WiMAX 技术培训系列 ( 一 ) OFDM 物理层技术初探 MCG 赵昕 2006 年 2 月. All rights reserved 2006, Alcatel Shanghai Bell
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1 WiMAX 技术培训系列 ( 一 ) OFDM 物理层技术初探 MCG 赵昕 2006 年 2 月
2 目录 Page 2 一. 为什么出现 WiMAX? 二. 什么是 WiMAX? 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA? 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层五.WiMAX 接入过程
3 Page 3 一. 为什么出现 WiMAX?
4 一. 为什么出现 WiMAX? 移动通信的发展过程正在从 3Any 向 Olympics Spirit 转变 各集团利益权衡的结果 大规模集成电路的发展和突破 传统计算机通信网的继承和发展 传统电信网强有力的补充 ( 移动, 传输和固网 ) Page 4
5 Page 5 二. 什么是 WiMAX?
6 二. 什么是 WiMAX? Page 6 WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 技术标准 = (d) = (e) defining interoperability and mobility features (f)/(g) future management plane for previous standards WiMAX 与 是两个不同的概念, 是 IEEE 关于无线城域网的一系列技术标准, 而 WiMAX 则是支持和推动 走向市场的组织联盟 但两者的关系密不可分, 因此 WiMAX 经常成为 的代名词 IEEE 提出了 的宽带无线接入的标准, 而 WiMAX 的目的就是致力于制定一套基于 的测试规范和认证体系, 使不同厂商之间的产品在经过认证以后可以具有良好的互操作性, 从而可以在很大程度上推进基于 的产品的广泛应用, 并且为制造相应的芯片提供有利环境, 大大降低产品的研发和生产成本 可以说 WiMAX 沿袭了 WiFi 联盟的成功模式, 最终目的是将 推向市场, 取得商业成功
7 Page 7 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?
8 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?(1) Page 8 无线通信常见的多路方式 1: 频分多址 (FDMA) 2: 时分多址 (TDMA) 3: 码分多址 (CDMA) 问题 : 这几种多址方式在现实生活中各有什么应用? OFDM: 在介绍 OFDM 之前, 请让我们思考以下问题 : 1. 什么是频率正交? 2. 为何引入频率正交?
9 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?(2) NLOS 环境下宽带无线通信的问题 : 1. 快衰落信道 2. 频率选择性衰落 3. 符号间干扰 (ISI) 4. 信道间干扰 (ICI) Page 9 OFDM 的优缺点 : 频率选择性衰落少多径效应抗窄带干扰抗符号间干扰 (ISI) 能力强抗信道间干扰 (ICI) 能力强频谱利用率高抗快衰落信道对频偏和相位噪声比较敏感功率峰值与均值比 (PAPR) 大
10 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?(3) Page 10 要理解频率正交, 必先了解傅立叶变换 傅立叶变换公式 : 1 F ( ω) = exp( iω x) f ( x) dx 2π 傅立叶变换建立起了时域到频域转换的数学方法
11 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?(4) Page 11 频率正交 : f n = f起始 + 1 n T b 其中 n 为 FFT size, 也就是子信道数为 Symbol Time T b
12 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?(5) Page 12 SC vs. OFDM
13 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?(6) Page 13 SC vs. OFDM
14 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?(7) Page 14 调制与信道编码 调制 : BPSK QPSK 16QAM 64QAM 信道编码 : Convolutional coding ( 卷积码 ) Block Turbo coding ( 块 Turbo 码 ) Convolutional Turbo coding ( 卷积 Turbo 码 ) Zero-tailed convolutional coding LDPC( 低密度奇偶校验码 ) IEEE OFDMA 物理层共支持多达 25 种编码调制方式组合
15 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?(8) (d) / (e) Page 15 Approved by IEEE by 01/ /2004 End of H1/2005 Consumer Products available (estimated) Very proprietary, already available H1/2005 H2/2006 Mobility Class Fixed Fixed / Nomadic Nomadic / mobile Coverage scope Outdoor BS Outdoor user Outdoor BS Outdoor user Outdoor BS Outdoor/Indoor user Supported propagation LoS / near LoS NLoS / near LOS NLoS Spectral Efficiency in Bits/ sec. Hz (Gross data physical layer) From 0.7 to 3.2 (depending on modulation schema), Furthermore (e) allows more efficient spectral exploitation, which will increase the overall spectral efficiency Efficiency Loss due to scalable FFT sizes? 50 % each time channel BW doubles Max. 30 % otherwise, FFT size is adjusted Frequency range Not restricted Systems aiming at 2-11 GHz, higher frequencies refer to beam radio Mostly: 2.6 GHz 3.5 GHz Mostly: 2.6 GHz 3.5 GHz 5 GHz Channel bandwidth (BW)? standardized In between greater than 1.25 MHz and lower than 28 MHz almost every channel size in multiples of 250 khz is possible 1.75 MHz 3.5 MHz 5 MHz 5.5 MHz 7 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz Supported Key Features OFDM AMC Single carrier OFDMA AMC SW Upgradeable from 16(a) SOFDMA AAS AMC Sub Channeling modes
