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1 ISSN Vol.04,Issue.08, July-2016, Pages: A Voltage Controlled D-STATCOM Used In Three Phase Four Wire System for Power Quality Improvement J.RAGHAVENDRA 1, C.SREENIVASULU 2, DR.G.MADHUSUDHANARAO 2 1 PG Scholar, Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, TS, India, raghavendra205@gmail.com. 2 Assoc Prof, Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, TS, India, gurralamadhu@gmail.com. 3 Professor, Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, TS, India, sreenivaschandra@gmail.com. Abstract: This paper proposes a new algorithm to generate reference voltage for a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) operating in voltage-control mode. The proposed scheme exhibits several advantages compared to traditional voltage-controlled DSTATCOM where the reference voltage is arbitrarily taken as1.0 p.u. The proposed scheme ensures that unity power factor (UPF) is achieved at the load terminal during nominal operation, which is not possible in the traditional method. Also, the compensator injects lower currents and, therefore, reduces losses in the feeder and voltage-source inverter. Further, a saving in the rating of DSTATCOM is achieved which increases its capacity to mitigate voltage sag. Nearly UPF is maintained, while regulating voltage at the load terminal, during load change. The state-space model of DSTATCOM is incorporated with the deadbeat predictive controller for fast load voltage regulation during voltage disturbances. With these features, this scheme allows DSTATCOM to tackle power-quality issues by providing power factor correction, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and voltage regulation based on the load requirement. In this project by using 4-leg D-STATCOM to improved the power quality and to neutralized the neutral current don t entered in to the abnormal neutral current in to the system 4-leg will be eliminates those currents. With compare the 3-leg operation is the smooth going in 4-leg operation. Simulation And Experimental Results Are Presented To Demonstrate The Efficacy Of The Proposed Algorithm. Keywords: Current Control Mode(CCM), Power Quality (PQ), Voltage-Control Mode (VCM), Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), Point of Common Coupling (PCC). I. INTRODUCTION Distribution system suffers from current as well as voltage related power-quality (PQ) problems, which include poor power factor, distorted source current, and voltage disturbances. A DSTATCOM Fig 1 connected at the point of common coupling (PCC), has been utilized to mitigate both types of PQ problems. When operating in current control mode (CCM), it injects reactive and harmonic components of load currents to make source currents balanced, sinusoidal, and in phase with the PCC voltages. In voltage-control mode (VCM) the DSTATC-OM regulates PCC voltage at a reference value to protect critical loads from voltage disturbances, such as sag, swell, and unbalances. The advantages of CCM and VCM cannot be achieved simultaneously with one active filter device, since two modes are independent of each other. In CCM operation, the DSTATCOM cannot compensate for voltage disturbances. Hence CCM operation of DSTATCOM is not useful under voltage disturbances, which is a major disadvantage of this mode of operation. Fig1. Single line diagram of the test system for D- STATCOM Traditionally in VCM operation, the DSTATCOM regulates the PCC voltage at 1.0 p.u. A load works satisfactorily for a permissible voltage range. Hence, it is not necessary to regulate the PCC voltage at 1.0 p.u. While maintaining 1.0 p.u. voltage DSTATCOM compensates for the voltage drop in feeder. For this, the compensator has to supply additional reactive currents which increase the source currents. This increases losses in the voltage-source inverter (VSI) and feeder. Another important aspect is the rating of the VSI. Due to increased current injection The VSI is de-rated in steady-state condition. Consequently, its capability to mitigate deep voltage sag decreases. Also, UPF cannot be achieved when the PCC voltage is 1 p.u. In the literature, so far, the operation of DSTATCOM is not reported where the advantages of both modes are achieved based on load 2016 IJIT. All rights reserved.

