A NOVEL BUCK-BOOST INVERTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

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1 A NOVE BUCK-BOOST INVERTER FOR PHOTOVOTAIC SYSTEMS iuchen Chang, Zhumin iu, Yaosuo Xue and Zhenhong Guo Dept. of Elec. & Comp. Eng., University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada Phone: (506) , Fax: (506) , ABSTRACT For inverter-based PV systems in grid-connected applications as distributed generators (DG), variable sources often cause wide changes in the inverter input voltage above and below the output ac voltage, thus demanding a buck-boost operation of inverters. Many traditional full-bridge buck inverters, two-stage inverters, single-stage buck-boost inverters either have complex structure or have limited range of input dc voltage. The Authors have proposed and developed an innovative single-phase, single-stage, flyback-based, buck-boost inverter for renewable energy systems, especially for photovoltaic (PV) systems in grid-connected applications. This paper focuses on the analysis of the working principles, computer simulation of the operation, and design consideration of the inverter for grid-connected applications. I. INTRODUCTI For inverter-based PV systems in grid-connected applications as distributed generators (DG), resources often cause wide variations in the input voltage to inverters above and below the output ac voltage. This is particularly true for PV and wind systems. This then demands the buck-boost (i.e., step-down and step-up) operation of inverters. A general structure of the grid-connected PV systems is shown in Figure. market due mainly to its simplicity and electrical isolation, it is gradually replaced by advanced topologies using more silicon and less iron. This leads to the pursuance of compact designs with wide input voltage ranges and improved efficiency. Figure. Buck inverter with a low frequency transformer. Two-stage inverters normally accomplish dc voltage boost in the first stage, and achieve buck dc-ac conversion in the second stage, with a typical highfrequency transformer to accomplish the voltage boost as shown in Figure 3 [Xue, et al., June 004]. Although they can accommodate a wide range of input voltage, the complicated structure makes them costly, particularly for small PV systems. Figure Representation of a single-phase gridconnected PV system. Traditional full-bridge buck inverters as shown in Figure do not have the flexibility of handling a wide range of input dc voltage, and require heavy linefrequency step-up transformers [Xue et al., June 004]. Although this topology currently has the largest market share of the commercial PV system Figure 3. Two-stage inverter with a highfrequency transformer. A single-stage inverter is an inverter with only one stage of conversion for both stepping-up and stepping-down the dc voltage from PV sources and modulating the sinusoidal output current or voltage. Single-stage buck-boost inverters, as presented in Figure 4, have a simple circuit topology and low component count, leading to low cost and high efficiency. Previously available single-stage buck-

2 boost inverters either need more than 4 power switching devices or have a limited range of input dc voltage. Most of them have two symmetrical dc-dc converters operating in the opposite phase angle in order to generate a sinusoidal current waveform feeding to a single-phase grid. For small grid-connected PV systems, inverters should be small, inexpensive and reliable. Further efforts have been directed to innovative inverters and controls. Mode : Charge mode In this mode, switches T and T 4 are turned on and switches T and T 3 are turned off. The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 6 without the consideration of inductor copper loss and semiconductor conduction losses. From an energy point of view, during Mode, inductor is charged to store energy and the output current is provided by the discharge of capacitor C, i.e. i = i c.obviously, i = 0, i = 0 p, and i s = i with parameters defined in Figure 6. The circuit equations of this mode can be described by: di = v s () di f = vc v () dv C c = i (3) Figure 4. A typical single-stage inverter with 4 power switching devices. II. A NEW BUCK-BOOST INVERTER WITH 4 SWITCHING DEVICES The Authors have proposed and developed an innovative single-phase, single-stage, flyback-based, buck-boost inverter for renewable energy conversion systems, especially for photovoltaic (PV) systems in both grid-connected and standalone applications. As shown in Figure 5, this buck-boost inverter has 4 switching devices [Xue, Jan. 004]. Figure 6. Equivalent circuit of the charge mode. Figure 7 sketches the waveforms of these state variables. Figure 7. Waveforms in Modes and. Mode : Positive half cycle (PHC) discharge mode In this mode, switch T 4 is turned off and T 3 is turned on, while T is keeping on and T off. Figure 8 gives the equivalent circuit in this mode. Figure 5. A new buck-boost single-stage inverter with 4 switching devices. The operating principles of this buck-boost inverter can be described by three operation modes.

