Electrical Resistivity Imaging
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1 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited Electrical Resistivity Imaging David Hull US Army Research Lab 17 Jun 2009 ARL Workshop on Personnel, Vehicle, and Tunnel Detection Jun June /14
2 Outline Background: state of the art Similar sensors and sensor technologies Results: where we are today Successes and technical hurdles June August /14 2/26
3 Electrical Resistivity Resistance: R = V/I (Ω) Resistivity: = Rk (Ω-m) Material 17 June /14 (Ω-m) Salt (sea) water Fresh water Pellegrino (bottled water) 6.9 Ultra-pure 25º C 182k Drill mud, hydraul-ez 4.5 Clay (>10% moisture) Loam (>10% moisture) Alluvium Sand and gravel (dry) 50 10k Sandstone Limestone k Igneous rock (competent) 100 1M (from others) V wh A R I l l V wh E l I J 1 (from MC Miller Co. soil test box (from or
4 Apparent Resistivity Like sample resistivity Inject electrical current Measure voltage V 2 a Rk I r1 r2 r3 r 4 If the ground is homogeneous, then a Otherwise Take many measurements Perform an inversion from Colorado School of Mines, 17 June /14
5 17 June /14 Ground resistivity imaging
6 Ground resistivity imaging Rules of thumb for resistivity imaging: DC resistivity and Induced Polarization (IP) are complementary 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, time-lapse imaging possible (2-D shown) Useful sensing depth ~ 20% of array length (dipole-dipole) Useful resolution ~ 50% of electrode spacing (dipole-dipole) Trade-offs: object size, resistivity difference, depth 17 June /14
7 Marine resistivity imaging 2-D vertical resistivity profile shows competent rock, underwater spring, lake bottom Modified SuperSting R8 with extra software for continuous resistivity profiling Graphite electrodes are towed behind a boat (typically 8x dipole-dipole array) 17 June /14
8 Capacitively-coupled resistivity Replace fixed electrodes (stakes) with mobile electrodes (plates) AC operation required (capacitive coupling) Signal ~ plate area, 1/distance, voltage, operating frequency Noise ~ 1/speed, changes in capacitance (e.g., vibration) Geometrics Ohm-mapper system: Fixed dipole-dipole array is drug over ground Operation at 16.5 khz Multi-receiver variants Plastic-pipe culvert detected at 2 m: 17 June /14
9 Impedivity Spectroscopy Impedivity = complex resistivity Real part: conduction currents (dominate at low frequency) Imaginary part: displacement currents (dielectric effects) Spectroscopy: ~1 khz to ~1 MHz Impedivity DC resistivity for f < 1 khz Impedivity often dominated by dielectric properties for f > 1 MHz Magnitude (Ohm-m) Phase (degrees) 17 June /14
10 Static 0-50 khz Wenner array (COTS source and sensor) uses four equally-spaced stakes COTS source (current) electrodes with stand-off sensor (voltage) electrodes Stand-off source (current) electrodes with COTS sensor (voltage) electrodes Stand-off source (current) electrodes with stand-off sensor (voltage) electrodes 17 June /14
11 Electromagnetic Induction Active EM induction: Transmitter coil generates pulsed magnetic fields Receiver coil measures induced magnetic fields (ringdown) between pulses Detects metals via secondary field caused by eddy currents (from Towed EM-61 Geonics EM-61, etc.: Time-domain operation Widely used commercially Arrays in development (from 17 June /14
12 Electromagnetic Induction (cont.) Active EM induction: Transmitter coil generates continuous magnetic fields Receiver coil measures induced magnetic fields Detects ferromagnetic objects as distortion of primary field Detects metals via secondary field caused by eddy currents GEM-5 Array Mounted on a Sled Geophex GEM-2, GEM-3, GEM-5: Frequency-domain operation Operates between 90 Hz 96 khz Uses bucking coil to null primary field Gradiometer mitigates motion clutter GEM-5 array uses seven gradiometers in a line array (from 17 June /14
13 Electromagnetic Induction (cont.) Semi-active EM induction: Remote RF transmitter (e.g., AM radio tower) excites targets in far zone Receiver coil measures induced magnetic fields in the near zone Standoff permits use in lowflying airborne systems (resolution ~ standoff) DeltaEM gradiometer: Gradiometer on UAV nulls primary field and transmits data in realtime 17 June /14 Magnitude (mv) Distance from Start (ft) Research Corporation Mag -500 Phase Phase (Degrees)
14 Questions/discussion David Hull US Army Research Lab June /14
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