Power Theft Identification system using Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) technique in Distribution system based on Binary Search Algorithm

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1 1 Power Theft Identification system using Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) technique in Distribution system based on Binary Search Algorithm Thiruvalluvan S 1, Swardheep B 2, Arunachalam S 3 Abstract Distribution system, which provides supply to the consumers, has direct access by the users. This makes the system prone to various kinds of power theft. In India, there is no integrated system or separate system to identify the theft. In this paper, a complete automated system has been proposed to identify the illegal power usage and to control them by activating (opening) the circuit breakers. The Power Line Communication (PLCC) technique has been used for communicating data from both the user to the Distribution substation and vice versa. The MATLAB Simulink model for the identification system is designed by taking various system parameters into account. The controlling system for proper identification of the circuit breaker to be activated is developed by using a simple but effective binary search algorithm. Index Terms Binary search algorithm, Distribution automation system, Power Line Carrier Communication, Power theft. T I. INTRODUCTION HE automation of the distribution system is becoming a very important necessity in the near future. This automation cannot be developed in a single step but by integrating smaller systems. The proposed system is one such system with achieving a larger scope in the future. Power theft, an illegal act by many consumers either knowingly or unknowingly, is one of the major causes for power crisis in the existing scenario. About Rs.20,000 crores is lost annually due to theft as stated in the report about Status of distribution sector in country by the Central Electricity Authority [1]. More than 30% of the power generated is lost due to theft and inefficiencies in the distribution networks. This illegal usage of power has not only affected economically but also hinders the design and modeling phases of power system by providing wrong data as input during analysis. So power consumption monitoring without letting any kind of illegal usage and having a centralized control over the distribution plays a vital role to efficiently automate the system. This automation system requires an adequate communicating system that could serve for a reliable communication over the network. The power line carrier communication (PLCC) technique serves this purpose without even requiring any additional line. The PLCC is used to communicate the measured quantity and is in turn required for the comparator in the detection system. Also, this system could be able to transmit other data required for checking the status of the network [2]. In existing system, the theft at any node could firstly be sensed by causing a difference in the recorded readings and received readings in the host system. This could only sense there is a theft but could not identify the node where theft has occurred [3]. In the proposed system, the node where the theft has occurred can be identified using simple Binary Search algorithm [4]. Among various search algorithms, we opted for the binary search algorithm which is an easy way to identify the particular theft node. In the paper, the proposed system and its working has been explained under section II, the case studies are elaborated under section III and their results and discussions in section IV. II. PROPOSED SYSTEM In this section, the system working and the design specifications are proposed and are classified under different sections. A. PLCC System for Power Theft The PLCC transceiver [5] and the energy meter are the components that are needed for the functioning of this system along with existing circuit breakers at various locations in the system. The PLCC transceivers will have a baud rate of 9600 which is capable of carrying signals for broadband connection. This system has an advantage of using the existing wires and does not need any extra cables for communication. The PLCC 1,2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St. Joseph s College of Engineering. 3 Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St. Joseph s College of Engineering.

2 2 transceiver is installed at every node i.e., wherever an energy meter is being installed. The system proposes to install an energy meter and PLCC transceiver system at every house and also at every electric post. The energy meter system at the electric post is considered as the host system and the other systems as the consumer systems as shown in Fig1. Fig. 1. Proposed block of PLCC system in distribution side. We could consider the entire distribution system as a tree, the host system is the parent and the consumer system is the child to that parent. The next electric post in the distribution system becomes the child to its previous post. So, the root is the distribution transformer which supplies power to the entire locality. The binary search algorithm works based on tree structure. Fig 1. gives the basic construction and the design of the entire system. Every PLCC system could communicate with the host PLCC system and vice versa. The host system identifies each PLCC of the consumer with a unique address. This identification of PLCC systems by host system is a network level data analysis which is not the main interest of this paper. B. Identification of Theft The theft that takes place is identified at the electric post at which the house is connected. Let us illustrate the theft by tapping a load from the transmission line between the electric post and the consumer energy meter. This stolen power consumed is not recorded in the energy meter. So, this action is clearly a real theft of power. The energy meter at each consumer port will record the energy consumed by the consumer. All the energy recorded in the meter is regarded to be legal. The energy meter in the host system will record the energy that is delivered to consumers. When a theft occurs the sum of the energies recorded by all the consumer energy meter is less than the energy recorded by the host system energy meter. So, by passing the energies recorded by the consumer energy meters through the PLCC technique to the host system and comparing both readings will result in a difference of value. When this difference crosses a fixed margin then the system concludes that there is some sort of theft occurring in the network. This identification of the theft could find that theft has occurred at any one of the consumer node that is connected to a particular electric post. The exact house where the theft took place is not identified. So, a further processing is to take place to identify the exact consumer port where theft has occurred. C. Binary Search Algorithm To detect the exact consumer port where theft has occurred binary search algorithm is used. This algorithm leads to the theft consumer system quickly and with minimum operation of the circuit breakers. The algorithm works by opening and closing of the breakers according to the requirement and the results of the previous computations. The working of the Binary Search Algorithm is shown with the help of the flowchart in Fig 2. The algorithm will be followed only when there is a theft. During the operation of the usual system, all the circuit breakers will be closed and the comparator will not show difference in value of the energy read in the host system and the sum of all consumer energy meters. When the compared values do not match, the flowchart is followed to detect the consumer node from where theft has taken place.

