Experimental study on Wide Band FM Receiver using GNURadio and RTL-SDR

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1 Experimental study on Wide Band FM Receiver using GNURadio and RTL-SDR Khyati Vachhani Assistant Professor, Electrical Dept. Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India Rao Arvind Mallari Scientist DRDO, India Abstract This paper focuses on the open source GNURadio Software and studies its use as a research tool coupled with USRP and RTL SDR. USRP, RTL SDR and GNU Radio software suite is introduced and briefly discussed. GNU Radio software suite can act as a simulation tool or a software subsystem to drive a SDR transceiver hardware. This is shown by implementing WBFM receiver using RTL SDR with GNU Radio. It concludes by comparing the cheap yet effective RTL SDR with the costly but accurate USRP hardware. Keywords SDR, USRP, RTL SDR, GNURadio I. INTRODUCTION Software Defined Radio (SDR) was initially used for military applications as a means of communication between different units in a secured format. Projects like DARPA, SPEAKeasy and JTRS2 which uses multiple air interfaces and varied signal processing techniques are some examples for development of SDR [1]. Civil Applications like cellular phone which operates in various existing standards also uses SDR. Recent years has seen enormous proliferation of standards in mobile, in personal communication, and in broadcast like radio and television. Digital radio, digital television, wireless Local Area Network and mobile communication are some of the high profile applications. This type of standards forms a large number of sophisticated electronic devices which has a high selling potential. There are dedicated architectures for implementation of complex standards, which are optimised to reduce chip costs to minimum. This type of approach used for chip design has an disadvantage of identifying the problems late in development cycle and hence leads to long development time of product. If dedicated hardware is used for development of product then it becomes very difficult to upgrade form one standard to other or to add some new features. Software Defined Radio (SDR) is an good solution for such issues[2]. If architecture is sufficiently powerful and programmable, it can support many different standards on a common platform. Radio systems which are implemented using a programmable architecture is capable of being upgraded in the field for fixing bugs or to add some more functionalities and also supports new standards, assuming there is sufficient flexibility in architecture. Apart from flexibility SDR helps to turn hardware problems into software problems thus allowing us to work in more flexible domain. The paper is organised as follows: Section 2 describes the block diagram and basic functionalities of software defined radio. Section 3 and 4 mentions about the universal software radio peripheral and RTL-SDR used to drive the SDR applications. GNU Radio software suite is briefly described along with its architecture in section 5. The experimental study on designing a wide band FM Receiver using GNU Radio and RTL-SDR is carried out in section 6. Finally, we conclude our paper in section 7. II. SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are software defined [3]. Traditionally, these physical layer functions are implemented in hardware. Later, if there is a need for slight modification in any one of the function, then it should be redesigned and implemented in hardware. The hardware redesign is costly and time consuming. By having these function defined in software, they become flexible and reconfigurable. This saves prototyping time. The signal processing flow for a generic SDR is shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1: Software Defined Radio The baseband and Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal is processed in the digital domain. After this, a Radio Frequency (RF) module is used to upconvert/downconvert the IF signal to/from the transmission frequency. In an ideal SDR, this RF module is also implemented in digital domain and Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) are placed just before the antenna and the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA). However, an ideal SDR is difficult because it would require to operate with an extremely high sampling rate. There are three platforms which are mostly used for the SDR applications: General Purpose Processors (GPPs), /15/$31.00 c 2015 IEEE 1810

