USING MATLAB TO CREATE AN IMAGE FROM RADAR
|
|
- Liliana Lawson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 USING MATLAB TO CREATE AN IMAGE FROM RADAR Douglas Hulber Mahemaics Deparmen Norfol Sae Universiy 700 Par Avenue Uni 483 Norfol VA Inroducion. Digial imaging algorihms developed over he las hiry years have made remarable progress in our abiliy o mae accurae images of planes, ocean floors, and he ineriors of living organisms. Algorihms used in synheic aperure radar (SAR) have many similariies wih hose used in x-ray compuerized axial omography (CAT), magneic resonance imaging (MRI), ulrasound and acousic imaging, and radio asronomy. While hese disciplines have evolved in many complex ways, several ey aspecs of digial image processing can be undersood using conceps from a sandard undergraduae mahemaics curriculum. Ouline. The purpose of his paper is wofold: o describe he radar imaging process using conceps from undergraduae mahemaics courses o presen images generaed by he mahemaical sofware in MATLAB o give examples of a few of hese conceps. D equals r imes. The concep of echo-ranging saes ha, in a medium of nown propagaion speed, he round-rip fligh ime of a signal, muliplied by he signal propagaion speed, is equal o wice he range from he signal source o he signal reflecor. If c denoes he speed of propagaion, he range o he reflecor is c r = The simples problem: esimaing refleciviy of a discree se of reflecors of nown sizes and disinc ranges. Because he reflecors have disinc ranges, heir refleciviies can be esimaed by measuring reurned signal srengh a disinc arrival imes; hen refleciviies vary direcly wih received ampliudes and inversely wih cross-secional area. If wo reflecors were o have idenical ranges, heir echoes would be combined in some unnown way, and he respecive refleciviies could no be esimaed. The problem of closely spaced reflecors. Echo ranging wors well when reflecors are isolaed from one anoher, as when a radar is looing upward and he reflecors are isolaed aircraf. When an airborne radar is looing downward, echo ranging doesn' wor very well because ground reurns arrive in a coninuous sream. Furhermore, here is an inheren conflic (even wih a discree se of reflecors) beween he radar's abiliy o resolve range and is abiliy o deec wea echoes. The reason is: shorer pulses enable 10/01/01 11:53 AM 1
2 he discriminaion of more closely spaced reflecors, while longer pulses allow he radar o inegrae refleced energy over a longer period and hereby disinguish beween refleced signal energy and inerfering energy sources such as hermal noise. Tha is, longer pulses end o increase he signal-o-noise raio, or SNR. Figure 1 depics he problem of overlapping reurns when range differences beween successive reflecors become shorer han he duraion of he illuminaing ransmi pulse. Noice ha he duraion of each echo is equal o he duraion of he ransmied pulse. ransmied pulse ime ime delay echo echo 1 longer pulse lenghs increase he oal refleced energy longer pulse lenghs increase he amoun of overlapping reurn Figure 1 Range resoluion vs. oal illuminaion energy The erm pulse compression denoes various mehods of encoding he phase of he ransmied signal o effecively shoren he lengh of he ransmi pulse. In a chirp waveform, for example, he ransmied energy sweeps hrough a wide range of frequencies, allowing he radar receiver o lisen while he ransmier is acive (ransmiing and receiving a he same frequency simulaneously and in he same proximiy can desroy sensiive circuiry). The duraion of a frequency-modulaed (FM) chirp can be on he order of 500 imes he effecive duraion of simple pulse processing scheme having he same range resoluion. The chirp ransmied waveform can be wrien as p( ) = a( ) exp( iβ + iα ) (1) where a() represens a real-valued, posiive funcion called he signal envelope or windowing funcion. The echo from reflecors wih refleced energies x a ranges r is represened by a sum of delayed signals s ( ) = x a ( r / c ) exp( iβ ( r / c ) + iα ( r Processing he echo. In engineering erms, he reurn signal is mixed wih delayed inphase and quadraure versions of he ransmied FM chirp and low-pass filered. In mahemaical erms, he received signal s() is muliplied by he complex conugae of a replica of he ransmied signal p() o obain / c ) s ()p *() = x a( ) exp( iβ + iα )exp( iα ), (3) ) () 10/01/01 11:53 AM
3 where = r /c. Nex he signal (3) is passed hrough an analog-o-digial converer o collec samples for digial processing. Using as a sampling index for discree -values, (3) becomes s ( ) p *( ) = x a( )exp( iβ + iα ) exp( iα ) (4) If here are m samples aen of he received waveform, and n unnown refleced energies, hen (4) consiues a se of m linear equaions in n unnowns, i.e., n where = 1 A, x = b, = 1,.., m or Ax = b (5a) A, = a( )exp( iβ + iα )exp( iα ) for = 1,..,m and = 1,...,n (5b) and b = s ( ) p*( ) for = 1,...,n (5c) When he and are uniformly spaced and he coefficien marix is approximaed by he complex exponenials exp(-iα ), he mapping represened by A in (5a) is called he discree Fourier ransform (DFT). When A represens a DFT, i is uniary so ha is inverse is he ranspose of is complex conugae. The model embodied in (5) is only an approximaion, so ha he soluions {x } have limiaions even hough (5) is numerically well-posed. The reason is ha, in he limiing case of a coninous ground refleciviy funcion and an infiniesimal sampling inerval, he finie duraion of he chirp waveform (he finie suppor of