3 3 Fig. 2. Flowchart showing the role of Binary Search Algorithm to locate theft node. Fig. 3. MATLAB Simulink model of a 3-phase system incorporating PLCC technique in Distribution Side. The Theft Load is triggered with a step input. The Binary Search Algorithm is preferred because it reduced the number of times the Circuit Breakers have to be operated to locate the fault as compared to that of linear search Algorithm. The signals for the circuit breakers are controlled by the host system and transmitted through the PLCC system to the corresponding consumer circuit breakers. III. CASE STUDY The MATLAB model is developed based on certain assumptions. The load is assumed to be a resistive load since predominantly all the electrical equipments are resistive in nature. The Distribution lines are generally short lines (less than 20 km) and hence the transmission line of the proposed system is modelled as a short transmission line. Since the resistance is very small in distribution side, its effect is neglected in the proposed modelling. Fig 3, shows a design in which the three phase source supplies a load. The line trap will allow only 50Hz power to flow through it. The coupling capacitor conducts signal of frequency above 25kHz. This is a normal system in which the high frequency signal is received by the signal receiver. The 50Hz supply is only supplied to the load [6]. The line trap is modeled with inductor and capacitor with values 4.05e-6

4 4 Henry and 0.1e-6 Farad in parallel. The coupling capacitor with values 0.22e-6 Farad is modeled to tap the high frequency signal. In the model, the theft is induced in the system by triggering an ideal switch automatically. The ideal switch is triggered by using a step function which transfers its signal from 0 to 1 at 0.06 seconds. The transfer of the voltage and current of the load after 0.06 seconds could be clearly noted in the Fig 6. The current of the load and the supply are now compared in the comparator. When they mismatch, the circuit breaker is given command signal to open. Hence, the theft is detected and it is isolated from the supply. The model itself will serve as a first line of protection against theft, because any illegal load connected to the system will not perform as expected because of high frequency of the line, as the line is incorporated with PLCC technique. Fig. 5. MATLAB function for the Comparator Block. Fig. 4. MATLAB Simulink model of Comparator subsystem of the proposed model in Fig3. The comparator block shown in Fig 4 takes the input from the 3-phase current measurement port. The magnitude of the current is compared using the MATLAB function given in Fig 5. This above explained system could detect if there were any theft when single load is connected to the supply. This could be expanded for multiple loaded system by using the above explained binary search algorithm. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The outputs obtained from the above model Fig 3 are given in Fig 6 and Fig 7. The voltage and current across the load is given in Fig 6. The output of the scope given in the Fig3 is shown in Fig 8. The first graph shows the signal given to the circuit breaker after compared by the comparator. The second and third graph is the voltage and current waveforms of the sender end respectively. The fourth and fifth waveforms show the voltage and current of the receiver end respectively. Fig. 6. Voltage and Current waveforms across the load for the proposed model at the instant of theft. The voltage and current across the signal receiver is given in Fig 7.

5 5 system, the execution of binary search algorithm alone consumes some time before the isolation of the breakers. V. CONCLUSION Fig. 7. Output waveforms of Signal Receiver. Automation of Distribution system through effective communication network can enhance the efficiency and reliability of the electric service between the base station and the load centers. This paper has laid a premier design to build an on spot theft detection system. The future improvements to this system could make it an initiating step to build a smart grid. This paper could be a useful reference in future works about building an automated control system on distribution side. There could be many other possible algorithms to find the theft other than binary search algorithm which is expected to be built up in near future. REFERENCES [1] Report of Central Electricity Authority of India - _dev_reform/status.pdf. [2] Y. G. Paithanker, S. R. Bide - Fundamentals of Power system Protection H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4. [3] I. Hakki Cavder, A Solution to Remote Detection of Illegal Electricity Usage via Power Line Communications. IEEE Transaction on Power delivery,vol 19,No 4,October [4] Binary Search Tree Algorithm [5] PLCC Transceiver - plc+transceiver-datasheet.html. [6] Dr. I. A. Adejumobi, Carrier Frequency and Bandwidth Requirements for Data Transmission in Power Distribution Automation System. Fig. 8. Voltage and Current Waveforms of the Sending end and Receiving end for the proposed model. The transition of all the three voltages and current to reach zero after the circuit breaker is applied open signal is shown in the graph. The transition takes place only when the current in that particular phase reaches zero value. From this graph, it is clear that the isolation of illegal load can be achieved within seconds. Therefore for a multiple load

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