Design of a Hybrid Active Filter for Harmonics Suppression in Industrial Facilities

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1 Design of a Hybrid Active Filter for Harmonics Suppression in Industrial Facilities Tzung-Lin Lee Yen-Ching Wang Jian-Cheng Li Department of Electrical Engineering National Sun Yat-sen University 7, Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 8424, TAIWAN tllee@mail.ee.nsysu.edu.tw Abstract Harmonic voltage amplification, due unintentional series or parallel resonance of power facr correction capacirs, is a significant issue in the industrial power system. Conventional active filters intended compensate the harmonic current producing by nonlinear loads would not be an effective solution in this scenario, and the harmonic voltage may still be significant. This paper proposes a hybrid active filter suppress the harmonic resonance in industrial facilities. The hybrid active filter, which is composed of a capacir and an active filter in series connection, operates as variable harmonic conductance with dynamically tuning characteristic according the voltage tal harmonic disrtion, so the damping performance of the active filter can be adjusted in response load change and power system variation. Therefore, the harmonic resonance would be avoided as well as harmonic voltage disrtion can be maintained at an allowable level. Compared with the pure shunt active filter, the dc bus voltage of the proposed hybrid filter is dramatically reduced since the grid voltage is supported by the series capacir. This feature provides a vital advantage of the active filter, in terms of both the kva rating and the switching ripples. Operation principles are explained in detail, and computer simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. KEYWORDS Hybrid active filter, active power filter, harmonic resonance I. INTRODUCTION Compared with active front-end converters, diode or thyrisr rectifiers still dominate in high-power applications, such as adjustable speed drives, uninterruptible power supply systems, and electrolysis. These equipment always injects a large amount of harmonic current in the power system, which may cause excessive harmonic voltage disrtion and even give rise malfunction of sensitive equipment in the vicinity of the harmonic source. Multiple tuned passive filters are usually installed at the secondary side of the distribution transformer in the industrial facilities draw dominant harmonic current and provide power facr correction for inductive loads as well [1], [2]. However, unintentional series and/or parallel resonance, due the passive filters and nonlinear loads and/or the utility, may result in excessive harmonic voltage amplification [3], [4]. Extra engineering work, therefore, must be consumed calibrate and maintain required filtering performances. Conventional active filters intended for compensating the harmonic current of nonlinear loads cannot address the harmonic resonance issues resulting from the passive filter or the power facr correction capacir []. Bhattacharya and his coworkers proposed a hybrid series active filter isolate harmonics between power system and harmonic source [6]. Fujita and his coworkers proposed a hybrid shunt active filter suppress the fifth harmonic resonance between the utility and a capacir bank [7]. Detjen and his coworkers proposed a hybrid filter in series with a capacir bank by a coupling transformer suppress harmonic resonance and compensate harmonic current [8]. These methods provide effective harmonics suppression functionality; however, extra added passive components, such as matching transformers or tuned passive filters, becomes a critical issue in terms of installation space and cost. Distributed active filters with voltage detection feature were proposed cope with the harmonic resonance on the capacir bank, but a droopcontrolled algorithm is required coordinate the operation of multiple active filters [9]. This paper proposes a hybrid active filter suppress the harmonic resonance in industrial facilities as well as mitigate harmonic current flowing in the utility. The proposed hybrid active filter is composed of an active filter and a power facr correction capacir in series connection. The active filter operates as variable damping conductance at harmonic frequencies. The harmonic conductance is determined according the voltage tal harmonic disrtion (THD) at the installation location of the hybrid active filter. Based on this control, the damping performance of the active filter can be dynamically adjusted maintain harmonic voltage disrtion at an allowable level in response load change and power system variation, where the allowable voltage THD can be regulated according the harmonic voltage limit in IEEE std [1]. Since the series capacir is responsible for sustaining the fundamental component of the grid voltage, the active filter can be operated with a very low dc bus voltage, compared with the pure shunt active filter [11]. This feature is a significant advantage, in terms of both the rated kva capacity and the switching ripples of the active filter. II. OPERATION PRINCIPLES A simplified one-line diagram of the proposed hybrid active filter and the associated control are shown in Fig. 1(a). The hybrid active filter unit () is composed of an active filtering part and a power facr correction capacir C in 121

