A Single-Phase Dual-Stage PV-Grid System with Active Filtering

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1 Internatonal Journal of ower Electroncs and Drve System (IJEDS) Vol. 6, No. 3, September 2015, pp. 449~458 ISSN: A Sngle-hase Dual-Stage V-Grd System wth Actve Flterng Slamet Ryad*, Yanuarsyah Haroen** * Department of Electrcal Engneerng, Soegjapranata Catholc Unversty, Semarang, Indonesa ** School of Electrcal Engneerng and Informatcs, Bandung Insttute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesa Artcle Info Artcle hstory: Receved Apr 15, 2015 Revsed Jul 28, 2015 Accepted Aug 10, 2015 Keyword: Actve flterng Inverter Maxmum power pont tracker V-grd system Shunt actve power flter ABSTRACT Integratng photovoltac based electrcty nto the grd and power qualty mprovement have become two major ssues n electrcal system. Formerly, these can be solved by usng two converter systems separately, a V-Grd System and an actve power flter. But recent technology uses only a converter system to do both functon. An exsted shunt actve power flter (SAF) can be modfed to form a dual-stage V-Grd wth actve flterng capablty. In ths paper, a V-Grd System that s capable to transfer all power generated by V modules and reduce harmonc contents s proposed. The system was formed by connectng a boost chopper as a Maxmum ower ont Tracker and V modules to the DC-lnk capactor of a sngle-phase SAF. It just needed a current transducer and also requred smpler control crcuts. A voltage controller was needed to acheve power equlbrum whle a current controller was needed to make the grd current snusodal wth unty power factor. To verfy the analyss, smulatons and experments were done. Copyrght 2015 Insttute of Advanced Engneerng and Scence. All rghts reserved. Correspondng Author: Slamet Ryad, Department of Electrcal Engneerng, Soegjapranata Catholc Unversty, awyatan Luhur IV-1 Bendan Duwur Semarang 50234, Indonesa Emal: s_ryad672003@yahoo.com 1. INTRODUCTION hotovoltac (V) s becomng an alternatve soluton to overcome the fossl based energy crss. Unlmted supports of solar energy on earth makes V s more nterested. Some V based power plants have been bult n some countres. Due to the V characterstc [1], a maxmum power pont tracker () s requred to maxmze the power generated. Many methods have been developed to mprove the performance of V systems [2]-[4]. Integratng V panels and grds offer some advantages. Some of them use dual-stage converter system and the others only requre sngle-stage converter [5]-[7]. Some V-Grd Systems are amed to transmt all power generated by V modules nto the grd, they are also functoned as actve flterng. Recently, nonlnear loads are wdely used n resdental, offce buldng and ndustry applcatons. They nclude statc converters, computers, fluorescent lamps, etc and cause non-snusodal currents due to the harmonc contents n the system. They result n power qualty degradaton and contrbute serous problems n the system. Actve power flterng s capable to mtgate the harmonc contents by njectng currents/voltage to the system [8]-[10]. In the conventonal systems, V-Grd Systems and actve power flters are used separately so the systems are more expansve. By developng the control schemes of V-Grd Systems, actve flterng functon can also be done. A dual-stage V system usng zero-voltage swtchng half-brdge converter was operated to transfer real power wth actve flterng so the topology s more complex [11]. Another dual-stage V system wth actve flterng for three-phase system was desgned by usng parallel four-leg erter, an LCL flter was also nserted nto the output of the erter. The dq0-coordnates based Journal homepage:

2 450 ISSN: control crcut s used so t had more complexty [12]. A sngle-phase V-Grd system wth standard topology erter was developed by usng utlty-current command calculaton based control, t conssted of more number of calculatons [13]. In ths paper, a sngle-phase dual-stage V-Grd system wth actve flterng capablty s proposed. It was constructed from the exsted SAF by connectng an to the capactor dc-lnk. It requred a current transducer n the erter stage and used smple control crcuts. The Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) was operated as a controlled current source wth no synchronzaton was needed. 2. RESEARCH METHOD One of man problems appears n power system s power qualty degradaton caused by harmonc contents. A shunt actve power flterng (SAF) has become an effectve soluton to mtgate harmoncs. The core of a SAF s an erter wth a capactor connected to ts dc-lnk. The absence of DC source at ts dclnk, so the SAF s only capable to nject harmonc and reactve power. V-Grd Systems are commonly used to transfer power generated by V modules nto the grd. They delver real power power to the grd under lnear loads; ths s represented by snusodal current wth unty power factor (Fgure 1a). The dfferent stuaton wll arse under nonlnear loads, the grd dstorted current wll flow (Fgure 1b). Recently the functon of a V-Grd System can be expanded to do actve flterng. a b Fgure 1. Currents of the V-Grd System under lnear loads and nonlnear loads A V module s capable to convert solar energy nto electrc energy n the form of DC voltage/current. Due to ts characterstc curve, the operatng pont must be at ts maxmum power pont or M (Fgure 2). Drect connecton of a V module to loads results n the locaton of ts operatng pont dependng on the load resstance. By usng an, the load resstance seen from the V sde wll be a varable value. If t equals to the V resstance under ts M (R M ), the maxmum power wll be generated (Fgure 3). Fgure 2. hotovoltac characterstc curve IJEDS Vol. 6, No. 3, September 2015 :

