Introduction p. 1 Review of Radar Principles p. 1 Tracking Radars and the Evolution of Monopulse p. 3 A "Baseline" Monopulse Radar p.

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1 Preface p. xu Introduction p. 1 Review of Radar Principles p. 1 Tracking Radars and the Evolution of Monopulse p. 3 A "Baseline" Monopulse Radar p. 8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Monopulse p. 17 Non-Radar Uses of Monopulse p. 19 References p. 19 Terminology, Definitions, and Notation p. 23 The Meaning of Monopulse p. 24 Apertures and Illumination Functions p. 27 Patterns, Lobes, and Beams p. 28 Sum and Difference Patterns p. 29 Sum and Difference Notation p. 32 "Error" Signals p. 32 Complex Signal Representation and Complex Envelopes p. 33 Elevation, Azimuth, and Traverse p. 38 References p. 45 The Monopulse Output as a Complex Ratio p. 47 General Principles p. 47 Relative Phase of Difference and Sum p. 49 Some Useful Relationships and Formulas p. 50 References p. 52 Components Used in Monopulse p. 53 Antenna Mounts p. 53 Antennas p. 55 Lens Antennas p. 57 Single-Reflector Antennas p. 58 Cassegrain (Double-Reflector) Antennas p. 60 Feeds p. 62 Devices for Forming Sums and Differences p. 66 Hybrid Junctions p. 67 Magic-T Junction p. 67 Hybrid Ring ("Rat-Race") Junction p. 69 Directional Couplers p. 70 Comparators p. 73 Other Methods of Obtaining Monopulse Sum (or Reference) and Differences p. 75 Graphical Symbols p. 77 Proof of Quadrature Phase Relationships in Directional Couplers p. 80 Receivers p. 84 References p. 85

2 Amplitude-Comparison and Phase-Comparison Classification p. 89 Descriptions p. 91 Phase Fronts, Phase Centers, and Related Concepts p. 94 Transmitting Antennas p. 95 Receiving Antennas p. 98 Targets p. 98 An Example: Phase Fronts of a Two-Element Source p. 99 Simplification at Large Distances p. 101 Phase Centers of Array Antennas p. 103 Phase Centers of Reflector Antennas p. 106 Definitions and Further Discussion p. 107 Distinction Based on Relative Phase of Sum and Difference p. 108 Distinction Based on Relative Phase of Illumination Functions p. 112 Distinction Based on Sum and Difference Patterns p. 113 Apparent Conversion of One Class to the Other p. 114 Distinction Based on Other Criteria p. 116 Application to Array Antennas p. 117 An Example of Theoretical Equivalence p. 118 Summary of Amplitude-Comparison and Phase-Comparison Classification p. 124 References p. 126 Optimum Feeds for Amplitude-Comparison Monopulse p. 129 Nature of Optimization p. 129 f/d Ratio p. 131 Effect of Squint Angle in a Four-Horn Feed p. 132 Optimization of Squint Angle p. 135 Comparison With Measured Patterns p. 137 Beacon Operation p. 140 Comparison of Beam Squint Angle and Feed Offset Angle p. 141 Effect of Squint Angle on Normalized Difference Pattern p. 141 Other Feed Configurations p. 143 Summary of Feed Optimization p. 146 References p. 147 Monopulse Processors p. 151 Functions and Properties of Monopulse Processors p. 152 Range Gating p. 155 Angular Coordinates for Monopulse Calibration p. 156 Exact Monopulse Processor p. 157 Processor Using Phases and Linear Amplitudes of s and d p. 159 Processor Using I and Q p. 161 Processor Using Phases and Logarithmic Amplitudes of s and d p. 163 Processor Using "Dot-Product" Detector with AGC p. 165

3 An Approximate "Dot-Product" Detector p. 168 Noncoherent Processor Using Sum and Difference of [upsilon][subscript 1] and [upsilon][subscript 2] Processor Using p. 172 Processor Using log [upsilon][subscript 1] and log [upsilon][subscript 2] p. 177 Processor Using s [plus or minus] jd p. 181 Two-Channel Monopulse Using s + d and s - d p. 186 Phase-Amplitude Monopulse p. 190 Single-Channel Monopulse p. 192 Conopulse p. 194 Summary of Monopulse Processors p. 196 References p. 199 Response to Unresolved Targets p. 201 Review of Monopulse Response to a Point Target p. 204 The Meaning of Unresolved Targets p. 205 Superposition as an Approximation p. 206 The Two-Target Problem p. 207 The Complex Indicated Angle p. 210 Physical Interpretation p. 215 Measurement of the Imaginary Part (Quadrature-Phase Component) p. 216 Effect of Local-Oscillator Frequency p. 218 Detection of Presence of Unresolved Targets p. 218 Mean and Variance of Indicated Angle p. 219 Weighted Mean of Indicated Angle p. 223 Possibility of Determining Angles of Unresolved Targets p. 224 Information Derivable From Real Part p. 231 Removal of Initial Assumptions p. 232 Extensions of Monopulse Techniques and Fundamental Limitations p. 234 Closed-Loop Tracking p. 236 More Than Two Targets p. 237 Non-Independent Targets p. 238 References p. 239 Multipath p. 243 Flat-Earth Specular Multipath Model p. 245 Effect on Detection p. 248 Effect on Closed-Loop Elevation Tracking p. 249 Types of Multipath Remedies p. 254 Beam Pattern Design p. 254 Range or Doppler Resolution p. 255 Smoothing and Averaging p. 259 "Low-E" Modes p. 259 Offset-Null Tracking p. 262

4 Elevation Patterns Having a Symmetrical Ratio p. 263 Double-Null Tracker p. 267 Use of the Complex Indicated Angle p. 269 Independent-Target Methods p. 278 References p. 280 Monopulse in Array Antennas p. 283 Principles of Operation p. 283 Array Coordinates p. 285 Arrays With Space Feeds p. 286 Arrays With Constrained Feeds p. 288 Classification as Amplitude-Comparison or Phase-Comparison p. 291 Special Types of Arrays p. 294 References p. 295 Error Due to Noise p. 297 A Useful Approximate Formula p. 298 Analytical Model of Noise Error p. 299 Bias in Monopulse Ratio p. 302 Exact Solution for Probability Density Function of d/s p. 305 First-Order Approximation to Standard Deviation of d/s p. 307 Higher-Order Approximation to Standard Deviation of d/s p. 311 Conversion From Monopulse-Ratio Error to Angle Error p. 313 Effects of Other Conditions p. 316 "Inexact" Monopulse Processors p. 316 Closed-Loop versus Open-Loop Operation p. 317 Multiple-Pulse Estimates p. 317 Fluctuating Targets p. 318 Summary of Formulas and Practical Considerations p. 322 References p. 326 Special Topics p. 329 Difference and Sum Patterns Having a Ratio Proportional to Angle p. 329 General Properties p. 329 Applications and Implementation p. 330 Derivation of Equations p. 331 Characteristics of the Patterns and Illumination Functions p. 332 Computation of Patterns at Indeterminate Points p. 335 Other Pattern Pairs Having a Constant Monopulse Slope p. 336 Extension to Electronically Steerable Arrays p. 338 The Diagonal Difference Signal p. 339 Units of Angle and Sine Space p. 343 Comparison With Rhodes' Terminology and Classification p. 345 References p. 348

5 List of Symbols p. 349 Index p. 359 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.

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