a(*)) causes he rue values of he refleciviy funcion o be disribued among he soluions {x } by means of a convoluion called he poin spread funcion (psf). For example, if he envelope a(*) is a simple sep funcion wih range {0,1}, hen he psf is of he form sin(u)/u. As he duraion of he chirp waveform increases, he suppor of he psf narrows and he accuracy of he soluions {x } increases. Cross-range resoluion: he wo-dimensional Fourier ransform. The nex sep in our developmen is o leap anoher dimension furher ino a mulipliciy of daa collecion and record he reurns from a number of chirped waveforms. Our model for his larger inerval of collecion includes he following assumpions. Each chirp collecion inerval is modeled as a ime during which he radar plaform is saionary (he plaform moves, bu displacemen is negligible) 10/01/01 11:53 AM 3
4 Beween chirp collecion inervals he radar plaform moves bu is anenna urns wih respec o he line of plaform moion (slews) in a way ha eeps is line-of-sigh coinciden wih a fixed poin on he ground called he scene cener The reference poin for he range measure se { } or {r /c} of Equaions ()-(5) is changed from one chirp collecion inerval o he nex so ha he ime delays / spaial offses are always referred o he scene cener. The range from he radar plaform o he scene cener is large enough so ha spheres of consan range are reaed as sraigh lines where hey inersec he ground. Figure below depics hese assumpions. Wih he noaion inroduced in Figure 3 we will rewrie (3), bringing i ino he form of a double inegral. We firs mae he following subsiuions in (3): = r /c x = f(x,y ), where f(x,y) is unnown refleciviy and is reflecor area a( ) = 1 inside he scene of ineres exp(-iβ + iα ) = 1 as i is compensaed by hardware pre-processing r = x cos θ + y sin θ, where θ is he angle ha he radar line of sigh maes wih he scene reference axis (Figure 3). scene cener: =0 here for each chirp waveform daa raecory of plaform moion Lines of sigh for differen chirps lines of consan ime delay for one chirp waveform Figure : Plaform posiions, lines of sigh, and scene cener Combining hese we obain α s ( ) p *( ) = f ( x, y ) exp i ( x cosθ + y sinθ ) c (6) Nex, we assume ha he reflecor surfaces form a pariion of he scene of ineres, so ha (6) can be undersood as a double inegral. In paricular, he new form is of a Fourier ransform in wo dimensions: 10/01/01 11:53 AM 4
5 [ i ( xx yy) ] dx dy s( ) p * ( ) = f ( x, y) exp +, (7a) scene where α α ( X, Y ) = ( cosθ, sinθ ) (7b) c c is a measure of spaial frequency wih unis in each dimension of cycles per uni lengh. In (7b), as he reurns of one chirp waveform are processed, he variable runs hrough a represenaive discree se of values as indexed by in (5a,b,c). As he radar plaform moves along is raecory (Figure ), he variable θ (Figure 3) runs hrough a discree se of values called he collecion aperure. In he (X,Y) spaial frequency domain, his discree se of poins aes on he appearance of seas in an amphiheaer (Figure 4). (0,0): scene cener (x,y ) : posiion of reflecor r : proecion of reflecor posiion on o he chirp waveform ime-delay axis θ Figure 3: Posiions in scene coordinaes and proecions ono one ime-delay axis Figure 4 Locaion of daa collecion poins in spaial frequency coordinaes 10/01/01 11:53 AM 5
6 The deerminaion of he refleciviy f(x,y) is hen based is correspondence wih a Fourier dual F(X,Y). The wo funcions are paired via he wo-dimensional Fourier ransform as i( xx + yy ) i( xx + yy ) F( X, Y) = f ( x, y) e dxdy and f ( x, y) = F( X, Y ) e dxdy (8a,b) From (7) and (8) we have α α F ( X, Y) = F( cosθ, sinθ ) (9) c c The polar reformaing algorihm is a commonly used mehod of recapuring f(x,y) from F(X,Y), in which values of F, wih collecion poins depiced in Figure 4, are inerpolaed o a recangular grid in (X,Y) space, and hence o a recangular grid in (x,y) space. The recangular grid in he spaial frequency domain is chosen as a way saion for he informaion because of he exisence of a very fas ransform from he recangular (X,Y) grid o he spaial (x,y) domain nown as he Fas Fourier Transform, or FFT. MATLAB images for a single poin reflecor. We conclude wih a pair of MATLAB images which depic an idealized se of radar reurns from a single reflecor a scene cener. Figure 5 depics daa on inpu from he receiver, Figure 6 a oupu o a screen.. For boh figures, he marix of ampliudes is 51-by Figure 5: Ampliude of colleced daa pairs (I,Q) for a poin reflecor 10/01/01 11:53 AM 6
7 Figure 6: Image of he poin reflecor Figure 5 porrays ampliudes of colleced complex-valued reurns from he radar receiver: ligher color indicaes greaer ampliude. The horizonal axis is indexed by in (4), i.e., he ime index wihin a chirp collecion inerval. Wihin each row of pixels, his ime is referred o he ime ha he midpoin of a chirp waveform reurns from he scene cener; i is called "fas ime." The verical axis in Figure 5 couns successive chirp waveforms, i.e., successive values of hea in (6) and (7). This coun of loo angle (or waveform processing inerval or aperure index) is called "slow ime." Figure 6 gives he final image of he poin reflecor, i.e., he refleciviy funcion f(x,y) in geographic coordinaes, range along he horizonal axis, cross-range (disance along he plaform raecory) along he verical. The smearing along he horizonal is caused by a poin spread funcion as discussed above. The smearing along he verical is caused by a similar poin spread effec, influenced by he number of cross-range daa collecion poins. 10/01/01 11:53 AM 7