2 Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)[4][5]. Lately, there is also a trend to use Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). These platforms use high speed ADCs and DACs for the signal conversion between analog to digital and digital to analog respectively. GPPs are usually slow because they do sequential processing. But due to multi-core and multi-threading techniques, they can do real time complex processing. DSPs are few times faster than a typical GPP because they have different bus architecture (Harvard architecture) and dedicated Multiplier Accumulator (MAC) units. Therefore, they provide low latency when processing a signal up to few megahertz. But they are only suitable for the baseband processing. FPGAs are more suitable for complex and high frequency signal processing, e.g, Digital Up Conversion (DUC), Digital Down Conversion (DDC), channel codes etc. These processes include lots of multiplications which are computationally expensive. FPGAs can perform concurrent processing and have dedicated hardware multipliers. This results in low latency even for complex algorithms. However, an FPGA implementation requires more developing time than developing the software for a GPP or a DSP. III. UNIVERSAL SOFTWARE RADIO PERIPHERAL Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) board is one of the most important hardware modules. It is developed by Matt Ettus mostly for the users of GNU radio. The current wireless communication systems typically use high frequencies to communicate, Down converting must use to sample and transfer those high frequencies the SDR implementation. Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) is such a family of hardware by computer hosted. Simultaneously, a flexible and low-cost platform for SDR developed by Matt Ettus [6] used to create the connection between the RF-world (radio frequency) and the PC. daughterboards which cover different frequency ranges and can be swapped. Combine them to achieve the bit stream data from the antenna to the host computer as a receiver, or from the host computer to the antenna as a transmitter. In a variety of daughterboards, USRP series covers the entire range from DC to 5.9GHz, which include all frequencies from AM radio to over IEEE standard. The USRP is constructed out of the different components, which are described in detailed below: USB2.0 Controller ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) PGA(Programmable Gain Amplifier) Daughterboards FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) IV. RTL-SDR Till date, the USRP claimed to be a low cost device for some communication experiments. But now, a $20 revolution from Nooelec has brought good news to ardent Software Radio players. The idea is to use consumer grade DVB-T Dongle based on Realtek RTL2832U as a fully-fledged cheap SDR device [8]. Those DVB-T receivers supported by RTL-SDR are based on the Realtek RTL2832U chipset plus a tuner IC like the Rafael Micro 820T shown in Figure 3. A specific DVB-T demodulator could give raw samples instead of demodulated signal. As the chip is able to transmit raw I/Q samples to the host, DVB-T dongle proved efficient for SDR purposes. The operating frequency range of RTL-SDR is from 64 to 1700 MHz, with a sample rate of 3.2 MS/s. In Linux, RTL-SDR block is available in GNU radio software. In Windows, RTL- SDR/USB is available in SDR hash software. Fig. 2: Universal Software Radio Peripheral Fig. 3: RTL-SDR USRP is composed by USRP motherboard [7], along with a variety of daughterboard and the corresponding antenna. Figure shows a USRP mother board combined with four daughter boards which means the individual blocks of a typical USRP product consists of two parts: one motherboard with a high-speed signal processing FPGA, and one or more V. GNU RADIO GNU Radio is a free & open-source software development toolkit that provides signal processing blocks to implement software radios[9]. Types of the signal processing blocks 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) 1811

3 are: signal generators, filters, modulator/demodulators, synchronizers, graphical sinks etc. Every block has a predefined number of input/output interfaces and performs one or more communication functions in the software domain. Each block can be edited, upgraded or even implemented independently, without interfering with the whole communication chain[10]. A. GNU Radio Software Architecture For the implementation of the blocks, GNU Radio uses two tier structures. All the performance critical functions are implemented in C++ while their organization, control and the connections between the blocks are implemented in Python [11]. The Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator (SWIG) tool is used to create the interface between C++ and Python. When a Python interpreter runs a flow graph it calls the corresponding objects and functions from the C++ shared libraries through the SWIG tool. Figure 4 shows the software architecture of GNU Radio. As it can be seen, the main processing of the blocks are implemented in C++ and they are incorporated into the Python module as shared library through the SWIG tool. This Python module can be accessed by writing a Python script or using the GNU Radio Companion (GRC).A Python flow graph is generated by connecting different blocks. A flow graph should have at least one source and one sink block. Fig. 4: GNU Radio software architcture In a flow graph as shown in the Figure 5, each block has one output buffer (called GR buffer) and one input buffer (called Read buffer) except source and sink blocks which have only one of them. When a Python interpreter runs such a flow graph, it starts processing from source and moves towards sink. For a block, it first checks the size of the output buffer that is free. Then, it determines the size of the input which is required to fill this. The required size of the input may be different for different blocks; e.g decimator, interpolator or a normal block. If these many inputs are available, then it will run the block to generate the required number of outputs. Otherwise, it will enter into the wait state. For a source and sink block, it only checks the GR buffer and Read buffer respectively. B. Installing GNURadio GNU Radio can be installed on Windows and Linux. However, it is Linux native and runs better in Linux. Here, GNU Radio can be downloaded and installed along with all Fig. 5: A Simple GNU Radio flowgraph the dependencies by just running the script from [9]. It will set all the variable paths and when script ends, a working GNU Radio is available to use. In Windows, all the dependencies and GNU Radio have to be installed separately. C. GNURadio Companion The GRC is a graphical programming interface that allows to generate GNU Radio flow graphs without writing the Python code. All the GNU Radio blocks can be accessed in the GRC. This graphical interface has been implemented in XML language. When a new block is generated and if this is required in the GRC, then definition of the block has to be implemented in the XML language. The definition includes: which Python function or class should be called; what are the arguments for the function or class; what is the type of the input/output data streams. The GRC facilitates the user to make the flow graphs by dragging and dropping the blocks from the library. When the GRC runs a model, it generates a Python file in the same directory. This Python file contains the flow graph which the Python interpreter runs. It explains the Python flow graph line by line of a GNU Radio example; how the Python calls a C++ class through the SWIG tool interface [10] [11]. VI. IMPLEMENTATION OF FM RADIO RECEIVER USING RTL-SDR FM wave ideally contains carrier and infinite number of side bands located symmetrically around the carrier. Such an FM wave is known as wide band FM [12]. FM system removes noise easily than AM system. RTL-SDR is a low cost device used only for the purpose of reception. Since the FM range lies in the tuning range of RTL-SDR, any transmitted signal in the given tuning range can be received effectively using RTL-SDR. The Detailed description of each block of WBFM Receiver is shown in Figure 6 [13]. The simplest FM radio consists of few elements: signal source RTL-SDR low pass filter /Frequency Translation Filter WBFM demodulator Rational Resampler audio output your PCs sound card A. RTL-SDR source The sample rate for the given Reciever is set to 1MHz. It can be done by editing samp rate variable and setting its value to 1e6. The desired frequency is captured by setting the center frequency CH0 to 98.3 MHz in RTL-SDR. It is good practice to add every value that might be changed in the future as standalone variable[14]. This can be done by adding Variable block from Variables category or, if one wants to have International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)

