Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) Rferences. Types of AD converters Direct (voltage comparison)
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1 Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) Lecture 7 Rferences U. Tietze, Ch.Schenk, Electronics Circuits Handbook for Design and Applications, Springer,2010 Advertisement materials and Application notes of: Linear Technology, Analog Device, Texas Instruments, National Semiconductors NEV Corporation Types of AD converters Direct (voltage comparison) parallel flash converter, serial or pipeline (2-step, 3-step,.), successive approximation. Indirect (voltage time - counter) tracking converter, compensation converters(singe-,dual-, four-slop converter), oversampling converter (Δ-Σ converters), U/F converters. 1
2 AC direct, parallel, flash Features: sampling frequency (>100MHz to 10GHz), low resolution (4,6,8,10 bits), high number of comparators 2 n -1 high power dissipation, technology: bipolar or ECL, Comparator and storage flip-flop - a simplified example comparator latch flip-flop Example of a flash converter AD9054A 2
3 Example of a flash converter AD9054A cont. Features (compared to flash ): lower number comparators higher conversion time more popular (cheaper) higher resolution 2-step converter (direct, serial, pipeline) 3-step converter (direct, serial, pipeline) 3
4 Example of a pipeline converter ADS Bit, 65MSPS Sampling, +3.3V FEATURES HIGH SNR: 70dB HIGH SFDR: 88dBFS LOW POWER: 285mW INTERNAL/EXTERNAL REFERENCE OPTION SINGLE-ENDED OR FULLY DIFFERENTIAL ANALOG INPUT FLEXIBLE DUTY CYCLE ADJUST CIRCUITRY LOW DNL: 0.5LSB SINGLE +3.3V SUPPLY OPERATION TQFP-48 APPLICATIONS WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP COMMUNICATIONS MEDICAL IMAGING PORTABLE INSTRUMENTATION n-step converter (direct, serial, pipeline) Features: Number of comparators = number of bits higher (compared to flash ) conversion time less popular Successive approximation AD converters (direct) 4
5 Successive approximation AD converters - principle of operation Example of successive approximation converter -AD7854 Compare with flash Example of successive approximation AD converter - AD7854 (cont.) 5
6 Features: one comparator high conversion time less popular Tracking converter (counting method conversion; delta modulator ) Compensation converter-single slop converter (indirect, counting method) τ T n n N = 2 = 2 u U in REF y V i τ T Features: result depend on: comparator offset linearity of saw-tooth gen. clock (crystal) Compensation converter (indirect) - dual slop converter 6
7 Compensation converter (indirect) - dual slop converter (cont.) Advantages: result does not depend on: linearity of the integrator, time constant, clock frequency, comparator offset, some noise is suppressed. U t = 2 in U REF t1 Auto-zero conversion (auto zero amplifier) Integrator Amplifier Comparator U in To control circuit 1. For K4 and K3 on, the capacitor C is charged to a voltage U k equal to the integrator offset. 2. When K4 and K3 off the voltage U k cancels the integrator offset. Dual slope with auto-zero example ICL7106/7107 7
8 Dual slope with auto-zero example ICL7106/7107(cont.) Dual slope with auto-zero example ICL7106/7107(cont.) BCD output cod Dual slope with auto-zero example ICL7106/7107(cont.) AZ cap Auto pol. 8
9 Indirect converter---four - slope Phase U R GND U R U i U R Four slope converter- principle of correction numerical result result (U REF) U REF out = result offset result U REF offset 123 = ( ) (1) (2) (3) (2) (1) (3) result offset = U result( U ) offset 4443 REF REF measured voltage offset (U REF) Indirect, integrating converters -dual and four slope Result is independent on: time constant of the integrator integrator nonlinearity, comparator offset (integrate and de-intergrate phase) clock frequency (result = ratio of pulse number) high frequency noise (averaging effect) gain error temperature drifts four slope dual slope 9
10 Types of AD converters Direct (voltage comparison) parallel flash converter, serial or pipeline (2-step, 3-step,.), successive approximation. Indirect (voltage time - counter) tracking converter, compensation converters(singe-,dual-, four-slop converter), oversampling converter (Δ-Σ converters), U/F converters. Δ-Σ converter oversampling converter V AD for example 44,29 MHz for example 44,1 khz 16 bit V DA!!!!!!!! Sampling frequency f OSR is much greater than reading frequency f S Δ-Σ converter - principle of operation f OSR V i V AD V DA 10
11 Oversampling Δ-Σ converter -general principle Samplig frequency f OSR f S <<f OSR Resolution N N+x Noise shaping in Δ-Σ converter Δ-Σ converter linear model 11
12 Common converter N U bits Nout 1 fos f f 20log OS f = 6dB / bit S S f OS /f S bit First order Δ-Σ converter N bits U Nout 1 fos f S f 20log OS f S = 6dB / bit 3 3 f OS /f S bit dr order Δ-Σ converter U Nout 5 1 fos f S N bits f 20log OS f S = 6dB / bit f OS /f S bit
13 number od bits (resolution) Oversampling 2nd order -Σ converter 1st order -Σ converter traditional converter oversampling ratio Noise shaping in Δ-Σ converter Example of Δ-Σ converter ADS
14 Lab setup of pressure sensor Example of Δ-Σ converter AD7705/7706 Example of Δ-Σ converter AD7705/7706 (cont.) 14
15 resolution (bits) General comparison of AD converters dual slop -Σ counting successive approximation pipeline flash 0 1 1k 1M 1G sampling frequency V/f Voltage-frequency transducers -features Long distance transmission Possible supply by means of transmission cable Accuracy comparable to 14 bits AD converter Easy galvanic isolation Low sampling frequency!!!!!!!! isolator f or T measurement Voltage-frequency transducers AD654 15
16 Voltage-frequency transducers AD654 (cont.) Voltage-frequency transducers AD537 Przetworniki U/f AD537 16
17 Summary of AD converters Direct (voltage comparison) parallel flash converter, serial or pipeline (2-step,...), successive approximation. Indirect (voltage time - counter) tracking converter, compensation converters (singe-,dual-, four-slop converter), oversampling converter (Δ-Σ converters), U/F converters. AD converters comparison Summary of AD converters(cont). Parameters of ADC: resolution, offset, scale error, integrated nonlinearity, differential nonlinearity, sampling rate, From previous lecture: DA converters Flow rate sampling frequency vs. resolution f SNR[ db] B[ Hz] 6n FR[ bits / s] flow rateof a channel S 2 = n f S high resolution low sampling rate high sampling rate low resolution!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 17
18 resolution (bits) General comparison of AD converters counting dual slop -Σ successive approximation pipeline flash 0 1 1k 1M 1G sampling rate References 1. W. Tietze, Ch. Schenk, Electronic circuits. Handbook for Design and Applications, Springer P. Horowitz, H. Hill, The Art of Electronics, Cambridge Univ. Press Application notes: Analog Device Inc., Texas Instrument Inc. Test questions: Name types of AD converters, describe the typical speed and resolution. What is the principle of oversampling? 18
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