2 J.RAGHAVENDRA, C.SREENIVASULU, DR.G.MADHUSUDHANARAO requirements while overcoming their demerits. The operation of DSTATCOM in VCM and proposes a control algorithm to obtain the reference load terminal voltage. II. PROPOSED CONTROL SCHEME A DSTATCOM-compensated distribution system is shown in Fig.2 It uses a three-phase four-wire two level neutral point clamped VSI. This structure allows independent control to each leg of the VSI.Fig1 shows the single phase equivalent representation of Fig3 Variable u is a switching function, and can be either +1or-1 depending upon switching state. Filter inductance and resistance are L f and R f respectively. Shunt capacitor C fc eliminates high-switching frequency components. First, discrete modelling of the system is presented to obtain a discrete voltage control law, and it is shown that the PCC voltage can be regulated to the desired value with properly chosen parameters of the VSI. Then, a procedure to design VSI parameters is presented. A proportional-integral (PI) controller is used to regulate the dc capacitor voltage at a reference value. Based on instantaneous symmetrical component theory and complex Fourier transform, a reference voltage magnitude generation scheme is proposed that provides the advantages of CCM at nominal load. The overall controller block diagram is shown in Fig3. These steps are explained as follows. A. System Modeling and Generation of the Voltage- Control Law The state-space equations for the circuit shown in Fig4 are given by Where The general time-domain solution of (1) to compute the state vector x(t) with known initial x(t o ) value is given as follows: (2) The equivalent discrete solution of the continuous state is obtained by replacing t o= kt d and t=(k+1)t d as follows (1) (3) In(3), k and T d represent the k th sample and sampling period, respectively. During the consecutive sampling period, the value of z(t) is held constant, and can be taken as.z(k) After simplification and changing the integration variable, (3) Fig2. Circuit diagram of the DSTATCOM compensated distribution system. Equation (4) is rewritten as follows: (5) where G and H are sampled matrices, with a sampling time of for small sampling time of T d. For small sampling time. Matrices G and H are calculated as follows: (4) (6) (7) From (6) and (7), G 11 =1-T d 2 /2L f C fc, G 12 =-T d 2 /C fc -T d 2 /2L f C fc, G 13 =0, H 11 = V dc T d 2 /2L f C fc, H 12 =T d /C fc and H 13 =0. Hence, the capacitor voltage using (5) is given as Fig3. Single-phase equivalent circuit of DSTATCOM. (8)

3 A Voltage Controlled D-STATCOM Used In Three Phase Four Wire System for Power Quality Improvement As seen from (8), the terminal voltage can be maintained at 1. Voltage Across DC Bus (V dc ): The dc bus voltage is taken a reference value depending upon the VSI parameters twice the peak of the phase voltage of the source for V dc,c fc,l f,r f and sampling time T d. Therefore, VSI parameters satisfactory performance. Therefore, for a line voltage of 400 must be chosen carefully. Let Vt * be the reference load V, the dc bus voltage is maintained at 650 V. terminal voltage. A cost function J is chosen as follows. (9) The cost function is differentiated with respect to u(k) and its minimum is obtained at 2. DC Capacitance(C dc) : Values of dc capacitors are chosen based on a period of sag/swell and change in dc bus voltage during transients. This energy will be equal to the change in the capacitor stored energy. Therefore (10) The deadbeat voltage-control law, from (8) and (10), is given as (11) In (11), Vt * (k+1) is the future reference voltage which is unknown. One-step-ahead prediction of this voltage is done using a second-order Lagrange extrapolation formula as follows: (12) The term Vt * (k+1) is valid for a wide frequency range and when substituted in (11), yields to a one-step-ahead deadbeat voltage-control law. Finally, u * (k) is converted into the ON/OFF switching command to the corresponding VSI switches using a deadbeat hysteresis controller (13) where V dcref and V dc are the reference dc bus voltage and maximum- allowed voltage during transients, respectively. Hence (14) 3. Filter Inductance(L f ): Filter inductance L f should provide reasonably high switching frequency and a sufficient rate of change of current such that VSI currents follow desired currents. The following equation represents inductor dynamics: (15) The inductance is designed to provide good tracking performance at a maximum switching frequency (f max ) which is achieved at the zero of the source voltage in the hysteresis controller Neglecting R f,l f is given by (16) 4. Shunt Capacitor(C fc ): The shunt capacitor should not resonate with feeder inductance at the fundamental frequency(w o ). Capacitance, at which resonance will occur, is given as B. Controller for DC Bus Capacitor Voltage Average real power balance at the PCC will be (17) (18) Where P pcc, Plavg and P loss are the average PCC power, load power, and losses in the VSI, respectively. The power available at the PCC, which is taken from the source, depends upon the angle between source and PCC voltages, that is, load angle.hence, must be maintained constant to keep P pcc constant. Fig4. Overall block diagram of the controller to control DSTATCOM in a distribution system. B. Design of VSI Parameters DSTATCOM regulates terminal voltage satisfactorily, depending upon the properly chosen VSI parameters. The design procedure of these parameters is presented as follows. (19) where, is the voltage error. Terms K pδ and Kiδ are proportional and integral gains, respectively. δ must lie between 0 to 90 0 for the power flow from the source to PCC. Hence, controller gains must be chosen carefully.