2 Linear Load Vs Distribution Transformer E Nonlinear Load i V dc E PLL C L i i e qd HPF ĩ e qd i,h i,h E E e qd HPF Ẽ e qd E,h Tuning controller G i,h K c v,h v,f v PWM V dc V dc PI v e q,f v e d,f v,f (a) One-line circuit diagram of the proposed. E a,h E a E b,h f s+ f SQRT SQRT f s+ f E b E c,h E c THD PI G THD (b) Tuning control of conductance command. Fig. 1. The proposed and its associated control. series connection at the secondary side of the distribution transformer in industrial facilities. The operates as variable conductance at harmonic frequencies as given, i,h = G E,h (1) where i,h represents the harmonic current command, and E,h is harmonic voltage component at the installation point of the, respectively. The conductance command G is defined as a variable gain determine how much harmonic current should be drawn from the grid suppress voltage harmonics. Control algorithm is detailed as follows. Harmonic voltage component E,h at the installation location of the and harmonic current component i,h of the can be obtained by using the synchronous reference frame (SRF) transformation [6] as shown in Fig.1(a). In the SRF the fundamental component becomes a dc value, whereas the harmonic component is a ac value. Therefore, both harmonic voltage component Ẽ and harmonic current component ĩ e qd in the SRF can be extracted by using high pass filters (HPFs). After applying the inverse SRF trans- 122

3 formation, E,h and i,h in the three-phase system are derived. Subsequently, the harmonic current command i,h is generated by multiplying the voltage harmonics E,h and the conductance command G. Based on the harmonic current command i,h, the measured harmonic current i,h, the harmonic voltage command v,h can be derived by using a proportional controller as follows, C L R f Passive Filter v,h = K c (i,h i,h ) (2) where K c is a proportional gain. Since the series capacir draws the fundamental reactive current from the grid, the dc voltage of the can be regulated by using a proportionalintegral (PI) controller adjust the fundamental reactive voltage v,f e of the. According the voltage command v, the space vecr PWM is employed synthesize the required output voltage of the inverter. Fig. 1(b) shows the proposed tuning control of the. The harmonic conductance command G is determined according the voltage THD at the installation point E. The derivation of THD can be approximately evaluated by using two low pass filters (LPFs) with cut-off frequency f, which are filter out ripple components in the calculation. The error between the allowable THD and the measured THD is then fed in the PI regular adjust the harmonic conductance command G. Based on this control, the damping capability of the can be dynamically tuned, so the would provide effective damping for harmonic resonant frequencies, and harmonic voltage disrtion can be maintained at an allowable level. The allowable voltage THD can be determined based on the harmonic voltage limit in IEEE std A simplified single-phase equivalent circuit of the at harmonic frequencies is shown in Fig. 2, where and represent the background harmonic voltage of the power system and the harmonic current producing by nonlinear loads, respectively. Note that linear loadings are not included for the worst-case consideration of the harmonic resonance. When the is off, i.e. v =, the passive filter is directly connected the load bus as in Fig. 2(a). The harmonic voltage and the harmonic current can be expressed as follows, = (1 2 LC + jr f C) 1 2 (L s + L)C + jr f C + ( 2 L s R f C + j( 3 L s LC + L s )) 1 2 (L s + L)C + jr f C = 1 2 (L s + L)C + jr f C + (1 2 LC + jr f C) 1 2 (L s + L)C + jr f C. The resonant frequency is f res = (3) 1 2π (L s + L)C. (4) Since the is controlled as harmonic conductance as shown in Fig. 2(b), the equivalent circuit of the can be simplified as Fig. 2(c). The harmonic voltage and the (a) The is off. C L R f i af = G (b) The Operation principle of the. G (c) The simplified circuit after the is in operation. Fig. 2. Simplified single-phase equivalent circuit of the at harmonic frequencies in the industrial power system. harmonic current, therefore, can be expressed as follows, = jl s + 1+jL s G = i () L,h G 1+jL s G. As demonstrated (), the resonance in (3) no longer occurs, and both and can be reduced by increasing G. III. SIMULATION RESULTS Fig.3(a) shows the simulation circuit of the proposed and the associated circuit parameters are given as follows. Power system: 22 V(line--line), Hz, 2 kva, Line inducr: L s =1. mh(23 %). The passive filter is tuned at seventh harmonic frequency with quality facr 1, and provides power 123