3 Figure 8. Equivalent circuit of PHC discharge - Mode. In this mode, the dc source is disconnected temporarily from the output, i.e. i = 0, and we have di = v c (4) di f = vc v (5) dv C c = i i (6) Also, 0 i p = i. After inductor is charged in Mode, its current, i, reaches a peak value I ' 0. During the course of Mode, the energy stored in the inductor is transferred to the single-phase grid through a low pass filter f -C, which intends to smooth the output current during the charge mode and discharge mode. Two current conduction modes can be defined here. If the time of Mode is so short that the inductor current is not decreasing to zero when the next charge cycle Mode starts, the current of energy-storage inductor is continuous, and we define this operation the continuous conduction mode (CCM). On the contrary, if the inductor current drops zero in Mode and probably sustains zero for certain time, the operation is defined the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), as illustrated in Figure 7. So far, in the PHC of ac output, the energy is transferred from dc source (i.e. PV) to ac grid through the alternations of Mode and Mode. s Figure 9. Equivalent circuit of NHC discharge - Mode 3. Through a flyback operation, the current of primary side of the coupled inductor drops to zero suddenly and the current of secondary side reaches to the initial current of primary side, if the inductances and turns of both sides of the coupled inductor are identical and there is no magnetic leakage. From Figure 9, we have: i s = 0, i = 0, i p = i and di = v c (7) di f = vc v (8) dv C c = i i (9) The only differences between Mode 3 and Mode are that in Mode 3, the grid is in the negative half cycle and the discharging current has an opposite direction. Then similar arguments regarding energy exchange and transfer in Mode can be also applied to Mode 3. As a result, in the NHC of ac output, the energy is transferred from dc source to ac grid through, and C by the alternations of Mode and Mode 3. In summary, during each switching interval, the energy-storage inductor is charged from a dc source (i.e. PV) and discharged to a grid through a low pass filter. The inductor current can be discontinuous as shown in Figure 0, and continuous as shown in Figure. Mode 3: Negative half cycle (NHC) discharge mode This mode is combined with Mode to provide ac NHC output when switch T is tuned off and T is turned on. The equivalent circuit of Mode 3 is shown in Figure 9.

4 Figure. Simulated waveform of the buckboost inverter under the open loop feedforward compensation control. Figure 0. Buck-boost inverter operation in the discontinuous current mode. The simulation waveforms for the buck-boost inverter subject to a variable dc voltage sources, controlled by an open loop feedforward compensation [Xue et al., 004], are shown in Figure. The current total harmonic distortion (THD) of the 0V grid side is % for a switching frequency of 9.6 khz. The simulation waveforms for the buck-boost inverter subject to a variable dc voltage sources, controlled by a closed-loop sinusoidal PWM modulation [Xue et al., 004], are shown in Figure 3. The current total harmonic distortion (THD) of the 0V grid side is 3.4% for a switching frequency of 9.6 khz. It is noted that the grid voltage has been assumed containing significant harmonic contents. Figure 3. Simulated waveform of the buckboost inverter under the closed loop sinusoidal PWM control. Figure. Buck-boost inverter operation in the continuous current mode. III. A NEW BUCK-BOOST INVERTER WITH 3 SWITCHING DEVICES Based on the buck-boost inverter with 4 switching devices as developed by the Authors for small distributed generators, further improvements have been proposed, which leads to a new buck-boost inverter with 3 switching devices [iu, 004]. This inverter is shown in Figure 4. The simple circuit topology of this invention provides the possibility for a low cost and high efficiency dc-ac converter appropriate for small PV applications. The inverter has a low component count with only 3 power semiconductor switches to accomplish dc-ac conversion.