8 References Jacowaz, C.V., D.E. Wahl, P.H. Eichel, D.C. Ghiglia, P.T. Thompson, Spoligh Mode Synheic Aperure Radar: a Signal-Processing Approach, Kluwer Academic, Boson, 1996 Soumeh, Mehrdad, Synheic Aperure Radar Signal Processing wih MATLAB Algorihms, John Wiley and Sons, New Yor, /01/01 11:53 AM 8
Signal Characteristics
Signal Characerisics Analog Signals Analog signals are always coninuous (here are no ime gaps). The signal is of infinie resoluion. Discree Time Signals SignalCharacerisics.docx 8/28/08 10:41 AM Page 1
More informationELEG 3124 SYSTEMS AND SIGNALS Ch. 1 Continuous-Time Signals
Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering Universiy of Arkansas ELEG 3124 SYSTEMS AND SIGNALS Ch. 1 Coninuous-Time Signals Dr. Jingxian Wu wuj@uark.edu OUTLINE 2 Inroducion: wha are signals and sysems? Signals
More informationUNIT IV DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME
UNI IV DIGIAL MODULAION SCHEME Geomeric Represenaion of Signals Ojecive: o represen any se of M energy signals {s i (} as linear cominaions of N orhogonal asis funcions, where N M Real value energy signals
More informationChapter 2 Introduction: From Phase-Locked Loop to Costas Loop
Chaper 2 Inroducion: From Phase-Locked Loop o Cosas Loop The Cosas loop can be considered an exended version of he phase-locked loop (PLL). The PLL has been invened in 932 by French engineer Henri de Belleszice
More informationEECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof. Mark Fowler
EECE 3 Signals & Sysems Prof. Mark Fowler Noe Se #8 C-T Sysems: Frequency-Domain Analysis of Sysems Reading Assignmen: Secion 5.2 of Kamen and Heck /2 Course Flow Diagram The arrows here show concepual
More information(This lesson plan assumes the students are using an air-powered rocket as described in the Materials section.)
The Mah Projecs Journal Page 1 PROJECT MISSION o MArs inroducion Many sae mah sandards and mos curricula involving quadraic equaions require sudens o solve "falling objec" or "projecile" problems, which
More informationEECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof. Mark Fowler
EECE 301 s & Sysems Prof. Mark Fowler Noe Se #1 Wha is s & Sysems all abou??? 1/9 Do All EE s & CoE s Design Circuis? No!!!! Someone has o figure ou wha funcion hose circuis need o do Someone also needs
More informationNotes on the Fourier Transform
Noes on he Fourier Transform The Fourier ransform is a mahemaical mehod for describing a coninuous funcion as a series of sine and cosine funcions. The Fourier Transform is produced by applying a series
More informationMarch 13, 2009 CHAPTER 3: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES AND DIFFERENTIATION
March 13, 2009 CHAPTER 3: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES AND DIFFERENTIATION 1. Parial Derivaives and Differeniable funcions In all his chaper, D will denoe an open subse of R n. Definiion 1.1. Consider a funcion
More informationWAVEFORMS, WAVES AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF RADAR SIGNAL FORMATION PROCESS
WAVEFOMS, WAVES AND MAHEMAICAL MODELING OF ADA SIGNAL FOMAION POCESS Andon Dimirov Lazarov Burgas Free Universiy ВЪЛНОВИ ФОРМИ, ВЪЛНИ И МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКО МОДЕЛИРАНЕ НА ПРОЦЕСА НА ФОРМИРАНЕ НА РАДАРНИ СИГНАЛИ
More informationDouble Tangent Sampling Method for Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
Compuaional and Applied Mahemaics Journal 2018; 4(1): 8-14 hp://www.aasci.org/journal/camj ISS: 2381-1218 (Prin); ISS: 2381-1226 (Online) Double Tangen Sampling Mehod for Sinusoidal Pulse Widh Modulaion
More informationA WIDEBAND RADIO CHANNEL MODEL FOR SIMULATION OF CHAOTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A WIDEBAND RADIO CHANNEL MODEL FOR SIMULATION OF CHAOTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Kalle Rui, Mauri Honanen, Michael Hall, Timo Korhonen, Veio Porra Insiue of Radio Communicaions, Helsini Universiy of Technology
More informationWrap Up. Fourier Transform Sampling, Modulation, Filtering Noise and the Digital Abstraction Binary signaling model and Shannon Capacity
Wrap Up Fourier ransorm Sampling, Modulaion, Filering Noise and he Digial Absracion Binary signaling model and Shannon Capaciy Copyrigh 27 by M.H. Perro All righs reserved. M.H. Perro 27 Wrap Up, Slide
More informationRevision: June 11, E Main Suite D Pullman, WA (509) Voice and Fax
2.5.3: Sinusoidal Signals and Complex Exponenials Revision: June 11, 2010 215 E Main Suie D Pullman, W 99163 (509) 334 6306 Voice and Fax Overview Sinusoidal signals and complex exponenials are exremely
More informationModel-Based Radar Power Calculations for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
odel-based Radar Power Calculaions for Ulra-Wideband (UWB) Synheic Aperure Radar (SAR) by Traian Dogaru ARL-TN-548 June 13 Approved for public release; disribuion unlimied. NOTICES Disclaimers The findings
More informationLecture #7: Discrete-time Signals and Sampling
EEL335: Discree-Time Signals and Sysems Lecure #7: Discree-ime Signals and Sampling. Inroducion Lecure #7: Discree-ime Signals and Sampling Unlike coninuous-ime signals, discree-ime signals have defined
More informationLab 3 Acceleration. What You Need To Know: Physics 211 Lab
b Lab 3 Acceleraion Wha You Need To Know: The Physics In he previous lab you learned ha he velociy of an objec can be deermined by finding he slope of he objec s posiion vs. ime graph. x v ave. = v ave.