4 1 Ω mh 3kVA pf=.66 mh 7kVA pf=.83 is i L 1 Ω 22 V Hz 2 kva 1.mH (23%) E i 1.mH V dc 2 mf 1 μf(9%) (a) Simulation circuit configuration. E i s i L i 4 V dc.8.6 G THD 2 1 (b) Voltage, current, conductance command, and voltage THD when the startup of the. Fig. 3. Simulation circuit and simulation results. facr improvement for both linear and nonlinear loads. L f =1. mh(23 %), C f =1 μf (9 %). Linear and nonlinear loads are rated at 3 kva pf=.66, 7kVA pf=.83, respectively. The AFU is implemented by conventional three-phase voltage source inverter with the switching frequency 1 khz and the reference dc bus voltage V. TheOFF state of the corresponds turning on three upper switches, but turning off three lower switches. The reference voltage THD is set as 3% based on the individual harmonic voltage limit of IEEE std A. Time domain analysis Before the is started (t <.s), i.e. in the OFF state, fifth harmonic resonance between the passive filter and the utility causes large fifth harmonic current circulating between the source current i s and the filter current i, as shown in Fig. 3(b). The voltage THD of E is 39% and the current THD of i s is 66%, respectively. This result shows the passive filter thoroughly loses its filtering functionality and even causes excessive harmonic amplification. The starts in operation at t=.s. Fig. 3(b) shows the dc voltage of the inverter is established and well-controlled 124

5 off on 1 is G.4.2 Fun th 7 th 11 th 13 th (a) Source current components i 2 1 off on Fun th 7 th 11 th 13 th 4 3 THD (b) current components. off on Fig.. Conductance command and voltage THD as the nonlinear loading is increased at 2s and 3s, respectively. 2 i L E 7 Fun th 7 th 11 th 13 th (c) Load current components. off on current of i s is reduced from 16A 2A, and fifth harmonic voltage of E is reduced from V 4V. Since the inverter is simply operated at V dc =V, the consumes about VA, which is approximately 1.% of the system rating. This feature is a significant advantage, in terms of the active filter kva capacity and the associated switching ripple. Fig. shows the conductance command and the voltage THD under the variation of the nonlinear loading, which is added from 1.7kVA 3. kva at 2s and subsequently increased from 3.kVA 7. kva at 3s. Since voltage disrtion is enlarged, G is raised maintain the voltage THD at 3%. At the steady state, G =.7Ω 1 for 1.7kVA and G =.38Ω 1 for 3.kVA, respectively. Fig. 4. Fun th 7 th 11 th 13 th (d) Voltage components. Harmonic components before and after the is in operation. at V after t=.6s, and the tuning controller adjusts the conductance command G draw the harmonic current for damping harmonic resonance. At the steady state, the voltage THD at E is significantly improved 3.% and the current THD of i s is also reduced.1% with the conductance command G =.7Ω 1. The harmonic resonance and the circulating harmonic current no longer occur. Fig. 4 illustrates the harmonic components of i s, i, i L, E. Fifth harmonic B. Frequency domain analysis Damping performances based on frequency domain analysis are shown in Fig. 6. The resonant peaks, due the line impedance and the passive filter, is located at fifth harmonic frequency. After the is engaged, the resonant phenomenon would fully disappear and the filtering performance is strongly dependent on the damping conductance provided by the active filter. As demonstrated in Fig. 6(a) and Fig. 6(b), the magnitude of the harmonic impedance and the magnitude of the harmonic current amplification are effectively suppressed with increasing conductance command. Note that the exhibits high impedance for harmonic frequencies and the passive filter simply provides reactive power compensation when G =. 1