5 diode D. Figure 5 is the operation waveforms in a positive half cycle. I(Q) I(Q) I() Iout Q Ich+ Ich+ Idisch+ Idisch+ Idisch+ Q D D t0 t Figure 4. Newly proposed buck-boost inverter with 3 switching devices. The inverters can accommodate a wide range of input dc voltage for an improved energy output from variable PV resources. The input source and the output grid are separated based on flyback operation principles. As compared to traditional buck inverters with line-frequency transformers, two-stage buckboost inverters, and other single-stage buck-boost inverters, both the component count, cost and size of the newly proposed buck-boost inverter are reduced, thereby presenting a more reliable and economical design for PV systems and other distributed generators. The two coupled inductors and have the same inductance. Since only one switch is turned on in each operation mode and an inductor is always connected in the charge/discharge circuit, the dead time for preventing two switches from shoot-through can be eliminated. The inverter operation can be divided into charge and discharge operation working in the positive half cycle and in negative half cycle, similar to the buck-boost inverter with 4 switching devices, as presented in the previous section. Figure 5 Operation waveforms in a positive half cycle. Mode 3: Negative half cycle (NHC) discharge mode Mode 3 follows Mode in a negative half cycle of the grid voltage. During Mode 3, switches Q and Q are turned off, and switch Q 3 is turned on. The energy which is stored in the coupled inductor will transfer to the coupled inductor and then discharges to the load through switch Q 3 and diode D 3. Figure 6 is the operation waveforms in a negative half cycle. Assume that the resistance of the switches, diodes, and coupled inductors are negligible; two coupled inductors are perfectly coupled; the inverter works in discontinue current mode (DCM); the averaged current of Mode is the average output current of the inverter and can be expressed as, Mode : Charge mode During Mode, switches Q and Q 3 are turned off, and switch Q is turned on to charge inductor from the dc source through diode D. Capacitor C provides the continuous current for the grid in Mode. The governing equations are the same as in Mode of the 4-switch buck-boost inverter. Mode : Positive half cycle (PHC) discharge mode Mode is the discharge mode in positive half cycle. During Mode, switches Q and Q 3 are turned off, and switch Q is turned on to discharge the energy, which was stored in inductor, to the grid through Figure 6. Operation waveforms on a negative half cycle. = = = T Vdc T I i i (0) Ts 0 TsV grid Ts Vgrid where, I T = V grid, and T S is the switching period.