4 Fig. 6: FM Radio Receiver GRC flowgraph Fig. 7: FFT Plot of received radio station possibility to edit it during the runtime block named WX GUI Slider or WX GUI Text Box and then just writing variable name as value in blocks properties. B. Frequency Translation Filter The next step in building a receiver is to use a channel filter to pass the signal of interest and filter out the rest of the signals in the band. The first step in this process is to shift the signal of interest down to zero frequency. The second step is to apply a low pass filter so that the other signals will be filtered out. In GRC, the Frequency Xlating (translating) FIR Filter performs both of these operations. The Center Frequency of Hz will shift the entire spectrum down by Hz. The function indicated in the Taps parameter generates the taps for a low pass filter with a gain of 1 (in the pass band), a sampling rate equal to samp rate (1 MHz), a cutoff frequency of 2KHz and a transition width of 100. C. WBFM Receive The wideband FM receiver is used to demodulate the received signal. The Quadrature rate parameter indicates, at what rate the demodulated signals are passed out. The desired quadrature rate in this case is 256KHz with a decimation factor of 20. D. Rational Resampler The Rational Resampler block is meant for resampling the signals. In other way, it performs both interpolation and decimation process in order to adjust the sampling rate that is suitable to the output sink. To convert rate from 256k to 48k, the demodulated signal is decimated by 50 and then interpolated by 48. Ratio = (inputsamplingrate interpolation)/decimation 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) 1813

5 E. Audio Sink The audio sink block terminates the flow graph in GNU Radio. It is used to listen to the tuned FM stations at 48 kilo samples/sec. [14] V3l0c1r4pt0r.tk, v3l0c1r4pt0r.tk using gnu radio companion simple fm radio tutorial, [Online]. Available: F. GUI FFT Sink The FFT sink is used to view frequency domain representation of the output as shown in Figure 7. VII. CONCLUSION From exploring and experimentation we can conclude that, SDR based approach is a robust technology in the field of wireless and communication networks where along with theoretical knowledge some practical knowledge can also be gained as the system deals with real signals. GNU Radio along with USRP, is a low cost platform with immense implementation flexibility and support for modular development and easier sharing of new blocks in the development community. Also, the GNU Radio Companion (GRC) is an excellent GUI tool, to test drive the signal processing capabilities of GNU Radio. Taking an example of wide band FM Reception we can summarize that the proposed method of using RTL-SDR for reception is more significant due to its low cost compared to highly costly USRP. REFERENCES [1] D. C. Tucker and G. A. Tagliarini, Prototyping with gnu radio and the usrp-where to begin, in Southeastcon, SOUTHEASTCON 09. IEEE. IEEE, 2009, pp [2] T. Ulversoy, Software defined radio: Challenges and opportunities, Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE, vol. 12, no. 4, pp , [3] A. L. Reis, A. F. Selva, K. G. Lenzi, S. E. Barbin, and L. G. Meloni, Software defined radio on digital communications: A new teaching tool, in Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON), 2012 IEEE 13th Annual. IEEE, 2012, pp [4] S. Katz and J. Flynn, Using software defined radio (sdr) to demonstrate concepts in communications and signal processing courses, in Frontiers in Education Conference, FIE th IEEE. IEEE, 2009, pp [5] D. Valerio, Open source software-defined radio: A survey on gnuradio and its applications, Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien, Vienna, Technical Report FTW-TR , [6] M. Ettus, Usrp users and developers guide, Ettus Research LLC, [7] M. Abirami, V. Hariharan, M. Sruthi, R. Gandhiraj, and K. Soman, Exploiting gnu radio and usrp: an economical test bed for real time communication systems, in 2013 Fourth International Conference on Computing, Communications and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2013, pp [8] M. Sruthi, M. Abirami, A. Manikkoth, R. Gandhiraj, and K. Soman, Low cost digital transceiver design for software defined radio using rtl-sdr, in Automation, Computing, Communication, Control and Compressed Sensing (imac4s), 2013 International Multi-Conference on. IEEE, 2013, pp [9] G. Radio, The gnu software radio, Available from World Wide Web: org, [10] E. Blossom, Gnu radio: tools for exploring the radio frequency spectrum, Linux journal, vol. 2004, no. 122, p. 4, [11] A. Mueller, Dab, software receiver implementation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, [12] S. Haykin, Communication systems. John Wiley & Sons, [13] Ettus.com, Ettus research - support: Knowledge base, [Online]. Available: International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)

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