Sensors. CS Embedded Systems p. 1/1
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1 CS Embedded Systems p. 1/1 Sensors A device that provides measurements of a physical process. Many sensors are transducers, devices that convert energy from one form to another. Examples: Pressure sensors - voltage is proportional to pressure Infrared sensors - on if IR achieves critical threshold Digital cameras - convert light intensity to digital value
2 CS Embedded Systems p. 2/1 Sensor Types There are many different types of sensors and they can be broadly categorized by either their application or their mechanism. By Mechanism Optical and infrared Radio-frequency Magnetic Inductive/Capacitive Tactile Acoustic and ultrasonic Humidity Mechanical (vibration, switching) Temperature
3 CS Embedded Systems p. 3/1 Sensors Types By Application Odometry Proximity Navigation Ranging Location Orientation Identification Motion Detection Process Control Instrumentation Data Acquisition
4 CS Embedded Systems p. 4/1 Sensing Sensors can be either analog or digital depending on the type of signal produced. Analog sensors transmit data in the voltage of the signal provided. It is also possible to transmit data via the frequency, but I can t think of any. Digital sensors transmit data as zeros and ones which could be binary value or simple on/off signals. It is also possible to provide data via the length of time between pulses. The issues in interfacing sensors are: Interfacing power levels. Possibly powering the sensor. Data conversion.
5 CS Embedded Systems p. 5/1 Interfacing Sensor Analog Signal Conditioning Amplify Sample and Hold Analog/Digital Conversion Digital Device Digital Signal Conditioning Controller Relay or Actuator Digital Signal Conditioning Actuator Analog Signal Conditioning Analog/Digital Conversion
6 CS Embedded Systems p. 6/1 Signal Conditioning Most microcontroller use TTL (transistor-transistor logic) which means that the voltage levels are nominally +5 volts and 0 volts for high and low, but the actual range might be v is low and 2.4 to 5 v is high. These numbers vary depending on the TTL family. The families are standard, Schottky (fast), low-power Schottky (LS) (fast and low-power), Advanced Schottky (AS) and Advanced low-power Shottky (ALS). In addition, CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) components use a different structure to get low power, wider operating voltage and reduced noise. However, they have longer propogation times and poor high-frequency behavior. The bottom line for interfacing is that the electronic logic between the sensor and the controller may not match up, so some form of signal conditioning may be required. Also, long distances may require amplification or repeating to achieve a useable signal.
7 CS Embedded Systems p. 7/1 Digital Signal Conditioning Typical controller logic is low-power Shottkey so you can expect: The maximum sink current is about 24 ma. The maximum source current is about 2.4 ma. High-level output voltage Low -level output voltage 2.4 v minimum. 0.5 v minimum. So if you are going to interface to such a device, you need to insure that the signals are properly conditioned.
8 CS Embedded Systems p. 8/1 Examples of Interfacing The following are examples of interfacing that demonstrate the use of different methods for different circuits and the justification for the designs.
9 CS Embedded Systems p. 9/1 Controlling an LED with Source Current Controller 470 Ohms +5v If the controller can source 15 ma, and a typical LED will operate on voltages as low as 1.4 v and 15 ma. Using Ohm s Law,, we need to find a resistor size to place in the line to make sure that the current from the controller is less than ma. To be on the safe side, 470 Ohms is specified.
10 CS Embedded Systems p. 10/1 Controlling an LED with Source Current Controller 330 Ohms +5v If the controller can sink 20 ma we know from before that 330 Ohms is safe.
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