More informationDeblurring Images via Partial Differential Equations
Deblurring Images via Parial Dierenial Equaions Sirisha L. Kala Mississippi Sae Universiy slk3@mssae.edu Advisor: Seh F. Oppenheimer Absrac: Image deblurring is one o he undamenal problems in he ield o
More informationOpenStax-CNX module: m Elemental Signals. Don Johnson. Perhaps the most common real-valued signal is the sinusoid.
OpenSax-CNX module: m0004 Elemenal Signals Don Johnson This work is produced by OpenSax-CNX and licensed under he Creaive Commons Aribuion License.0 Absrac Complex signals can be buil from elemenal signals,
More information13.1 Analog/Digital Lowpass Butterworth Filter
CHAPTER 3 IIR FILTER DESIGN 3. Analog/Digial Lowpass Buerworh Filer This docuen designs a lowpass digial IIR filer of he Buerworh ype. A bilinear ransforaion is perfored o creae a digial filer fro he analog
More informationPassband Data Transmission II References Frequency-shift keying Chapter 6.5, S. Haykin, Communication Systems, Wiley. H.1
Passand Daa ransmission II Reerences Frequency-shi keying Chaper 6.5, S. Haykin, Communicaion Sysems, Wiley. H. Inroducion Inroducion PSK and QAM are linear modulaion FSK is a nonlinear modulaion Similar
More informationModeling and Prediction of the Wireless Vector Channel Encountered by Smart Antenna Systems
Modeling and Predicion of he Wireless Vecor Channel Encounered by Smar Anenna Sysems Kapil R. Dandekar, Albero Arredondo, Hao Ling and Guanghan Xu A Kalman-filer based, vecor auoregressive (VAR) model
More informationTransmit Beamforming with Reduced Feedback Information in OFDM Based Wireless Systems
Transmi Beamforming wih educed Feedback Informaion in OFDM Based Wireless Sysems Seung-Hyeon Yang, Jae-Yun Ko, and Yong-Hwan Lee School of Elecrical Engineering and INMC, Seoul Naional Universiy Kwanak
More informationExperiment 6: Transmission Line Pulse Response
Eperimen 6: Transmission Line Pulse Response Lossless Disribued Neworks When he ime required for a pulse signal o raverse a circui is on he order of he rise or fall ime of he pulse, i is no longer possible
More informationCommunication Systems. Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
COMM 704: Communicaion Lecure : Analog Mulipliers Dr Mohamed Abd El Ghany Dr. Mohamed Abd El Ghany, Mohamed.abdel-ghany@guc.edu.eg nroducion Nonlinear operaions on coninuous-valued analog signals are ofen
More informationSignal detection, Fouriertransformation, phase correction and quadrature detection
2/35 Signal deecion, Fourierransformaion, phase correcion and quadraure deecion Peer Schmieder Schmilka 2004 Wha is his seminar abou? Signaldeecion Wha kind of signal do we deec in NMR Fourierransformaion
More informationChapter 2 Summary: Continuous-Wave Modulation. Belkacem Derras
ECEN 44 Communicaion Theory Chaper Summary: Coninuous-Wave Modulaion.1 Modulaion Modulaion is a process in which a parameer of a carrier waveform is varied in accordance wih a given message (baseband)
More informationDigital Communications - Overview
EE573 : Advanced Digial Communicaions Digial Communicaions - Overview Lecurer: Assoc. Prof. Dr Noor M Khan Deparmen of Elecronic Engineering, Muhammad Ali Jinnah Universiy, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad,
More informationRole of Kalman Filters in Probabilistic Algorithm
Volume 118 No. 11 2018, 5-10 ISSN: 1311-8080 (prined version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: hp://www.ijpam.eu doi: 10.12732/ijpam.v118i11.2 ijpam.eu Role of Kalman Filers in Probabilisic Algorihm
More informationTELE4652 Mobile and Satellite Communications
TELE465 Mobile and Saellie Communicaions Assignmen (Due: 4pm, Monday 7 h Ocober) To be submied o he lecurer before he beginning of he final lecure o be held a his ime.. This quesion considers Minimum Shif
More informationLecture 4. EITN Chapter 12, 13 Modulation and diversity. Antenna noise is usually given as a noise temperature!