3 IJEDS ISSN: I V I o V V Vo Ro R n Fgure 3. Connecton of a V module and loads va an V-Grd Systems ntegrate the electrc energy generated by V modules and a grd. For a dualstages V-Grd System, the frst stage converter s operated as an to force V modules generated maxmum power and the second one s an erter as an nterface to the grd. But for a sngle-stage V-Grd System, the converter s an erter wth dual functons (Fgure 4). An erter takes sgnfcant role n V- Grd Systems. It must be capable to transmt all power generated and synchronze to the grd voltage. Fgure 4. Block dagram of V-Grd Systems (a) wth dual converters (b) wth sngle converter The V-Grd System consstng of a boost chopper and an erter s proposed. The system s constructed by connectng V- to the dc-lnk capactor of the exsted SAF (Fgure 5). It can transfer the maxmum power generated by V modules and s also capable to do actve flterng. The erter s mplemented by a VSI and operated as a controlled current source (CCS) so the complexty related to the synchronzaton can be reduce. The CCS output voltage s automatcally locked to the grd voltage. To control the, voltage and current detectons on V are requred. Based on these detectons, duty cycle d of the boost chopper as the s controlled. Then the nput current of the wll change closer to the V current at ts M (I M ). The flow dagram of the proposed control s depcted n Fgure 6. exsted SAF V Boost Chopper 1-phase Inverter drver drver Nonlnear load v Control Current Controller V_ref - LF + + x - I Fgure 5. The proposed V-Grd System A Sngle-hase Dual-Stage V-Grd System wth Actve Flterng (Slamet Ryad)

4 452 ISSN: The sngle-phase erter acts as an nterface between the and the grd therefore the output voltage wll be locked to the grd voltage. All power flowng from the must be transmtted nto the grd hence the erter requres power flow detecton. By sensng the DC-lnk voltage v cap, the power equlbrum can be known. The voltage controller s needed to keep the DC-lnk voltage constant that represents no average power absorbed/released by the erter. To reduce the harmonc contents caused by nonlnear loads, the grd current must be snusodal wth unty power factor. Ths can be acheved by a current controller. Fgure 6. Flow dagram of the control A current template temp taken from the grd voltage s requred, then ts value s modulated by the output sgnal of a voltage controller, t s named as the reference source current S-ref. When V ref s the reference voltage of the DC-lnk of the erter (ths must be greater than the peak value of the grd voltage), the error sgnal of the voltage controller e v can be obtaned by e V v (1) v ref cap If the modulated factor s k then by usng the roportonal-integral controller we have k s K K p ev s (2) s Where K p and K are the proportonal and ntegral constants, the source or grd current reference can be calculated as k. S ref temp (3) The current controller requres two nput, S-ref and the actual grd current S. If the controller runs well, then (4) S S ref Based on the above analyss, the power flow s derved. The nstantaneous value of the output power of the can be determned by multplyng the nstantaneous values of the capactor voltage v cap and the output current. If the s assumed deal so the average value of the output power equals to the maxmum power generated by V modules p v cap IJEDS Vol. 6, No. 3, September 2015 :

5 IJEDS ISSN: p. dt V I (5) M M ower equlbrum can be analyzed by usng the relatonshp among the nstantaneous power of the DC-lnk capactor p cap, the p and the erter p as the followng p cap p p (6) p p cap from to erter Fgure 7. ower flow n the DC-lnk capactor For the nstant tme, when p s greater than p then the capactor voltage (DC-lnk voltage) wll ncrease whle the vce versa condton wll cause the capactor voltage decreases. The voltage controller must be capable to keep ths voltage nearly constant so the average power of the capactor cap wll be null. p dt 0 cap cap (7) The average value of erter output power s p dt (8) Equaton (8) ndcates that the erter output current s snusodal and n phase wth respect to the grd voltage. If V S s the RMS value of the grd voltage, ts nstantaneous value s stated as then vs 2VS sn t (9) S p 0 V I cos and I p V S V S p 2I p sn t (10) Where -p s the erter output current that contrbutes to the real power and I -p s the RMS value of the erter output current. If the nonlnear loads are connected to the grd, the load current L wll consst of fundamental Lf and harmonc components Lh. The fundamental component contans the actve current Lfp and reactve current Lfq. L Lf Lh Lfp Lfq Lh (11) Lfp snt 2I cos (12) Lf Lfq 2I Lf sn snt (13) 2 A Sngle-hase Dual-Stage V-Grd System wth Actve Flterng (Slamet Ryad)