16 三. 什么是 OFDM/OFDMA?(9) OFDMA 与 SOFDMA 是 OFDM 为增加移动性而进行的扩展 OFDM,OFDMA 与 SOFDMA 的区别 Page 16 OFDMA 物理层和 OFDM 物理层最根本的区别在于前者在上行和下行均支持子信道化, 后者仅在上行方向支持子信道化 SOFDMA 与 OFDMA 的最根本的区别在于 FFT size 是否可变 (128, [256], 512, 1024, 2048) OFDM/OFDMA 中还有一些前沿技术 : 1. AAS 2. MIMO 3. STC
17 Page 17 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层
18 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (1) Page d/e 中的四种类型物理层 1. WirelessMAN-SC 2. WirelessMAN-SCa 3. WirelessMAN-OFDM 4. WirelessMAN-OFDMA
19 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (2) WirelessMAN-OFDMA 的时域特性 Page 19 T b 与 T g 的关系 : T b = 4 T T b = 8 T g T b = 16 T T = 32 T b g g g 周期性重复的 T g 称为 CP (Cyclic Prefix) 那么问题是,CP 在这里有什么作用?CP 是 OFDM 所特有的, 和 FFT 的性质有关 保全数据抵抗信道增强接收无需同步
20 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (3) Page 20 WirelessMAN-OFDMA 的频域特性 从上图中我们可以看到四种类型的子载波 : 1. 业务子载波 : 用于传输数据 2. 导频子载波 : 用于信道估计 3.DC 子载波 : 信道的中心频率 ( 可能是用来做频偏估计的???) 4.Guard Band: 带外信道衰减
21 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (4) OFDMA 主参数 Page 21 OFDMA 衍生参数
22 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (5) 子载波到子信道的映射 Page 22 一个逻辑子信道是由多个物理子载波组成的, 它是由 Permutation Schemes 决定的, 定义了两大类的 Scheme: 1. Full and partial subchannel usage modes 2. Distributed and adjacent permutations 请参加 8.4.6
23 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (6) OFDMA 帧结构 (TDD) Page 23
24 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (7) Page 24
25 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (8) 上图的一些补充说明 : 1. 上图只包括了必有部分, 可选部分不在其中 2. FCH (Frame Control Head) 在图中的位置不太正确, 应为前 4 个子信道 3. 下行为 2 个时隙, 上行为 3 个时隙 4. 所有下行编码调制方式相同将在同一下行 Burst Profile 中 上行则不同 5. DL-MAP 和 UL-MAP 由 MAC 层指定 6. DL-MAP 与 UL-MAP 可以指定同一帧, 也可指定不同帧 ( 上行指定下一帧 ) 7. DL-MAP 与 UL-MAP 的结构在 MAC 层进行讲解 8. TTG (Transmit Transition Gap) BS 从发射状态切换到接收状态 9. RTG (Receive Transmit Gap ) BS 从接收状态切换到发射状态 Page 25
26 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (9) Page 26 Ranging: OFDMA 的 Ranging 有两类 : 初始 Ranging 和切换 Ranging Ranging 的作用 : 监视和调整发射台与基站之间的功率和时间偏移量 Ranging 使用拉斐尔序列 ( 伪随机序列 ) 做为 Ranging 码, 减少冲突 ( 从 MAC 层看为 CDMA 码 ) 1. 初始 Ranging SS 在解开 UL-MAP 后, 找到 Ranging 子信道, 发送 RNG-REQ 包含 Ranging 码到 BS,BS 在收到后用同样的码广播 RNG-RSP SS 如果收不到应答, 则加大发射功率再做尝试 2. 切换 Ranging 如果 SS 没有发送数据到 BS 超过 30 秒,SS 将发送 RNG-REQ, 获得信道参数
27 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (10) 初始 Ranging Page 27
28 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (11) 切换 Ranging Page 28
29 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (12) 功率控制 : 中只有上行功控, 没有下行功控 这是因为传统下行功控的作用是减少干扰, 但在 WiMAX 系统中采用另一种方式来解决这个问题 BS 和 SS 监测每个上 / 下行链路的 CINR( 载波干扰比 ), 当 CINR 发生变化时, 依据预先设定的阈值选择合适的 Burst Profile( 编码调制方式组合 ), 从而满足新的 CINR 的要求 从而无需要为每个下行链路做功控 当然, 这样做的话不可能将邻区的干扰做到最小 上行支持闭环功控, 同时也支持开环功控 Page 29 问题 : 支持上行功控的目的是什么?
30 四.WiMAX 的 PHY 层 (13) 同步 : BS: 建议 ( 非必须 ) 所有 BS 是时间对齐的, 提供 1pps 的时钟脉冲和 10MHz 的频率参考 通常都是由 GPS 来实现的 SS: 所有的 SS 都必须与基站的时钟对齐 (±25%) Page 30 问题 :±25% 的时钟对齐有什么作用?
31 Page 31 五.WiMAX 接入过程
32 五.WiMAX 接入过程 (1) OFDM 通信系统示意框图 Page 32
33 五.WiMAX 接入过程 (2) Page BS 开工后,BS MAC 层通过 DCD( 下行信道描述符 ),UCD( 下行信道描述符 ) 和 DL-MAP,UL-MAP 消息周期性广播 2. SS 首先根据 CP (Cyclic Prefix) 取得时间同步, 再根据子载波的正交性相关后取得频率同步 3. 取得同步后,SS 依据 Pilot 信道和 Preamble 做信道估计, 从而得到每个子信道的参数 4. 取得信道参数后,SS MAC 层将搜索 DL-MAP 和 DCD 消息 5. 一旦可以正常解出 DL-MAP 后, 再规定时间内如果能解出 DCD 消息, 则完成下行同步, 从而得到下行参数 6. SS 尝试查找 UCD 消息, 找到 UCD 消息后从而得到上行参数, 如再收到 UL- MAP 消息, 可用则进入初始 Ranging 阶段
34 五.WiMAX 接入过程 (3) Page 34
35 五.WiMAX 接入过程 (4) Page 35
36 五.WiMAX 接入过程 (5) Page 36 Ranging 过程
37 五.WiMAX 接入过程 (6) Page 37
38 五.WiMAX 接入过程 (7) Page 38
39 Page 39 Thank You!
40 Page 40
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