6 i L,h OFF G = pu G =. pu G =1. pu G =1. pu G =2. pu Frequency (Hz) (a) Magnitude plot of harmonic impedance. of the power system. Fig. 7 shows the equivalent circuit of the considering a capacitive filter C emi installed at the loading bus. At this situation, the harmonic voltage and the harmonic current can be expressed as: jl s + = 1 2 L s C emi + jl s G = i (6) L,h (G + jc emi ) 1 2 L s C emi + jl s G. Obviously, both and can also be suppressed by controlling the harmonic conductance G when the harmonic resonances occur between C emi and L s. 1 8 G C emi 4 2 i L,h Fig OFF G = pu G =. pu G =1. pu G =1. pu G =2. pu Frequency (Hz) (b) Magnitude plot of harmonic current amplification. Damping performance analysis of the. IV. SUMMARY This paper presents a hybrid active filter suppress the harmonic resonance in industrial facilities. The proposed hybrid filter, which is composed of an active filter and a power facr correction capacir in series connection at the secondary side of the distribution transformer, operates as variable harmonic conductance with dynamically tuning feature in response load change and the parameter variation of the power system. Therefore, the harmonic resonance would be avoided and harmonic voltage disrtion can be reduced and maintained at an allowable level. Since the series capacir sustains the fundamental component of the grid voltage, the active filter can be operated with a reduced kva capacity, compared with its counterpart of the pure shunt active filter, which is the significant advantage of the proposed method. In most power electronics applications, low-pass filters or EMI filters are required install at the grid side of the inverter for alleviating switching ripples in the power system. These filters usually present capacitive characteristic and may cause unintentional harmonic resonance with the leakage inductance Fig. 7. The simplified circuit of the with the capacitive filter C emi. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research is funded by the National Science Council of TAIWAN under grant NSC E REFERENCES [1] R. L. Almonte and A. W. Ashley, Harmonics at utility industrial interface: a real world example, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 6, pp , Nov./Dec [2] R. H. Simpson, Misapplication of power capacirs in distribution systems with nonlinear loads three case hisries, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 1, pp , Jan.. [3] G. Lemieux, Power system harmonic resonance-a documented case, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 26, no. 3, pp , May/Jun [4] E. J. Currence, J. E. Plizga, and H. N. Nelson, Harmonic resonance at a medium-sized industrial plant, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 3, pp , May/Jun [] F. Z. Peng, Application issues of active power filters, IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., pp. 21, Sep./Oct. 21. [6] S. Bhattacharya and D. Divan, Design and implementation of a hybrid series active filter system, in IEEE 26th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 199, pp [7] H. Fujita, T. Yamasaki, and H. Akagi, A hybrid active filter for damping of harmonic resonance in industrial power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol., no. 2, pp , Mar. 2. [8] D. Detjen, J. Jacobs, R. W. De Doncker, and H.-G. Mall, A new hybrid filter dampen resonances and compensation harmonic currents in industrial power systems with power facr correction equipment, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, no. 6, pp , Nov. 21. [9] S.-Y. Kuo, T.-L. Lee, C.-A. Chen, P.-T. Cheng, and C.-T. Pan, Distributed active filters for harmonic resonance suppression in industrial facilities, in Power Conversion Conference - Nagoya, 27, pp [1] IEEE Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems, IEEE Std , [11] H. Akagi, S. Srianthumrong, and Y. Tamai, Comparison in circuit configuration and filtering performance between hybrid and pure shunt active filters, in IEEE Industry Applications Conference 38th IAS Annual Meeting, 23, pp

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