Lecure 4 EITN75 2018 Chaper 12, 13 Modulaion and diversiy Receiver noise: repeiion Anenna noise is usually given as a noise emperaure! Noise facors or noise figures of differen sysem componens are deermined
More informationPassband Data Transmission I References Phase-shift keying Chapter , S. Haykin, Communication Systems, Wiley. G.1
Passand Daa ransmission I References Phase-shif keying Chaper 4.-4.3, S. Haykin, Communicaion Sysems, Wiley. G. Inroducion Inroducion In aseand pulse ransmission, a daa sream represened in he form of a
More informationVariation Aware Cross-Talk Aggressor Alignment by Mixed Integer Linear Programming
ariaion Aware Cross-alk Aggressor Alignmen by Mixed Ineger Linear Programming ladimir Zoloov IBM. J. Wason Research Cener, Yorkown Heighs, NY zoloov@us.ibm.com Peer Feldmann D. E. Shaw Research, New York,
More informationMEASUREMENTS OF VARYING VOLTAGES
MEASUREMENTS OF ARYING OLTAGES Measuremens of varying volages are commonly done wih an oscilloscope. The oscilloscope displays a plo (graph) of volage versus imes. This is done by deflecing a sream of
More informationCHAPTER CONTENTS. Notes. 9.0 Line Coding. 9.1 Binary Line Codes
Noes CHAPTER CONTENTS 9. Line Coding 9. inary Line Codes 9. ipolar and iphase Line Codes 9.. AMI 9... inary N Zero Subsiuion 9..3 lock Line Codes 9.3 M-ary Correlaion Codes 9.3. Q 9.3. Correlaion Coding
More informationTHE OSCILLOSCOPE AND NOISE. Objectives:
-26- Preparaory Quesions. Go o he Web page hp://www.ek.com/measuremen/app_noes/xyzs/ and read a leas he firs four subsecions of he secion on Trigger Conrols (which iself is a subsecion of he secion The
More informationDirect Analysis of Wave Digital Network of Microstrip Structure with Step Discontinuities
Direc Analysis of Wave Digial Nework of Microsrip Srucure wih Sep Disconinuiies BILJANA P. SOŠIĆ Faculy of Elecronic Engineering Universiy of Niš Aleksandra Medvedeva 4, Niš SERBIA MIODRAG V. GMIROVIĆ
More informationCommunication Systems. Communication Systems
Communicaion Sysems Analog communicaion Transmi and receive analog waveforms Ampliude Modulaion (AM Phase Modulaion (PM Freq. Modulaion (FM Quadraure Ampliude Modulaion (QAM Pulse Ampliude Modulaion (PAM
More informationLECTURE 1 CMOS PHASE LOCKED LOOPS
Lecure 01 (8/9/18) Page 1-1 Objecive LECTURE 1 CMOS PHASE LOCKED LOOPS OVERVIEW Undersand he principles and applicaions of phase locked loops using inegraed circui echnology wih emphasis on CMOS echnology.
More informationNegative frequency communication
Negaive frequency communicaion Fanping DU Email: dufanping@homail.com Qing Huo Liu arxiv:2.43v5 [cs.it] 26 Sep 2 Deparmen of Elecrical and Compuer Engineering Duke Universiy Email: Qing.Liu@duke.edu Absrac
More informationCommunications II Lecture 7: Performance of digital modulation
Communicaions II Lecure 7: Performance of digial modulaion Professor Kin K. Leung EEE and Compuing Deparmens Imperial College London Copyrigh reserved Ouline Digial modulaion and demodulaion Error probabiliy
More informationPerformance Analysis of High-Rate Full-Diversity Space Time Frequency/Space Frequency Codes for Multiuser MIMO-OFDM
Performance Analysis of High-Rae Full-Diversiy Space Time Frequency/Space Frequency Codes for Muliuser MIMO-OFDM R. SHELIM, M.A. MATIN AND A.U.ALAM Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering and Compuer Science
More informationf t 2cos 2 Modulator Figure 21: DSB-SC modulation.
4.5 Ampliude modulaion: AM 4.55. DSB-SC ampliude modulaion (which is summarized in Figure 21) is easy o undersand and analyze in boh ime and frequency domains. However, analyical simpliciy is no always
More informationInvestigation and Simulation Model Results of High Density Wireless Power Harvesting and Transfer Method
Invesigaion and Simulaion Model Resuls of High Densiy Wireless Power Harvesing and Transfer Mehod Jaber A. Abu Qahouq, Senior Member, IEEE, and Zhigang Dang The Universiy of Alabama Deparmen of Elecrical
More informationICT 5305 Mobile Communications
ICT 5305 Mobile Communicaions Lecure - 2 April 2016 Dr. Hossen Asiful Musafa 2.1 Frequencies for communicaion VLF = Very Low Frequency LF = Low Frequency MF = Medium Frequency HF = High Frequency VHF =
More informationTest 1 Review. Test 1 Review. Communication Systems: Foundational Theories. Communication System. Reference: Sections and
Tes 1 Review Tes 1 Review Proessor Deepa Kundur Universiy o Torono Reerence: Secions 2.2-2.7 and 3.1-3.6 o S. Haykin and M. Moher, Inroducion o Analog & Digial Communicaions, 2nd ed., John iley & Sons,
More informationState Space Modeling, Simulation and Comparative Analysis of a conceptualised Electrical Control Signal Transmission Cable for ROVs
Sae Space Modeling, Simulaion and omparaive Analysis of a concepualised Elecrical onrol Signal ransmission able for ROVs James Naganda, Deparmen of Elecronic Engineering, Konkuk Universiy, Seoul, Korea
More informationChannel Estimation for Wired MIMO Communication Systems
Channel Esimaion for Wired MIMO Communicaion Sysems Final Repor Mulidimensional DSP Projec, Spring 2005 Daifeng Wang Absrac This repor addresses raining-based channel modeling and esimaion for a wired
More informationComparing image compression predictors using fractal dimension
