PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS TROUBLESHOOTING

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1 PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS TROUBLESHOOTING Second Edition James Perozzo 4 k 0 DELMAR PUBLISHERS INC.

2 Contents Preface/xiii chapter one Some Necessary Basics Chapter Overview/1 Necessary Background/1 A Few Definitions/6 The Test Bench/11 Summary/12 Review Questions/13 chapter two Kinds of Electronics Problems Chapter Overview/14 Complete Failures/14 Poor Performance/14 Tampered Equipment/15 lntermittents/15 Motorboating/19 Massive Traumas/19 Transients/22 Overheated Part Failures/23 Hum Problems/25 Distortion Problems/26 Multiple Problems/27 Microphonics/28 Noisy Controls/28 Operator-Induced Problems/28 The Tough Problems/29 Summary/29 Review Questions/30 chapter three System Troubleshooting Chapter Overview/31 Investigate the Report/31 Finding the Bad Unit/32 Wire-Bundle and Coax-Cable Problems/34

3 vi Contents Signal Levels as System Operation lndicators/36 Replacement of Suspected Units of the System/38 Verify Proper System Operation After the Replacement/39 Summary/39 Review Questions/40 chapter four Passive Components in DC and Low-Frequency Circuits Chapter Overview/41 Passive Components in DC Circuits/41 Passive Components in 60 Hz and Audio Sine-Wave Circuits/49 Passive Components in Pulse and Square-Wave Circuits/58 Summary/68 Review Questions/69 chapter five Live-Circuit Testing Chapter Overview/70 Safety and Cautionary Notes/70 Use of Circuit Card Extenders/71 Using the Schematic Diagram/72 If No Schematic Is Available/75 Summary/78 Review Questions/79 chapter six DC Troubleshooting Chapter Overview/81 General Voltage Troubleshooting/81 Using Voltages to Find Analog Problems/91 A Most Important Concept/94 Opening the Equipment/96 Timely Shortcuts/97 Summary/97 Review Questions/97 chapter seven Fixing the Power Supply Chapter Overview/99 Finding the Open Fuse/99 Analyzing Fuse Failures/99

4 Contents vii The Power-Supply Block Diagram/101 Applying Input Power to the Power Supply/103 Troubleshooting an Overloaded (Shorted) Power Supply/107 Troubleshooting an Inoperative Power Supply (Good Fuse, No Output Voltage)/108 Troubleshooting the Voltage Regulator/110 Finding a Short in the Load on a Power Supply/116 Determine the Method to Locate the Short/117 Batteries as a Power Source/121 Summary/123 Review Questions/124 chapter eight chapter nine How to Trace Analog Signals Chapter Overview/125 Troubleshooting Digital Circuits/125 Troubleshooting Analog Equipment/125 The Block Diagram Finding the Bad Area/126 Using a Bench Power Supply/127 Narrowing the Problem to an Area/131 Narrowing the Problem to a Stage/132 Signal-Tracing Considerations/132 Tracing the Unwanted Signal/134 Summary/134 Review Questions/135 Audio and Low-Frequency Troubleshooting Chapter Overview/136 Obtain All Reference Material Possible/136 Generic Low-Frequency Troubleshooting Instruments/137 Output Devices and Instruments/138 Basic Low-Frequency Amplifier Circuits/143 Audio Distortion Problems/146 Troubleshooting Audio-Amplifier Consumer Chips/150 Summary/150 Review Questions/151 chapter ten Special Techniques for Discrete Semiconductors in Operation Chapter Overview/152

5 Troubleshooting the PN Junction Diode in Operation/152 Troubleshooting the Zener Diode Circuit in Operation/154 Troubleshooting the Bipolar Transistor Circuit in Operation/154 Transistor and Resistor Arrays/161 Troubleshooting FET Circuits/162 Troubleshooting UJT Oscillators/165 Troubleshooting Thyristors (SCRs)/166 Summary/166 Review Questions/167 chapter eleven chapter twelve Troubleshooting in Live Analog IC Circuits Chapter Overview/168 Operational Amplifiers/168 Voltage Regulator ICs/174 Consumer IC Chips/175 Analog Switches/1 77 Optical Isolators/1 78 Summary/180 Review Questions/180 Radio Frequency Components and Troubleshooting Chapter Overview/181 When a Problem Is Reported/181 Some Uniquely RF Components/182 A Review of Common Instruments Used With RF Frequencies/183 Special Tools for RF Use/198 Working With Microvolt Signals in Receivers/199 Working With RF Watts and Transmitters/219 Making Transmitter Tests/221 Optional Transmitter Tests/225 Generic Adjustment of a Radio Transmitter/228 Summary/230 Review Questions/231 chapter thirteen Troubleshooting and Signal Tracing in Pulse Circuits Chapter Overview/233 Terms Unique to Pulsed Waveforms/233

