Electronics II. Previous Lecture
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1 Fall 204 (Rev. 3.0) Lecture Timer IC (Mono Stable Operation) Voltage Controlled Oscillator and Phase Locked Loop Muhammad Tilal Department of Electrical Engineering CIIT Attock Campus Duplication & distribution of this work for Non Academic or Commercial use without prior permission is prohibited. The logo and is the property of CIIT, Pakistan and subject to the copyrights and ownership of. The theme of this presentation is an inspiration from the one used in S2 Department of Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Previous Lecture 555 Timer IC Basic Structure. Internal Components and Circuitry. Modes of Operation. Astable Multivibrator. 2/5/204 Muhammad Tilal 2
2 Session Overview Topic Concepts Recommended Reading Keywords 555 Timer IC(Mono-stable Mode) Voltage Controlled Oscillator Phase Locked Loop. 555 Mono-stable Mode, Voltage Controlled Oscillator, Phase Detector, Phase Locked Loop. Section 7-8 of []. 555 Timer, Mono Stable, VCO, Phase Detector, PLL. 2/5/204 Muhammad Tilal Timer IC- Mono- Stable Operation 555 Timer IC can be used as a mono-stable multi-vibrator which implies that it has only one stable state. When the trigger input goes negative, it causes the output at pin 3 to go high for the time period given as Thigh=.RC Robert L. Boylestad, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,8 th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, ISBN: /5/204 Muhammad Tilal 4 2
3 555 Timer IC- Mono- Stable Operation Negative trigger causes the comparator 2 to trigger the flip flop and outputatpin 3 going high. During this time capacitor charges through RA. After reaching the voltage level (2/3)Vcc, comparator 0 triggers the flip flop causing the outputtogolow. Robert L. Boylestad, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,8 th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, ISBN: /5/204 Muhammad Tilal Timer IC- Mono-Stable Operation Example 8-2 (Boylstead): Determine the period of output waveform for the given circuit used as monostable multivibrator. Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices (Conventional Current Version), 7th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, ISBN: /5/204 Muhammad Tilal 6 3
4 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) The basic principle of voltage controlled oscillator is that the oscillation frequency is controlled by an external voltage. 555 Timer IC can be used as a voltage controlled oscillator in an astable configuration. The only difference is that the control voltage Vcont at pin 5 is not grounded as in astable mode. An external voltage is connected to the pin 5. The variation in this voltage controls the oscillation frequency. Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices (Conventional Current Version), 7th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, ISBN: /5/204 Muhammad Tilal 7 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) The control voltage at pin 5 changes the threshold/ reference values of (2/3)Vcc and (/3)Vcc for internal comparators With this control voltage the maximum value of capacitor charging is Vcont and the minimum value is(/2)vcont. An increase in Vcont increases the charging and discharging time of capacitor while a decrease in Vcont decreases the charging and discharging time of capacitor. This change in charging and discharging affects the oscillation frequency. Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices (Conventional Current Version), 7th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, ISBN: /5/204 Muhammad Tilal 8 4
5 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) The phase locked loop is a feedback circuit, consisting of phase detector, voltage controlled oscillator and a low pass filter. This implies that the voltage controlled oscillator will have the same frequency as the input signal. Some PLL circuit can have an amplifier in the loop while some others can also work without the low pass filter. The basic function of the PLL is to lock onto the incoming signal using above mentioned components. Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices (Conventional Current Version), 7th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, ISBN: /5/204 Muhammad Tilal 9 General Operation of PLL The phase detector compares the phase difference between the input signal Vi and the VCO signal Vo. If the frequencies of both the inputs to phase detector are different, there will be a phase difference between the two signals. Phase detector generates a voltage that is proportional to this phase difference. This voltage is fed to the VCO thereby forcing the frequency of the VCO towards the frequency of the incoming signal until both the frequencies are equal. Any change in the frequency of the input signal causes the phase detector s output to change. This forces the VCO to change its frequency accordingly. 2/5/204 Muhammad Tilal 0 5
6 Phase Detector The phase detector will have two inputs that are Detector s output voltage is Phase detector multiplies the two signals and produces a sum and difference frequency output The second cosine term in the detector output is second harmonic and filtered by the low pass filter. The voltage at the output of the filter reduces to When phase locked loop is locked Where θ e is the phase error and given as θ e = θ i - θ o. 2/5/204 Muhammad Tilal Phase Detector Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices (Conventional Current Version), 7th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, ISBN: /5/204 Muhammad Tilal 2 6
7 Phase Detector Example 7-7(Floyd): 2/5/204 Muhammad Tilal 3 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) VCO have can have multiple forms including RC, LC etc. the VCO incorporated in PLL uses varactor diode for variable reactance. Conversion gain/ transfer function of VCO is defined as frequency deviation per unit change in control voltage Capacitance of varactor diode varies inversely with the reverse bias voltage. For RC oscillators, the frequency of oscillation is given as For LC oscillators 2/5/204 Muhammad Tilal 4 7
8 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Example 7-8(Floyd): 2/5/204 Muhammad Tilal 5 Basic PLL Operation 2/5/204 Muhammad Tilal 6 8
9 Next Lecture The next lecture will cover the following topic(s) Power Amplifiers. Different Classes of Power Amplifiers. 2/5/204 Muhammad Tilal 7 References [] Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices (Conventional Current Version), 7th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, ISBN: [2] Robert L. Boylestad, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 8 th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, ISBN: [3] Theodore F. Bogart, Jeffery S. Beasley, Guilermo Rico, Electronics Devices andcircuits, 6 th Edition,PearsonEducationInc,ISBN: /5/204 Muhammad Tilal 8 9
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