Passive Optical Components for Optical Fiber Transmission
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1 Passive Optical Components for Optical Fiber Transmission Norio Kashima Artech House Boston London
2 Contents Preface Part I Basic Technologies 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Passive Optical Components Optical-Fiber Transmission Systems History of Fiber Transmission Optical-Fiber Transmission Optical Trunk System Optical Subscriber Loop System Optical Cable Television System Optical LAN System Optical Fiber and Cable Classification of Optical Fiber Fiber Fabrication Method Optical-Fiber Cable Passive Optical Components and Their Application Classification of Passive Optical Components Mathematical Representation of Passive Optical Components Application for Fiber Transmission Requirements for Passive Optical Components 30 References 31 Chapter 2 Characteristics of Optical Fibers Transmission Characteristics of Fibers Basic Equations for Fiber Transmission Characteristics Optical Loss of a Fiber Transmission Characteristics of Single-Mode Fibers Mode Field of Single-Mode Fiber Dispersion of Single-Mode Fiber 42 xiii
3 2.3 Transmission Characteristics of Multimode Fibers Mode Number and Loss Characteristics Modal Dispersion and Baseband Characteristics Mode Conversion Mechanical Characteristics 54 References 55 Chapter 3 Transmission Characteristics of Passive Optical Components Connection Loss Connection Loss in Single-Mode Fibers Connection Loss in Multimode Fibers Mode Conversion by Connection in Multimode Fibers Experimental Investigation of Mode Conversion Theoretical In vestigation of Mode Conversion Influence of Fiber Structure on Connection Loss Loss Properties for Connections in Cascade Modal Noise Caused by Connection Reflection Properties and Influence Reflection Properties of Fusion Splices Reflection Properties of Connectors Low-Reflection Techniques Influence of Reflection 88 References 90 Chapter 4 Measurements for Passive Optical Components Fiber Parameter Measurements Single-Mode Fiber Parameter Measurements Multimode Fiber Parameter Measurements Loss Measurement Cutback and Insertion Methods Backscattering Method Wavelength-Dependent Loss Measurement Baseband Frequency and Chromatic Dispersion Measurement Baseband Frequency Measurement in Multimode Fiber Systems Chromatic Dispersion Measurement in Single-Mode Fiber Systems Reflection Properties Measurement Fiber Endface Quality Measurement Optical Crosstalk Measurement Fault Location and Diagnosis Measurement 120 References 125
4 Part II Simple Connection 129 Chapter 5 Fusion Splicing by Discharge Outline and History of Fusion Splicing Fiber-Cutting and Prefusion Method High-Frequency Discharge With High-Voltage Trigger Method AC Discharge Properties HHT Method Characteristics of High-Frequency Discharge Fiber-Alignment Method Surface Tension Effect Uniform Heating for Mass-Fusion Splice Uniform Heating With Two Pairs of Electrodes Uniform Heating Using High-Frequency Discharge Protection Fusion-Splicing Machine 163 References 164 Chapter 6 Fusion Splicing Using Gas Laser and Flame Fusion Splicing Using Gas Laser Fusion Splicing Using a Flame 169 References 170 Chapter 7 Mechanical and Adhesive-Bonded Splices Outline of Mechanical and Adhesive-Bonded Splices Mechanical Splice Silicon Plastic Glass Other Materials Adhesive-Bonded Splice Plastics Glass Metal 182 References 182 Chapter 8 Optical Connectors Outline of Optical Connector Single-Fiber Connectors Array-Fiber Connectors D-Fiber Connectors Centering Effect Centering Effects in Ferrule-Type Single-Fiber Connectors 199
5 8.5.2 Theory of Connection Loss in Ferrule-Type Single-Mode Connectors Centering Effect in Array-Fiber Connectors 206 References 207 Chapter 9 Fiber Connection of Special Fibers Connection of Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Fusion Splice of PANDA Fibers Connectors and Mechanical Splices of Polarization-Maintaining Fibers Connection of Fluoride Glass Fiber Connection of Erbium-Doped Fiber Taper Splicing Method (Down-Tapering) Up-Tapering Method TEC Method 220 References 221 Part III Component With Function 223 Chapter 10 Optical Coupler and Branch Directional Coupler Scattering Matrix and Classification Coupled-Wave Equation Directional Couplers With a Rectangular Core Examples of Directional Couplers Y-Branch Star Coupler 245 References 250 Chapter 11 Optical Filters WDM Filter Bulk-Type WDM Filter Fiber-Type WDM Filter Waveguide-Type WDM Filter Waveguide-Type N x N WDM Filter OFDM Filter Fabry-Perot Interferometer-Type Filter Mach-Zehnder Interferometer-Type Filter Ring Resonator-Type Filter Band-Rejection Filters and Bragg Reflectors Optical Signal-Processing Filter 284 References 287 Chapter 12 Attenuators, Isolators, and Circulators Optical Attenuators 291
6 12.2 Optical Isolators Optical Circulators Fiber-Type Polarizers 302 References 304 Chapter 13 Optical Mechanical Switch General Aspects of Optical Mechanical Switches Application and Classification of Optical Switches Characteristics of Optical Mechanical Switches X 1 Mechanical Switch (ON/OFF Switch) x Af Mechanical Switch X 2 Fiber-Moving-Type Switch XAT Fiber-Moving-Type Switch X2 Optical-Component-Moving-Type Switch N X M Mechanical Switch (Matrix Switch) N X M Fiber-Moving-Type Switch N X M Optical-Component-Moving-Type Switch 323 References 324 Chapter 14 Future Technology Fiber and Cable Connection Optical Signal Processing and Optical Interconnection Integrated Passive Optical Circuits 330 References 330 About the Author 331 Index 333
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