Comparing image compression predicors using fracal dimension RADU DOBRESCU, MAEI DOBRESCU, SEFA MOCAU, SEBASIA ARALUGA Faculy of Conrol & Compuers POLIEHICA Universiy of Buchares Splaiul Independenei 313
More informationMemorandum on Impulse Winding Tester
Memorandum on Impulse Winding Teser. Esimaion of Inducance by Impulse Response When he volage response is observed afer connecing an elecric charge sored up in he capaciy C o he coil L (including he inside
More information5 Spatial Relations on Lines
5 Spaial Relaions on Lines There are number of useful problems ha can be solved wih he basic consrucion echniques developed hus far. We now look a cerain problems, which involve spaial relaionships beween
More information3: Microscopic imaging
Ouline 3: Microscopic imaging Microscope layou Three limis o resoluion Diracion Pixel size Aberraions Comparison o elescopes and microscopes Rober R. McLeod, Universiy o Colorado 35 Microscope layou Anaomy
More informationReview Exercises for Chapter 10
60_00R.q //0 :8 M age 756 756 CHATER 0 Conics, arameric Equaions, an olar Coorinaes Review Eercises for Chaper 0 See www.calccha.com for worke-ou soluions o o-numbere eercises. In Eercises 6, mach he equaion
More informationMotion-blurred star image acquisition and restoration method based on the separable kernel Honglin Yuana, Fan Lib and Tao Yuc
5h Inernaional Conference on Advanced Maerials and Compuer Science (ICAMCS 206) Moion-blurred sar image acquisiion and resoraion mehod based on he separable kernel Honglin Yuana, Fan Lib and Tao Yuc Beihang
More informationLecture 11. Digital Transmission Fundamentals
CS4/MSc Compuer Neworking Lecure 11 Digial Transmission Fundamenals Compuer Neworking, Copyrigh Universiy of Edinburgh 2005 Digial Transmission Fundamenals Neworks consruced ou of Links or ransmission
More informationAnnouncement. Allowed
9//05 nnouncemen Firs es: Sep. 8, Chap. -4 llowed wriing insrumen poce calculaor ruler One 8.5" " paper conaining consans, formulas, and any oher informaion ha you migh find useful (NOT any inds of soluions).
More informationDigital Encoding And Decoding
Digial Encoding And Decoding Dr. George W Benhien Augus 13, 2007 Revised March 30, 2010 E-mail: george@gbenhien.ne 1 Inroducion Many elecronic communicaion devices oday process and ransfer informaion digially.
More informationLines and Angles Notes Geometry Unit 3: Lesson 1. Parallel lines. Skew lines. Parallel planes. Transversal. Alternate Interior Angles t
Lines and Angles Noes Geoery Uni 3: Lesson 1 Nae Parallel lines D C Skew lines A B Parallel planes E H F G Transversal Alernae Inerior Angles, 4 1 2 3 l Alernae Exerior Angles, 5 6 8 7 Corresponding Angles,,,
More informationPrinciples of Communications
Sae Key Lab. on ISN, Xidian Universiy Principles of Communicaions Chaper VI: Elemenary Digial Modulaion Sysem Email: ychwang@mail.xidian.edu.cn Xidian Universiy Sae Key Lab. on ISN December 13, 2013 Sae
More informationEXPERIMENT #4 AM MODULATOR AND POWER AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT #4 AM MODULATOR AND POWER AMPLIFIER INTRODUCTION: Being able o ransmi a radio frequency carrier across space is of no use unless we can place informaion or inelligence upon i. This las ransmier
More informationThe University of Melbourne Department of Mathematics and Statistics School Mathematics Competition, 2013 JUNIOR DIVISION Time allowed: Two hours
The Universiy of Melbourne Deparmen of Mahemaics and Saisics School Mahemaics Compeiion, 203 JUNIOR DIVISION Time allowed: Two hours These quesions are designed o es your abiliy o analyse a problem and
More informationNoise Reduction/Mode Isolation with Adaptive Down Conversion (ADC)
Page 1 Noise Reducion/Mode Isolaion wih Adapive Down Conversion (ADC) Abel B. Diaz, Thomas W. Tunnell NSTec Los Alamos Operaions Presened o PDV Workshop 8-16-2007 Page 2 Summary Adapive down conversion
More informationFROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL
FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL OBJECTIVES The objecives of his lecure are o: Inroduce sampling, he Nyquis Limi (Shannon s Sampling Theorem) and represenaion of signals in he frequency domain Inroduce basic conceps
More information16.5 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
16.5 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES For reiew purposes, more examples of boh piecewise linear and incremenal analysis are gien in he following subsecions. No new maerial is presened, so readers who do no need addiional
More informationREADING ASSIGNMENTS LECTURE OBJECTIVES. Problem Solving Skills. x(t) = cos(αt 2 ) ELEG-212 Signal Processing and Communications
ELEG- Signal Processing and Communicaions Lecure 5 Periodic Signals, Harmonics & ime-varying Sinusoids READING ASSIGNMENS his Lecure: Chaper 3, Secions 3- and 3-3 Chaper 3, Secions 3-7 and 3-8 Lab sars
More informationEXPERIMENT #9 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS LINK
EXPERIMENT #9 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS LINK INTRODUCTION: Much of daa communicaions is concerned wih sending digial informaion hrough sysems ha normally only pass analog signals. A elephone line is such
More informationP. Bruschi: Project guidelines PSM Project guidelines.
