Contents Preface Micro-Doppler Signatures Review, Challenges, and Perspectives Phenomenology of Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures

Transcription

1 Contents Preface xi 1 Micro-Doppler Signatures Review, Challenges, and Perspectives Introduction Review of Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures of Rigid Body Motion Micro-Doppler Signatures of Nonrigid Body Motion Review of Current Micro-Doppler Signature Research Challenges in Radar Micro-Doppler Signature Research Decomposition of Micro-Doppler Features Detection of Anomalous Human Behavior Feature Extraction and Target Identification Based on Micro-Doppler Signatures Perspectives of Micro-Doppler Signature s Research Multistatic Micro-Doppler Signatures Micro-Doppler Signature-Based Target Classification Aural Micro-Doppler Signals for Target Classification Through-the-Wall Micro-Doppler Signatures Polarimetric Micro-Doppler Analysis 17 References 17 2 Phenomenology of Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures Introduction Micro-Doppler Effect Induced by Micro Motion Euler Angles and Rotation Matrices Mathematics of Micro-Doppler Effect How to Analyze Time-Varying Micro-Doppler Shifts Joint Time-Frequency Analysis of Micro-Doppler Signature Doppler Aliasing in Micro-Doppler Signatures PRF Selection Determined by Unambiguous Velocity and Range Illustration of Extracted Micro-Doppler Signature 47 References 49

2 vi Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures: Processing and Applications 3 Analysis of Human Signatures using High-Range Resolution Micro-Doppler Radar Introduction Micro-Range Micro-Doppler Human Radar Signature Analysis Decomposition Algorithm Range-Doppler Feature Extraction Feature Association Expectation Maximization Macro-/Micro-Doppler Separation Decomposition Example Conclusion 65 References 65 4 Range and Micro-Doppler Analysis of Human Motion Using High Resolution Experimental HYCAM Radar Introduction Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar Imaging Application to Human Motion Analysis Some Insights on Human Motion Walking and Running Principle Human Motion Model and Kinematic Analysis Signal Processing Tools for Radar Observation of Human Motion Radar Asset for Human Observation Time-Doppler Analysis Range-Doppler Imaging Range-Doppler Movies Simulation of Human Motion Radar Observation Simulation Configuration Radar Signal Model Model-Based Time-Doppler Imaging Model-Based Range-Doppler Movies High Resolution Range-Doppler Radar HYCAM General Concepts and Architecture Waveform and Processing Experimental Setup and Results Experimental Setup Results on Pedestrian Motions Conclusions and Perspectives 92 References 93 5 Through-the-Wall Micro-Doppler Signatures Introduction Design Considerations for Through-the-Wall Radars Wall Attenuation Wall Reflection Dispersion Time-Frequency Transforms 101

3 Contents vii Short-Time Fourier Transform Continuous Wavelet Transform The Hilbert Huang Transform and Empirical Mode Decomposition Other Time-Frequency Transforms Wall Effects on Micro-Doppler Signatures Constant Phase Offset Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Maximum Detectable Range Micro-Doppler Signals of Targets with a Translational Velocity Walking Humans Animals Micro-Doppler Signals of Stationary Targets Experimental Micro-Doppler of Human Motions Models of Simple Human Motions Micro-Doppler Signal of a Pendulum Comparison of Through-the-Wall Micro-Doppler Signatures versus Non-Through-the-Wall Micro-Doppler Signatures Classification of Micro-Doppler Signatures 129 References Identifying Human Movements Using Micro-Doppler Features Introduction Radar Recognition Human Motion Estimation Chapter Overview The Human Model The Shape and Size of Human Body Parts The Kinematics According to Boulic The Boulic Model Trajectories The Radar Equipment Model The Human Model Spectrogram Trajectories Model-Based Human Motion Estimation Introduction Overview of the Method The Fit Function Results Discussion Conclusions Feature-Based Human Motion Estimation Introduction Overview of the Method Feature Extraction Results Discussion Conclusions 182 References 183

4 viii Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures: Processing and Applications 7 Micro-Doppler Signatures of Helicopter Rotor Blades Introduction Background Background Theory Rotor Blade RCS Measurements on Scale Model Monostatic and Bistatic Helicopter Micro-Doppler DiMuRa System Description Signal Processing Fundamentals Quasi-monostatic Signatures Bistatic Signatures Conclusions 224 References Micro-Doppler Signatures of Small Boats Introduction Characterization and Modeling of Sea Clutter Doppler Spectra Characteristics of Sea Clutter Characterizing Small Boats in Sea Clutter Small Boats in Sea Clutter A Rigid Inflatable Boat in Sea Clutter A Paddled Kayak in Sea Clutter Small Vessels Conclusions 236 References Multistatic Micro-Doppler Signature Processing Introduction Background Bistatic and Multistatic Radar Properties Range Location Range Resolution Detection Performance Doppler The Multistatic Micro-Doppler Signature Multistatic Micro-Doppler Mathematics Multistatic Micro-Doppler Simulation Example Multistatic Micro-Doppler Signatures of Human Motion Gathering Experimental Data Experimental Results and Their Implications Summary and Conclusions 265 Appendix A: Generalized Micro-Doppler Derivation 266 References 269

5 Contents ix 10 Signal Decomposition of Micro-Doppler Signatures Introduction Micro-Doppler Signal Model ISAR Setup Spectral Analysis SAR Setup Inverse Radon Transform Based Micro-Doppler Parameters Estimation The Inverse-Radon Transform Review Parameters Estimation The Micro-Doppler Period Estimation Sparsity Domain of the Micro-Doppler Signal The Micro-Doppler Analysis from a Reduced Data Set Micro-Doppler Effects Separation Based on the L-Statistics Time-Frequency Analysis and the L-Statistics Restoring the High FT Concentration from the STFT Basic Idea for Rigid Body and Micro-Doppler Separation Adaptive Percentage of Missing Values Algorithm for the Micro-Doppler Effects Removal The Micro-Doppler Signature Tracking by Using the Viterbi Algorithm Conclusion 324 References Sonar Micro-Doppler Signatures: Principles and Applications Introduction Micro-Doppler Theory Applications Micro-Doppler Signature Collection at 40 khz Micro-Doppler Signature Collection at 80 khz Conclusions 342 References Radar Micro-Doppler Signature of Wind Turbines Introduction Interactions between Radar and Wind Farms Impacts of Wind Turbines on Existing Weather Radar Operation Radar Cross Section (RCS) of Wind Turbines Micro-Doppler Signatures of Scaled Wind Turbine Model Frequency Domain Measurement Time Domain Measurement 361

6 x Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures: Processing and Applications 12.6 Time-Frequency Analysis of Wind Turbine Micro-Doppler Signatures from Operational Radars Micro-Doppler Signatures from WSR-88D Weather Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures of Wind Turbines from a Mobile X-band Radar Mitigation of Wind Turbine Clutter Summary 378 References 378 Index 383