Switched MEMS Antenna for Handheld Devices
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1 Switched MEMS Antenna for Handheld Devices Marc MOWLÉR, M. Bilal KHALID, Björn LINDMARK and Björn OTTERSTEN Signal Processing Lab, School of Electrical Engineering, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden s: 1. Introduction Abstract: This paper presents the investigation results on the reconfigurable properties of a monopole antenna array. The antenna array comprises of four feed elements and four parasitic elements on a finite ground plane. This antenna is intended to improve the diversity gain for a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communication system. We intend to combat the problem of signal deterioration in handheld devices by the use of reconfigurable antenna. A common communication problem seen in the handheld devices is the change in strength of radio signal when the orientation of the device is changed. Reconfigurable antennas can be used get rid of this nuisance so that what ever be the orientation, the handheld device still gets the best possible signal level. With our presented antenna, we can achieve up to sixteen different configurations depending upon the requirement. The different configurations are controlled with the help of RF switches which are implemented using micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). The reconfigurable antenna was fabricated and tested for its impedance and radiation characteristics and the results were found to be in reasonable agreement with the simulations. Keywords: Antennas; MEMS; MIMO; handheld devices; reconfigurable antennas; switches; correlation; monopoles; parasitic elements With the recent advances in technology, handheld devices are becoming more and more common and their transmission and reception capabilities have become a more critical issue than ever before. Handheld devices are prone to severe signal degradation due to a number of factors such as proximity to a human body and clothing material, proximity to metallic objects like key chains, or attenuation due surrounding vegetation, etcetera [1]. Antennas in mobile devices are designed to operate best given a specific polarization, for example, the mobile phones antennas are designed to provide best performance in the scenario when the user has his head in an upright position and the mobile phone is at a 45 degrees angle relative to the vertical plane. However, if the user tries to use the phone while lying down or having the phone in some other orientation then the phone will not get good reception and the voice quality will degrade. The same is the case with all handheld devices. To eliminate the problem of signal quality loss, we can upgrade to multiple antennas to obtain a MIMO system, but an even better alternative is to use reconfigurable antenna arrays which can dynamically opt for a best possible configuration of the array to provide maximum signal strength to the device. We intend to combine the usefulness of MIMO and reconfigurable arrays to provide an antenna system which can not only provide high gain but also a very directional radiation pattern based on a given scenario. With the help of different configurations we can move between an omni-directional pattern and a narrow 3- db beam width pattern. Many of the concepts discussed in this paper will likely become
2 more practical and cost effective in the near future because of recent advances in the MEMS technology. In our antenna design, we have used an array of monopole elements. Monopole antennas are widely used in wireless communications because of their wide-band characteristics and design simplicity [2] [3]. For these reasons we implement a Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) system using an array of feed and parasitic monopoles. MIMO is a transmission technique which involves the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver to improve communication performance. The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. MIMO technology is very important in wireless communications due to its possibility to offer significant increase in data throughput and link range without the requirement of additional bandwidth or transmit power [4] [5] [6]. This could be achieved by having higher spectral efficiency and link reliability accomplished through diversity of paths [7]. With multiple antennas, the receiver can detect the same signal several times at different positions in space. Hence, when the correlation between received signals in different elements is low, a substantial increase in the capacity can occur. With the help of a reconfigurable antenna, we can attain better diversity and thus increase the throughput of the system [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]. In this paper, we describe a reconfigurable monopole antenna array operating in the 1.73 GHz band. We intend to improve a MIMO system by using reconfigurable antennas. Our main objective is to analyze the improvement in performance by the use of a reconfigurable antenna and to find how much we can gain when using this particular array. Our antenna comprises of four feed and four parasitic elements. The parasitic elements are connected to low-loss RF MEMS switches which can be turned on or off via a computer. The switches will be responsible for making or breaking the connection between the parasitic elements and connected loads. The usage of MEMS switches enables us to have a great amount of flexibility in terms of radiation patterns for an antenna and thus create diversity; this can be especially useful for handheld devices. Our present antenna is a prototype which will be modified in the future depending on how RF MEMS technology works out. The bottleneck in our current system is the unavailability of fast and miniature RF MEMS switches. Currently, we are limited by the MEMS switches available on the market. However, if the MEMS switch technology in the future provides other switches we may also investigate those. Especially, the MEMS technology promises more integrated solutions where the antenna and switch could be manufactured in one piece [13]. Since our antenna is a prototype of a reconfigurable antenna, therefore, we have used monopole elements. In the next step, the monopole array may be scaled down in size by using other antenna types such as patch or PIFA elements. Currently, the objective is to verify the functionality of the MEMS switches in combination with the antenna structure. In addition, we want to investigate and quantize the actual improvement of the overall MIMO system when using our reconfigurable MEMS array compared to using a non-reconfigurable solution. 2. Implementation of the Reconfigurable Antenna 2.1 Monopole Antenna Array We designed an antenna with eight quarter wavelength monopoles placed in a symmetric manner on an aluminium ground plane. Out of these eight elements, four are feed elements and the remaining four are connected to RF MEMS switches [14] to act as parasitic elements. The antenna is tuned to operate in the 1.73 GHz frequency band so that it can be