6 It is assumed that the utility line voltage V grid is expressed as a sinusoidal waveform: V grid = V sin( ωt) () One of the algorithms for sinusoidal PWM is to control the turn-on time of switch Q in proportion to the utility voltage V grid. T = kt sin( ω ) () s t where k is the coefficient factor. Substituting () and () into (0), the ac output current i ac is expressed as, Vdc Tsk iac = sin( ωt) (3) In practical implementation of an inverter control, a sinusoidal reference wave, serving as the modulating signal, is compared with a triangular wave, serving as the carrier signal. The intersection points determine the switching angles and pulse wihs as in Figure 7 [Xue, Jan. 004]. IV. SIMUATI RESUTS OF THE 3- SWITCH BUCK-BOOST INVERTER In designing the parameters of the inverter, a consideration for overall inverter operation under various input voltage is required. Through simulation studies, the required modulation index and operation region under variable dc input voltages are presented in Figure 8. Output Current, Io (Amperes) Maximum Modulation Index Curve x ---- Simulation Data kw Curve Control-to-Output Curves of SPWM Control Vs=300V Vs=50V Vs=90V Vs=50V Vs=37.3V Vs=00V Vs=50V Modulation Index, M Figure 8. Control-to-output curves of SPWM control. ( = H, V = 0V) Figure 7 Sinusoidal pulse-wih modulation. The current ratings of the power semiconductor switches of the 3-switch buck-boost inverter are the same as those of the 4-switch buck-boost inverter presented in the previous section. The voltage stresses of the power semiconductor devices in the charging control circuits are the same for the 4-switch buckboost inverter (T and T4) and for the 3-switch buckboost inverter (Q), and are equal to the V dc +v c, where v c is the capacitor voltage and is in the same order as the grid voltage. The voltage stresses of the power semiconductor devices in the discharging circuits of the 3-switch buck-boost inverter and the 4- switch buck-boost inverter are somewhat different. The blocking diodes in the discharging circuits of the two inverters have the same reverse voltage of V dc +v c. However, the switching devices (IGBTs or MOSFETs) in the discharging circuits of the 3-switch inverter have a reverse voltage of v c, which is twice the reverse voltage of the 4-switch inverter of v c. For a 0V/60Hz single-phase grid, the peak value of v c is in the level of 00V. In summary, the voltage stress of some switching devices of the 3-switch buck-boost inverter is twice that of the 4-swich inverter, but still in the range readily available in commercial IGBT or MOSFET devices. Based on SPWM strategy of Figure 7, the inverter gating signals are shown in Figure 9. The operation of the inverter is simulated for different dc source voltages from 50V to 300V, as if it were from a PV panel. The inverter is designed for a rated power of kw. The grid voltage is fixed at 0V/60Hz. The switching frequency is set at 5 khz, considering a compromise between reducing switching losses and ensuring output current quality. Figures 0-3 present the simulated output current waveforms. Table 3. summarizes the simulation parameters and output current performance. DC voltage Table Summary of simulation results Powe r factor Output current Output power THD (%) 50 V A 44.6W V A 9.W V A 645.W V A 999.6W 4.90 From the figures, it has been seen that the newly proposed flyback single-stage single-phase buckboost inverter can accomplish both buck and boost

7 operation, feeding power to a grid with a reasonable power quality from a widely variable dc source. Figure 9 Gating signals of the 3-device buck-boost inverter. Figure 3. Output current waveform when the dc voltage is 300V. The implementation of the 3-switch buck-boost inverter is still yet to be done. The output current waveforms are to be improved, possibly using a closeloop sinusoidal PWM as presented in [Xue, et al, June 004]. V. CCUSI Figure 0. Output current waveform when the dc voltage is 50V. Figure. Output current waveform when the dc voltage is 00V. Figure. Output current waveform when the dc voltage is 00V. The Authors have proposed an innovative singlephase, single-stage, flyback-based, buck-boost inverter for renewable energy conversion systems, based on a previously developed 4-switch buck-boost inverter. The simple circuit topology of this inverter provides the possibility for a low cost and high efficiency dc-ac converter. The inverters have a low component count with only 3 power semiconductor switches to accomplish dc-ac conversion with a high output power quality. The inverter can accommodate a wide range of input dc voltage for an improved energy output from variable PV resources. The inverter separates the input source from the output grid through a flyback operation. As compared to traditional buck inverters with line-frequency transformers, two-stage buck-boost inverters, and previous single-stage buck-boost inverters, both the cost and size of the newly proposed inverter are reduced, thereby presenting a more reliable and economical design for PV systems. The analysis of the working principles, and computer simulation of the operation for this inverter have proved its feasibility for dc-ac conversion in PV applications. The implementation and tests of the inverter is yet to be done in the future. VI. ACKNOWEDGMENT The authors wish to thank Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for the financial support to this research project. VII. REFERENCES iu, Z., Study Of Single-Phase Single-Stage Buck- Boost Inverters, University of New Brunswick M.Sc. Thesis, Aug. 004.

8 Xue, Y., Study Of Single-Phase Single-Stage Buck- Boost Inverters, University of New Brunswick M.Sc. Thesis, Jan Xue, Y., Chang,., "Closed-oop SPWM Control for Grid-Connected Buck-Boost Inverters, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference 004, Aachen, Germany, Vol. 5, pp , June 004. Xue, Y., Chang,., Baekhj Kjaer, S., Bordonau, J. and Shimizu, T., Topologies of single-phase inverters for small distributed power generators: an overview, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 9, pp , Sept. 004.

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