4 J.RAGHAVENDRA, C.SREENIVASULU, DR.G.MADHUSUDHANARAO C. Proposed Method to Generate Reference Terminal Voltages Reference terminal voltages are generated such that, at nominal load, all advantages of CCM operation are achieved while DSTATCOM is operating in VCM. Hence, the DSTATCOM will inject reactive and harmonic components of load current. To achieve this, first the fundamental positive-sequence component of load currents is computed. Then, it is assumed that these currents come from the source and considered as reference source currents at nominal load. With these source currents and for UPF at the PCC, the magnitude of the PCC voltage is calculated. Let three-phase load currents i la (t), i lb (t) and i lc (t) be represented by the following equations: Simplifying the above equation (28) (29) Equating real and imaginary parts of both sides of (29), the following equation is obtained: (30) To remove o from (30), both sides are squared and added to obtain the following: (31) After rearranging (31), the expression for reference load voltage magnitude will be (20) (21) (32) Finally, using V t * from (32), the load angle from (19), and the phase-a source voltage as reference, three-phase reference terminal voltages are given as (22) (23) (24) The fundamental positive-sequence component of load currents must be supplied by the source at nominal load. Hence, it will be treated as reference source currents. For UPF at nominal operation, the nominal load angle is used. By knowing i + la1(t), fundamental positive-sequence currents in phases b and c can be easily computed by providing a phase displacement of -2π/3 and 2π/3, respectively, and are given as (33) Simulation parameters are given in Table I. Terminal voltages and source currents before compensation are plotted. Table1 (25) When reference source currents derived in (25) are supplied by the source, three-phase terminal voltages can be computed using the following equations: (26) Let the rms value of reference terminal and source voltages be V t * and V, respectively. For UPF, the source current and terminal voltage will be in phase. However, to obtain the expression of independent of, we Substituting (27) into (26), the phasor equation will be (27) Fig5. Simulink model of Overall Voltage-controlled DSTATCOM.

5 A Voltage Controlled D-STATCOM Used In Three Phase Four Wire System for Power Quality Improvement 1. Nominal Operation Initially, the traditional method is considered. Fig6 shows the regulated terminal voltages and corresponding source currents in phases a, b and c, respectively. These waveforms are balanced and sinusoidal. However, source currents lead respective terminal voltages the respective terminal voltages and source currents are in phase with each other, in addition to being balanced and sinusoidal. Therefore, UPF is achieved at the load terminals. The proposed method. Losses in the VSI (P Loss ) represented by resistance R f and rating of VSI (S VSI ) are defined as follows: P Loss = 3I 2 fi R F (34) Using (34) and (35), (35) Fig8. Under normal operation (a) source voltage (b) load voltage. Fig6. Before compensation (a) Source voltage (b) source currents. Fig9. Under normal operation (a) source current (b) load load current. Fig7. Before compensation (a) source voltage (b ) Load voltage. 2. Operation During Sag To create sag, source voltage is lowered by 20% from its nominal value at 0.6 s as shown in Fig10 Sag is removed at 1.0 s voltage regulation capability does not depend upon reference voltage The controller provides a fast voltage regulation at the load terminal. During the transient period, capacitors supply real power to maintain load power which results in discharging of capacitors.consequently, increases to draw more power from the source compared to normal operation. After some time, the dc bus voltage again reaches the reference voltage whereas the load angle settles down at 17.4 O. However, the load angle again settles down at nominal value once the sag gets cleared. Compensator rms currents in the proposed method in phase-a are shown in Fig11 respectively.