Projec guidelines. 1. Rules for he execuion of he projecs Projecs are opional. Their aim is o improve he sudens knowledge of he basic full-cusom design flow. The final score of he exam is no affeced by
More informationLecture September 6, 2011
cs294-p29 Seminar on Algorihmic Game heory Sepember 6, 2011 Lecure Sepember 6, 2011 Lecurer: Chrisos H. Papadimiriou Scribes: Aloni Cohen and James Andrews 1 Game Represenaion 1.1 abular Form and he Problem
More informationAdaptive Approach Based on Curve Fitting and Interpolation for Boundary Effects Reduction
Adapive Approach Based on Curve Fiing and Inerpolaion for Boundary Effecs Reducion HANG SU, JINGSONG LI School of Informaion Engineering Wuhan Universiy of Technology 122 Loushi Road, Wuhan CHINA hangsu@whu.edu.cn,
More informationEE 330 Lecture 24. Amplification with Transistor Circuits Small Signal Modelling
EE 330 Lecure 24 Amplificaion wih Transisor Circuis Small Signal Modelling Review from las ime Area Comparison beween BJT and MOSFET BJT Area = 3600 l 2 n-channel MOSFET Area = 168 l 2 Area Raio = 21:1
More informationChapter 4: Angle Modulation
Tes 2 Review Tes 2 Review Professor Deepa Kundur Universiy of Torono Reference: Secions: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8 of 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 S. Haykin and M. Moher,
More informationChapter 4: Angle Modulation
Tes 2 Review Tes 2 Review Professor Deepa Kundur Universiy of Torono Reference: Secions: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8 of 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 S. Haykin and M. Moher,
More informationTable of Contents. 3.0 SMPS Topologies. For Further Research. 3.1 Basic Components. 3.2 Buck (Step Down) 3.3 Boost (Step Up) 3.4 Inverter (Buck/Boost)
Table of Conens 3.0 SMPS Topologies 3.1 Basic Componens 3.2 Buck (Sep Down) 3.3 Boos (Sep Up) 3.4 nverer (Buck/Boos) 3.5 Flyback Converer 3.6 Curren Boosed Boos 3.7 Curren Boosed Buck 3.8 Forward Converer
More informationECE ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS - INVESTIGATION 7 INTRODUCTION TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION - PART II
ECE 405 - ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS - INVESTIGATION 7 INTRODUCTION TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION - PART II FALL 2005 A.P. FELZER To do "well" on his invesigaion you mus no only ge he righ answers bu mus also do
More informationStochastic Radio Interferometric Positioning with Unsynchronized Modulated Signals in Wireless Sensor Networks
Sochasic Radio Inerferomeric Posiioning wih Unsynchronized Modulaed Signals in Wireless Sensor Neworks Ruiling Gao, Wei-Tse Sun, Alva Couch, Chorng Hwa Chang Deparmen of Elecrical and Compuer Engineering
More informationMATLAB/SIMULINK TECHNOLOGY OF THE SYGNAL MODULATION
J Modern Technology & Engineering Vol2, No1, 217, pp76-81 MATLAB/SIMULINK TECHNOLOGY OF THE SYGNAL MODULATION GA Rusamov 1*, RJ Gasimov 1, VG Farhadov 1 1 Azerbaijan Technical Universiy, Baku, Azerbaijan
More information4.5 Biasing in BJT Amplifier Circuits
4/5/011 secion 4_5 Biasing in MOS Amplifier Circuis 1/ 4.5 Biasing in BJT Amplifier Circuis eading Assignmen: 8086 Now le s examine how we C bias MOSFETs amplifiers! f we don bias properly, disorion can
More information6.003: Signals and Systems
6.3: Signals and Sysems Lecure 4 March 3, 6.3: Signals and Sysems Fourier Represenaions Mid-erm Examinaion # Wednesday, April 7, 7:3-9:3pm. No reciaions on he day of he exam. Coverage: Lecures 5 Reciaions
More informationEstimation of Automotive Target Trajectories by Kalman Filtering
Buleinul Şiinţific al Universiăţii "Poliehnica" din imişoara Seria ELECRONICĂ şi ELECOMUNICAŢII RANSACIONS on ELECRONICS and COMMUNICAIONS om 58(72), Fascicola 1, 2013 Esimaion of Auomoive arge rajecories
More informationWhen answering the following 25 questions, always remember that there is someone who has to grade them. So please use legible handwriting.
