MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

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2 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING SANJEEVA GUPTA B.Sc. (Electrical) Electronics Engineering DINESH ARORA B.Sc. (Electrical) Electronics Engineering SATYA BHUSHAN SARNA B.Sec. (Electrical)Electronics Engineering PRASHANT LONKAR B.Sc. (Electrical) Electronics Engineering KHANNA PUBLISHERS 4575/15, Onkar House, Ground Floor Darya Ganj, New Delhi Phones : , ; Fax : khannapublishers@yahoo.in website : khannapublishers.in

3 Published by : Romesh Chander Khanna & Vineet Khanna for KHANNA PUBLISHERS 2-B, Nath Market, Nai Sarak Delhi (India) All Rights Reserved [This book or part there of cannot be translated or reproduced in any form (except for review or criticism) without the written permission of the Author and the Publishers] ISBN No Third Edition : 2015 Price :Rs Computer Typeset by : Steps Computers, D-2/77, Dayal Pur, Delhi Printed at : Bright Printers, Phari Bhojla Delhi

4 Foreward Microwave system has rapidly developed in the last three or four decades. Microwave communication is now being very widely used. All these required rapid development of microwave components and equipment. In the last two decades there has been very progress in this branch of electronic engineering with the addition of solid state devices and microstrip elements. This is primarily due to it increasing diverse application to fields like radio astronomy, long distance communication, defense navigation and to study of physical and chemical properties of matter. The rapid progress in microwave electronics has created an increasing demand for trained microwave engineering personal which has resulted in introduction of many microwave courses in various universities, and engineering institutes. This is a field which is of equal interest to electrical engineers and as physicists. A student entering this field is confronted with scarcity of a comprehensive book. There are many books by foreign authors dealing with different aspects of microwaves. However, there are very few books written by Indian authors for Indian students. I hope the attempt made by Sanjeeva Gupta will be successful and provide a useful for microwave engineers and physicists. Sd/- Prof. G.P.Srivastava Project Incharge, Training of Manpower in the Field of Microwave Engineering, Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi.

5 Preface With the widening of the communication systems, the new Microwave Technology has come up very fast. In the last one decade, the Indian Post and Telegraph Department has spread a network of microwave links throughout the country. Since then, large scale requirement of microwave engineers is being felt by the country. There is hardly any book available by Indian authors to cope with the needs of the students. This inspired the authors to prepare and present this book. The authors hope that this book will go a long way in solving the basic need of the students in the field of Microwave Engineering. The book is recommended for the students preparing for degree Engineering Examinations, M.Sc. (Electronics) or for UPSC Engineering Services Examination. This book has been written after consulting vast literature in the field of Microwave Engineering. The authors acknowledge with the due courtesy the sources consulted in the preparation of this book. The authors are grateful to their teachers. Prof. G.P. Shrivastava (Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi), PRof. R.S. Shukla and S.P. Mathur of Delhi Collage of Engineering who are responsible for moulding our thinking on this subject. The authors are grateful to Mr. Naresh Gupta and Mr. s. Nariharan for their help in Proof reading. The authors are also highly grateful and obliged for the most cooperative attitude of Shri Romesh Chander Khanna during the course of preparation of this book. Finally, the authors will be highly obliged for any positive criticisms and suggestions from the readers for improving this book with an object to serve the student community in better way. Authors

6 Contents 1. Microwave Principles Introduction Microwave Band Millimeter Wave Band Historical Background Velocity of Waves Propagation in media Advantages of Microwave Line of Sight Communication Wave Propagation and Noise Bending of Ray Path due to Atmospheric Refractivity Gradient Estimation of Microwave Link Parameters Application of Ray and Wave Theories in Microwave Links Maxwell s Equations Faraday s Law Displacement Current Maxewell s Second Equation Transmission Lines Introduction Basic Transmission Line Equations Distortions in Transmission Lines Types of Transmission Lines Impedence matching by use of stubes Matching Concept of Transmission Line Converted to Wave Guide Electromagnetic Field Equations Historical Background of Maxwell s Field Equations Maxwell s Electromagnetic Field equations for Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Plane waves Polarisation of Electromagnetic Waves Wave Guids Introduction Phase Velocity and Group Velocity in a Wave Guide Mathematical Analysis of Rectangular Wave Guides Transmission of TM Waves in Rectangular Wave Guide 116