6 454 ISSN: ~ Lh I Lh h2 2 sn (14) h When the grd voltage s assumed deal as stated n (9), then the real power absorbed by the nonlnear load can be calculated as L VS I Lf cos (15) The reactve and harmonc power at the load sde are QL VS I Lf sn (16) D L V S ~ 2 I Lh h2 (17) where I Lf s the RMS value of fundamental load current. Apparent power wll consst of real power, reactve power Q and harmonc power D. Under an deal grd voltage, and Q are related to the snusodal current that n phase ( Lfp ) and 90 degree dsplaced ( Lfq ) wth respect to the grd voltage whle D s related to the harmonc current ( Lh ). When the V-Grd System s functoned as actve flterng, the grd current only conssts of actve current. S Lfp (18) Then current components of Lfq and Lh are suppled by the erter. (19) p Lfq Lh It must be noted that Lfq and Lh contrbute no real power so the equaton (8) s stll vald. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To support the above analyss, smulaton works were developed. The frst smulatons were done to prove the capablty of the control method as shown n Fgure 6. Ths works were based on the V module equvalent crcut depcted n Fgure 8 [13]. The voltage E, R LIM and R E are voltage corresponds to the solar rradance, seres resstance that lmts the output current and resstance for open-crcut condton, whle R B1 and R p are the resstance that control the BJT 1 and parallel resstance. The smulaton results under dfferent rradance level s shown n Fgure 9, the voltage of the V module wll decrease sgnfcantly under lower rradance level whle the V current s slghtly dfferent. The operatng ponts of the under two dfferent rradance level are depcted n Fgure 10, where the two operatng ponts are near the knee of the I-V characterstc curve. Under tme based curve, the power generated (by multplyng I V and V V ) wll fluctuates near the maxmum power (80 Wp). Based on the smulaton works, the effcency s 94%. T 1 R LIM E R B1 T 2 RE RL R p Fgure 8. Equvalent crcut of a V module [13] IJEDS Vol. 6, No. 3, September 2015 :

7 IJEDS ISSN: Fgure 9. Smulaton results for the V module under rradance level varaton from G =1000 W/m 2 to G =800 W/m 2 (a) current (b) voltage Fgure 10. The operatng pont of the under dfferent rradance level (from G =1000 W/m 2 to G =800 W/m 2 ) The second works of smulaton are based on Fgure 5. Sx V modules were seres connected and then a dode rectfer wth hghly nductve load s used as the nonlnear load for the grd. The parameters used s represented n Table 1. Table 1. arameters for smulaton works hotovoltac 6 pcs 80Wp V modules (seres) V M = 17.3 V, I M = 4.6 A DC-lnk Voltage 120 V Grd Voltage 80 V(peak) The current waveforms under condton when the load power (p L ) s greater than the power generated by the V modules ( V ) s depcted n Fgure 11. The non-snusodal load current ndcates that t contans harmonc components. The grd current s snusodal and n phase wth respect to the grd voltage. Ths means that the grd delvers real power to the load wthout harmonc contents. arts of the load power s suppled by the erter. The average value of the erter output power equals to the power generated by the V modules (Fgure 12). Whle for p L s less than V, part of V wll flow nto the grd so the grd current s snusodal wth opposte polarty wth respect to the grd voltage (Fgure 13). Fgure 11. Smulaton results when the load power s greater than the V power A Sngle-hase Dual-Stage V-Grd System wth Actve Flterng (Slamet Ryad)

8 456 ISSN: Fgure 12. Smulaton results of the power comparson Fgure 13. Smulaton results when the load power s less than the V power Fnally, to verfy the smulaton results, the expermental works were done based on the prototype depcted n Fgure 14 and parameters shown n Table 2. The works depct the comparson of the load current, erter current and grd current, they also show the phase dsplacement between the grd voltage and current (Fgure 15 and Fgure 16). The erter currents njected nto the grd are non-snusodal because parts of the currents represent real power transmtted and the other for harmonc compensaton. The dfferent phase of the grd currents means that the grd delvers power (Fgure 15) and absorbs power (Fgure 16). When the nonlnear load s mplemented by a dode rectfer wth nductve load, there s no reactve power Q. the load power just conssts of and D. Fgure 14. The prototype used for expermental works Table 2. arameters for expermental works hotovoltac 6 pcs 80Wp V modules (seres) V M = 17.3 V, I M = 4.6 A (datasheet) DC-lnk Voltage 120 V Grd Voltage 70 V(rms) IJEDS Vol. 6, No. 3, September 2015 :