38963, VU Mobile Kommunikaion Miderm Exam: Insiu für Nachrichenechnik und Hochfrequenzechnik When answering he following 5 quesions, always remember ha here is someone who has o grade hem So please use
More informationModulation exercises. Chapter 3
Chaper 3 Modulaion exercises Each problem is annoaed wih he leer E, T, C which sands for exercise, requires some hough, requires some concepualizaion. Problems labeled E are usually mechanical, hose labeled
More informationweight: amplitude of sine curve
Joseph Fourier s claim: all signals are sums of sinusoids of differen frequencies. weighed sine curves weigh: ampliude of sine curve all : no exacly bu doesn maer for us in pracice Example: 3 sin() + sin(*)
More informationLaboratory #2. Spectral Analysis of Digital Baseband Signals. SYSC 4600 Digital Communications
Laboraory #2 Speral Analysis of Digial Baseband Signals SYSC 4600 Digial Communiaions Deparmen of Sysems and Compuer Engineering Fauly of Engineering Carleon Universiy Oober 206 Deparmen of Sysems & Compuer
More informationMODELING OF CROSS-REGULATION IN MULTIPLE-OUTPUT FLYBACK CONVERTERS
MODELING OF CROSS-REGULATION IN MULTIPLE-OUTPUT FLYBACK CONVERTERS Dragan Maksimovićand Rober Erickson Colorado Power Elecronics Cener Deparmen of Elecrical and Compuer Engineering Universiy of Colorado,
More informationArchitectures for Resource Reservation Modules for Optical Burst Switching Core Nodes *
4. ITG-Fachagung Phoonic Neworks, May 5. - 6., 2003, Leipzig, Germany Archiecures for Resource Reservaion Modules for Opical Burs Swiching Core Nodes * Sascha Junghans, Chrisoph M. Gauger Universiy of
More informationProblem Sheet: Communication Channels Communication Systems
Problem Shee: Communicaion Channels Communicaion Sysems Professor A. Manikas Chair of Communicaions and Array Processing Deparmen of Elecrical & Elecronic Engineering Imperial College London v.11 Communicaion
More information4 20mA Interface-IC AM462 for industrial µ-processor applications
Because of he grea number of indusrial buses now available he majoriy of indusrial measuremen echnology applicaions sill calls for he sandard analog curren nework. The reason for his lies in he fac ha
More informationMODEL: M6SXF1. POWER INPUT DC Power R: 24 V DC
Tension-Clamp Ulra-Slim Signal Condiioners M6S Series FUNCTION MODULE (PC programmable) Funcions & Feaures Mainenance-free ension clamp connecion Single inpu filer and funcion module 12 ypes of funcions
More informationMobile Robot Localization Using Fusion of Object Recognition and Range Information
007 IEEE Inernaional Conference on Roboics and Auomaion Roma, Ialy, 10-14 April 007 FrB1.3 Mobile Robo Localizaion Using Fusion of Objec Recogniion and Range Informaion Byung-Doo Yim, Yong-Ju Lee, Jae-Bok
More informationMobile Communications Chapter 3 : Media Access
Moivaion Can we apply media access mehods from fixed neworks? Mobile Communicaions Chaper 3 : Media Access Moivaion SDMA, FDMA, TDMA Aloha Reservaion schemes Collision avoidance, MACA Polling CDMA SAMA
More informationSensing, Computing, Actuating
Sensing, Compuing, Acuaing Sander Suik (s.suik@ue.nl) Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering Elecronic Sysems INDUCTIE SENSOS (Chaper.5,.6,.0, 5.4) 3 Inducive sensors damping conrol wheel speed sensor (ABS)
More informationThe student will create simulations of vertical components of circular and harmonic motion on GX.
Learning Objecives Circular and Harmonic Moion (Verical Transformaions: Sine curve) Algebra ; Pre-Calculus Time required: 10 150 min. The sudens will apply combined verical ranslaions and dilaions in he
More informationMODEL: M6NXF1. POWER INPUT DC Power R: 24 V DC
Screw Terminal Ulra-Slim Signal Condiioners M6N Series FUNCTION MODULE (PC programmable) Funcions & Feaures Single inpu filer and funcion module 12 ypes of funcions are PC programmable 7.5-mm wide ulra-slim
More informationSound. Audio DSP. Sinusoids and Sound: Amplitude. Sound Volume
Sound Ampliude and Loudness Audio DSP Dr. Deepa Kundur Universiy of Torono Sound: vibraion ransmied hrough a medium (gas, liquid, solid and plasma) composed of frequencies capable of being deeced by ears.
More informationEE201 Circuit Theory I Fall
EE1 Circui Theory I 17 Fall 1. Basic Conceps Chaper 1 of Nilsson - 3 Hrs. Inroducion, Curren and Volage, Power and Energy. Basic Laws Chaper &3 of Nilsson - 6 Hrs. Volage and Curren Sources, Ohm s Law,
More informationLaplacian Mixture Modeling for Overcomplete Mixing Matrix in Wavelet Packet Domain by Adaptive EM-type Algorithm and Comparisons
Proceedings of he 5h WSEAS Inernaional Conference on Signal Processing, Isanbul, urey, May 7-9, 6 (pp45-5) Laplacian Mixure Modeling for Overcomplee Mixing Marix in Wavele Pace Domain by Adapive EM-ype
More informationA new image security system based on cellular automata and chaotic systems
A new image securiy sysem based on cellular auomaa and chaoic sysems Weinan Wang Jan 2013 Absrac A novel image encrypion scheme based on Cellular Auomaa and chaoic sysem is proposed in his paper. The suggesed
More informationLecture 5: DC-DC Conversion
1 / 31 Lecure 5: DC-DC Conversion ELEC-E845 Elecric Drives (5 ECTS) Mikko Rouimo (lecurer), Marko Hinkkanen (slides) Auumn 217 2 / 31 Learning Oucomes Afer his lecure and exercises you will be able o:
More informationCommunications II LABORATORY : Lab1- Signal Statistics, an Introduction to Simulink and FM
Communicaions II LABORATORY : Lab1- Signal Saisics, an Inroducion o Simulink and FM Inroducion: In oday's lab we have hree pars. Throughou he firs par we will develop ools for analyzing, modifying, processing
More informationECMA st Edition / June Near Field Communication Wired Interface (NFC-WI)
ECMA-373 1 s Ediion / June 2006 Near Field Communicaion Wired Inerface (NFC-WI) Sandard ECMA-373 1 s Ediion / June 2006 Near Field Communicaion Wired Inerface (NFC-WI) Ecma Inernaional Rue du Rhône 114
More information