7 Propagation properties and cut off Frequencies for Rectangular Wave guide Transelectric Waves (TE Waves) Microwave Components Wave Guide Tees E-plane Tee H-plane Tee Magic Tee Wave meters Directional Couplers Isolators and Circulators High Frequency Effects and Scaling Scaling in Ultra-High-Frequency Tubes Problems Associated with Conventional Tubes At UHF Tubes for Ultra-High-Frequency Klystrons Klystron Velocity Modulation Multi-cavity Klystrons Mathematical Analysis of Two Cavity Klystron Performance and Applications Reflex Klystron Operation Transit Time Mathematical Analysis for Reflex Klystron Relationship between accelerating voltage and repeller voltage Relation between repeller voltage and frequency of operation of reflex Klystron Modes Performance Tunning Repeller protection Magnetron and Travelling Wave Tube Magnetron Constructional Features of a cavity Magnetron Parallel Plate Magnetron Cylindrical Magnetron Mechanism of Oscillations in Magnetron Microwave Measurements Measurements of Power Measurement of Low Microwave Powers Bolometer Methods 230

8 Extension of Bolometers Methods Other Methods Measurement of Medium & High Microwave Powers Measurement of Frequency and Wavelength Frequency Measurement Wavelength Measurement Standing Wave Detector Measurement of Impedence SWR Measurement Impedance Measurement Measurement Attenuation Power Ratio method Substitution Method Measurement of Q by Transmission The Determination of Cavity Q by VSWR Measurement Decrement Measurement of Q Measurement of Noise Factor Microwave Attenuation Horn Antennas Antennas with Parabolic Reflectors Radar Systems Basic Principles Radar Equation Factors Influencing Maximum Range Effects of Noise Powers and Frequencies used in Radar (a) Basic Pulsed Radar System Modulators Receiver Bandwidth Requirements Factors Governing Plus Characteristic Duplexer Moving Target Indicator(MTI) Tracking Radar Systems and Search Radar System Propagation of Microwave Space Wave Propagation over Ideal Flat Earth Effect of Curvature of an Ideal Earth Various Other Considerations in Space Wave Propagation Atmospheric Effects in Space Wave Propagation Refraction of Rays and the Radio Horizon Duct Propagation Tropospheric Scattering and Reflection Fading of Space Wave Signals Satellite Communication 319

9 12.9. Synchronous Satellite Satellite Antennas Ground Stations Ground Antennas Semiconductor Microwave Devices UHF and Microwave Transistors Varactors and Multipliers Characteristics of Varactor Diode Parameteric Amplifiers 331 Appendix A Stoke s Theorem Divergence Theorem 346 Appendix B Attenuators Dielectric Phase Shifter Cavity Resonators Principle of operation Resonant Frequency of Rectangular Cavity Q of Cavity Resonators 358 Appendix C-Smith Chart and Graphic Solutions of Transmission Line Smith Chart for Analytical Equations Commercial Rectangular smith chart Standing wave Ration from Smith Chart Impedance Matching Matching by Impedance Matching Device Matching by Single Stub Matching by Double Stub 371

10 1 Microwave Principles 1.1 Introduction Microwaves are radiowaves of very short wavelength. Basically radiowaves are electromagnetic waves the term radio being introduced from the concept of radiation of electromagnetic waves. Accordingly there should not be any lower or higher limits of the wavelengths. However, it is usual to confine the wavelength of radiowaves within certain limits to have electronics systems to generate, radiate and detect the radio waves, while infrared and optical waves are covered by systems called optoelectronic systems. Table I Radio wave bands Frequency band Frequency range Wavelength range Extra Low Frequency (ELF) < 3 KHz > 100,000 m Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3 30 KHz 100,000 10,000 m Low Frequency (LF) KHz 10,000 1,000 m Medium Frequency (MF) MHz 1, m High Frequency (HF) 3 30 MHz m Very High Frequency (VHF) MHz 10 1 m Ultra High Frequency (UHF) MHz cm Super High Frequency 3 30 GHz 10 1 cm (SHF) or Microwave Extra High Frequency (EHF) or Millimeterwave GHz 10 1 mm

11 Microwave Engineering 25% OFF Publisher : KHANNA PUBLISHERS ISBN : Author : Sanjeeva Gupta Type the URL : Get this ebook

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