9 IJEDS ISSN: Fgure 15. Expermental results when the load power s greater than the V power [7A/dv- 50V/dv 5ms/dv] Fgure 16. Expermental results when the load power s less than the V power [7A/dv- 50V/dv 5ms/dv] 4. CONCLUSION A sngle-phase dual-stage V-Grd System that s capable to transfer power and to do actve flterng has been analyzed, smulated and mplemented. Wth the smple control schemes used n and erter stages, the system can delver all the maxmum power generated by the V modules and make grd current snusodal wth unty power factor under nonlnear loads. Detectng the grd current can reduce the amount of current transducer requred by the erter. The system can also be constructed from the exsted SAF by connectng an to the capactor dc-lnk of the SAF. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ths work was supported by The Drectorate General of Hgher Educaton, The Mnstry of Natonal Educaton, Republc of Indonesa REFERENCES [1] E. Koutrouls, et al., Development of a Mcrocontroller-Based hotovoltac Maxmum ower ont Trackng Control System, IEEE Trans. on ower Electroncs, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp , Jan [2] B. Alsayd and J. Jallad, Modelng and Smulaton of hotovoltac Cells/Modules/Arrays, Internatonal Journal of Research and Revews n Computer Scence (IJRRCS), Vol. 2, No. 6, pp , Dec [3] C Lu, et al., Advanced Algorthm for Control of hotovoltac Systems, n roceedngs of Canadan Solar Buldngs Conference, Montreal, Canada, August [4] M A G de Brto, et al., Evaluaton of the Man Technques for hotovoltac Applcatons, IEEE Trans.on Industral Electroncs, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp , March [5] S Jan and V. Agarwal, A Sngle-Stage Grd Connected Inverter Topology for Solar V Systems wth Maxmum ower ont Trackng, IEEE Trans.on ower Electroncs, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp , Sept [6] R. Gonzales, et al., Transformerless Inverter for Sngle-hase hotovoltac Systems, IEEE Trans.on ower Electroncs, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp , March [7] S. B, Kjaer, et al., Revew of Sngle-hase Grd-Connected Inverters for hotovoltac Modules, IEEE Trans.on Industry Applcatons, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp , Sept/Oct [8] H. Akag, Trends n Actve ower Lne Condtoners, IEEE Trans.on ower Electroncs, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp , May [9] S. Km and. N. Enjet, A New Hybrd Actve ower Flter (AF) Topology, IEEE Trans.on ower Electroncs, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp , Jan [10] S Ryad, et al., Functonng a Shunt AF as a ower or Current Compensator, European Journal of Electrcal Engneerng, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp , [11] D. C. Martns and K. C. A. de Souza, A Sngle-hase Grd-Connected V System Wth Actve ower Flter, Internatonal Journal of Crcuts, Systems and Sgnal rocessng, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp , A Sngle-hase Dual-Stage V-Grd System wth Actve Flterng (Slamet Ryad)

10 458 ISSN: [12] X. Wang, et al., Modelng and Control of Dual-Stage Hgh-ower Multfunctonal V System n d q o Coordnate, IEEE Trans.on Industral Electroncs, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp , Aprl [13] T. F. Wu, et al., A Sngle-hase Inverter System for V ower Injecton and Actve ower Flterng wth Nonlnear Inductor Consderaton, IEEE Trans.on Industry Applcaton, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp , Jul/August BIBLIOGRAHIES OF AUTHORS Slamet Ryad was born n Semarang-Indonesa, n He receved B.S. degree from Dponegoro Unversty, Semarang n 1991 and M.Eng. degree from Bandung Insttute of Technology, Bandung-Indonesa n In 2006, he receved h.d degree n Electrcal Engneerng from Bandung Insttute of Technology wth artal Research done n ENSEEIHT- INT Toulouse, France. Currently, he s wth the Departement of Electrcal Engneerng, Soegjapranata Catholc Unversty, Semarang-Indonesa as a lecturer and researcher. Hs current research s focused on power factor correcton technques, actve power flterng and V-Grd Systems. Some of hs researches were supported by, ASEM duo-france, The Mnstry of Research and Technology- Indonesa, The Drectorate Generale of Hgher Educaton-Mnstry of Natonal Educaton-Indonesa, etc. He s also an IEEE member. Yanuarsyah Haroen receved B.S. degree from Bandung Insttute of Technology Bandung Indonesa n 1976, Dpl. Ing. From ENSEEIHT, Toulouse-France n 1980, DEA and h.d degree from INT, Toulouse-France n 1981 and He s currently a rofessor n electrcal engneerng departement, Bandung Insttute of Technology. Hs research nterests are power electroncs and drves. He s also an IEEE senor member. IJEDS Vol. 6, No. 3, September 2015 :

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