., A Space Vector Modulaton approach for capactor voltage balancng of Flyng Capactor Converters, Appled Power Electroncs Conference and Exposton (APEC), 2011 Twenty-Sxth Annual IEEE (2011), [14] Watkns S. J., Zhang L., Multlevel space vector pwm control schemes for a flyng-capactor nverter, n Proc. of PEMID 2004 [15] Jasnsk M., Drect power and torque control of AC/DC/AC converter-fed nducton motor drves, PhD. Thess, Warsaw nversty of Technology (2005) [16] Kazmerkowsk M. P., Control n Power Elektroncs - Selected Problems (2002) [17] Koutrouls E., Kalatzaks K., Desgn of a Maxmum Power Trackng System for Wnd-Energy-Converson Applcatons, IEEE Transactons on Industral Electroncs, 53 (2006), No. 2, [18] Malnowsk M., Stynsk S., Control of 3-Level PWM Converter Appled to Varable-Speed Type Turbnes, IEEE Trans. On Ind. Electroncs, 56 (2009), No. 1, [19] Mller A., Muljad E., Znger D. S., A varable speed wnd turbne power control, IEEE Transactons on Energy Converson (1997), [20] Zengca Q., Ranta M., Hnkkanen M., Luom J., et. al., Lossmnmzng flux level control of nducton motor drves, Electrc Machnes & Drves Conference, IEEE Internatonal (2011) [21] Farasat M., Karaman E., et. al., Effcency-optmzed hybrd feld orented and drect torque control of nducton motor drve, Electrcal Machnes and Systms (ICEMS), Internatonal Conference (2011) [22] dspace GmBH. DS1005 PPC Board, Features, Realese 6.5. (2009), Retreved from Autorzy: Kaml Antonewcz, antonek@ee.pw.edu.pl, (+48 22) ; Dr. Marek Jasńsk, mja@sep.pw.edu.pl, (+48 22) ; Dr. Sebastan Styńsk, stynsks@sep.pw.edu.pl; (+48 22) ; Warsaw nversty of Technology, Department of Electrcal Engneerng Insttute of Control and Industral Electroncs ul. Koszykowa 75a Warsaw PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN , R. 88 NR 12a/

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