6 Contents ix Source Instruments/235 Load Instruments/236 The Originating Pulse Circuit/241 The Processing Pulse Circuit/241 Pulse Uses/242 Summary/245 Review Questions/246 chapter fourteen Digital Troubleshooting Techniques Chapter Overview/247 First Checks/247 Digital IC References Are Absolutely Necessary/248 Digital Troubleshooting Basics/248 The Digital Schematic Diagram/252 Basic Digital Gates/253 Instruments for Digital Circuit Troubleshooting/256 Tracing Signals Through Digital Circuits/269 Summary/276 Review Questions/276 chapter fifteen Troubleshooting Computer Circuitry Chapter Overview/278 Additional Knowledge Required/278 Types of Computer Problems/279 Hardware Problems/279 Let the Computer Test Itself/280 Additional Checks to Make/281 Software Problems/282 Options and Hardware Setup Problems/283 Summary/283 Review Questions/284 chapter sixteen Dead-Circuit Testing Chapter Overview/285 Don't Ruin Your Ohmmeter!/285 Using the VOM on the Resistance Function/286 Using the DMM on the Resistance Function/287 Using a Solid-State Tester/287 Making the Checks/289 Testing Component Resistance ln-circuit/290 Summary/294 Review Questions/294

7 chapter seventeen chapter eighteen chapter nineteen chapter twenty Replacing the Part and Analyzing the Failure Chapter Overview/296 Some Mechanical Tips and Considerations/296 Point-to-Point Wiring Repairs (Not Printed Circuits)/298 Printed-Circuit-Board Repairs/298 Soldering on Printed Circuit Boards/299 Where to Get Parts/300 Replacing Parts/300 Cleaning and Repairing Damaged Boards/302 Checking the Bad Component/302 Final Precautions/322 Summary/322 Review Questions/322 Alignment, Final Inspection, and Return to Service Chapter Overview/324 Aligning Equipment/324 Reassembling the Equipment/329 Final Tests/330 The Paperwork/330 Packing for Shipment/331 Summary/332 Review Questions/332 Routine and Preventive Maintenance Chapter Overview/333 Why Mess With lt?/333 Using the Solid-State Tester to Predict Failures/334 TDR for Cable Maintenance and Troubleshooting/334 Mechanical Maintenance/336 Solvents for Cleaning/336 Weathered Electronics/337 Summary/339 Review Questions/339 Techniques for Live Vacuum-Tube Circuits Chapter Overview/340 Special Tools/340 Safety Notes/340

8 Contents xi Chassis Wiring Color Code/341 Typical Vacuum-Tube Voltages/343 Troubleshooting Vacuum-Tube Circuits/348 The Cathode-Ray Tube/351 Summary/353 Review Questions/353 chapter twenty-one chapter twenty-two Basic Troubleshooting of Power-Line Circuits and Motors Chapter Overview/355 Single Phase Power Distribution and Troubleshooting/355 Three-Phase Power Systems/356 A Special Circuit/357 DC Motor Basics/357 The Alternator/360 AC Motor Basics/361 Troubleshooting Motor Circuits/363 Using the Oscilloscope on AC Line Problems/364 Summary/364 Review Questions/365 If the Right Part Isn't Available Chapter Overview/366 Parts Substitutions/366 Summary/374 Review Questions/374 appendix I appendix II appendix III Resistor Color Codes Two-Significant-Figure Color Code/376 Three-Significant-Figure Color Code/377 Electronics Schematic Symbols Common Electronics Symbols/378 Semiconductor Symbols/380 Digital Symbols/382 Logic Symbols/383 Common Vacuum-Tube Symbols/384 Contributing Manufacturers of Test Equipment and Supplies/385 Index/387

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