6 J.RAGHAVENDRA, C.SREENIVASULU, DR.G.MADHUSUDHANARAO Fig10. Operation During the sag (a) Source voltage (b) Load voltage. Fig12. Operation under load change (a) source voltage (b) load voltage. Fig13. Operation under load change (a) source current (b) load current. Fig11. Operation During the sag (a) Source current (b ) Load current. 3.Operation During Load Change To show the impact of load changes on system performance, load is increased to 140%of its nominal value. Under this condition, the traditional method gives less power factor as the compensator will supply more reactive current to maintain the reference voltage. The voltage and current waveforms, as shown in Fig12 confirm this. In proposed method, a load change will result in small deviation in terminal voltage from its reference voltage. Compensator just needs to supply extra reactive current to overcome this small extra feeder drop, hence, nearly UPF is maintained while regulating the terminal voltage at its Reference voltage It is evident from Fig13. Fig14. Before compensation Neutral injected current.

7 A Voltage Controlled D-STATCOM Used In Three Phase Four Wire System for Power Quality Improvement [7] M. K. Mishra, A. Ghosh, A. Joshi, and H. M. Suryawanshi, A novel method of load compensation under unbalanced and distorted voltages, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 1, pp , Jan [8] M. K.Mishra, A. Ghosh, and A. Joshi, Operation of a DSTATCOM in voltage control mode, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp , Jan Fig15. After compensation Neutral injected current. III. CONCLUSION A control algorithm has been proposed for the generation of reference load voltage for a voltage controlled DSTATCOM. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared With the traditional voltage controlled DSTATCOM. The proposed method provides the following advantages: 1) at nominal load, the compensator injects reactive and harmonic components of load currents, resulting in UPF 2) nearly UPF is maintained for a load change 3) fast voltage regulation has been achieved during voltage disturbances; and 4) losses in the VSI and feeder are reduced considerably, and have higher sag supporting capability with the same VSI rating compared to the traditional scheme. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed scheme provides DSTATCOM, a capability to improve several PQ problems (related to voltage and current. The 4-leg is connected to the DSTATCOM is to improved the voltage distortion and current with compare to 3-leg DSTATCOM operation Author s Profile: Mr.Raghavendra.J, B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, in Vardhaman college of Engineering, Shamshabad. Now, pursuing M.Tech in Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College. His area of interest is Power systems. id: raghavendra205@gmail.com. Mr.C.Sreenivasulu, Associate Professor in TKR Engineering College in the Dept of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,, Hyderabad. He received his M.Tech & B.Tech from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, AP, INDIA. Both in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. His research interests are power system operation and control, power system stability, FACTS and new type of A.C transmission system. id: sreenivaschandra@gmail.com IV. REFERENCES [1] M. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems. Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, 2000, ch. 1, pp [2] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, Voltage-regulation performance of a shunt active filter intended for installation on a power distribution system, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 3, pp , May [3] A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, Load compensating DSTATCOM in weak ac systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 4, pp , Oct [4] A. Elnady and M. Salama, Unified approach for mitigating voltage sag and voltage flicker using the DSTATCOM, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pt. 1, pp , Apr [5] S. Rahmani, A. Hamadi, and K. Al-Haddad, A Lyapunov-functionbased control for a three-phase shunt hybrid active filter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 3, pp , Mar [6] M. K. Mishra and K. Karthikeyan, A fast-acting dc-link voltage controller for three-phase DSTATCOM to compensate ac and dc loads, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 4, pp , Oct

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