3 incorporated with the MIMO test-bed at the department's Signal Processing Lab [15] and utilized for capacity improvement measurements. Figure 1: Schematic of the reconfigurable antenna showing the placement of 4 feed elements and 4 parasitic elements. Figure 2: Photograph of the antenna array and switch-control circuit. RF switches are mounted under the metallic ground plane of the antenna. A schematic top view of the antenna can be seen in Fig. 1 along with a photograph showing the antenna connected to its switch control circuitry in Fig. 2. The MEMS switches are mounted under the aluminium ground plane. A close-up of RF MEMS switch and its PCB circuitry can be seen in Fig. 3. The four switches are placed symmetrically and are connected to ground plane instead of a load. So when a switch is turned on, it makes a connection between the parasitic element and the ground plane. When the switch is in off state, the parasitic element does not contribute to the radiation pattern of the antenna. The feed elements are placed on a circle of radius 0.3 λ, where as, the parasitic elements are
4 placed on a circle of radius 0.5 λ. This positioning is done so that the antenna is tuned to 1.73 GHz and we get configurations that are largely uncorrelated to one another. Another important reason to have this configuration is that we need to keep the antenna tuned to the frequency of 1.73 GHz for all the configurations. This is important because our aim is not to make a reconfigurable antenna that can operate in different frequency bands like in [1] [16] but to have an antenna that can provide best reception in a specific frequency band, which in our case is 1.73 GHz. Switch Figure 3: RF MEMS switch embedded in a PCB. Four of these switches control the connection between parasitic elements and the ground plane. 2.2 Switch-Control Unit To control the switches through a computer we designed an additional interface circuitry. This switch-control circuit comprises of a micro-controller and a transistors assembly. The transistors are responsible for supplying +68 volts to the MEMS switches for their operation. Depending on a desired radiation pattern, a user enters a command in a predesigned software. Based on the given command the MEMS switches are turned on or off and in this way, we can switch between different configurations. Light Emitting Diodes (LED s) are placed to signal the working of switches. Communication between microcontroller and computer can take place via either the serial port or the USB port. With our present setup, we are able to switch at the rate of fifty configurations per second. In practice, however, we might only need to switch four to five times per second depending on the rate of change of orientation in a hand-held device. We have analyzed three configurations of the antenna. They are (a) all switches off, that is, no parasitic is grounded; (b) one switch on, that is, only one parasitic is grounded; and (c) two switches on, that is, two parasitics are in contact with the ground plane. By two on switches we mean the two consecutive parasitics, for example, when we will be looking at feed element F1 (see Fig. 1), for configuration (b), we can switch on either of the parasitic P1 or P2 and for configuration (c), we will need to switch on both P1 and P2. 3. Measurements and Simulations Different configurations of reconfigurable antenna were first simulated in CST Microwave Studio [17] and then the results were compared against actual measurements in the lab. Fig. 4 shows the reflection factor for different configurations. The reflection factor is shown for feed element F1 for all three configurations. Since the antenna is symmetric in nature, therefore, we get similar results with other feed elements also. The measured results were obtained using the actual switches with the complete computer interface circuitry.
5 The measured results are in close proximity to the simulated results. The difference between experimental and simulation results could be due to the transmission lines surrounding the MEMS switch and due to the switch itself, which is non-ideal in nature. These factors lead to a slight deviation from the simulated results. From our experimental analysis we see that the reflection loss is -17 db, -21 db and -23 db for configurations (a), (b) and (c), respectively. The bandwidth is obtained to be approximately 250 MHz for all the three cases. From these results we conclude that the antenna is giving a good return loss and is tuned well to operate on the 1.73 GHz center frequency. Figure 4: Measured and simulated reflection factors for the three different configurations. Figure 5: Power radiated by the array in different configurations. Power patterns are shown in the θ = 60 o plane.
6 Fig. 5 shows the radiated power patterns for the monopole antenna in its different configurations. We observe that when all the switches are off, the antenna has an omnidirectional pattern. But when we turn on the switches, we start to get a more directional pattern with a high gain in a given direction. In this way, we can avoid signal fading by switching between different configurations. To investigate the behavior of our antenna in a multipath environment, we calculated the correlation of the E-fields between the three different configurations. Following [18] [19], the correlation between the two configurations for completely random incoming polarization is expressed as Eq. 1: (1) where S(Ω) is the angular distribution. We assume an ideal multipath environment, which corresponds to S(Ω) = 1 for the angular interval of Ω = ΔΘ 360 o and zero otherwise. Fig. 6 shows the correlation plots between different configurations. From these we observe that even though the radiation pattern of feed element F1 does not change much when we move from conf. (b) to conf. (c) but feed element F2 sees a large difference in its radiation pattern and in this way we are able to steer the main beam of the whole antenna. Figure 6: The integrand of Eq.1 representing the correlation for feed element F1 and F2 for the different configurations. E N1 means the e-field of feed F1 for conf. (a), E O1 means the e-field of feed F1 for conf. (b), and E T1 means the e-field of feed F1 for conf. (c); likewise for feed F2. Values are given on a scale of
7 To study the effects of different antenna configurations on channel capacity, we performed measurements to obtain the channel matrix H. With the help of channel matrix H, we are able to describe the properties of wireless channel and based on these we can calculate the Shannon capacity of our MIMO system [20]. Fig. 7 shows the h 11 parameter of H matrix for different configurations of the antenna. We observe that the channel properties change when we switch from one configuration to another. Thus, based on a given scenario we are not only able to increase the gain of our antenna but also optimize channel capacity. 4. Conclusions Figure 7: Channel parameter h 11 for the sixteen different configurations of the antenna. We have presented a reconfigurable monopole antenna and have analyzed it in terms of reflection losses and radiation patterns for different configurations. We have also analyzed the correlation of the different configurations, which may indicate how much diversity could be achieved. We found that the correlations between different configurations were reasonably low, so we may be able to successfully use our antenna array for capacity and throughput enhancement purposes. This was also verified by measurements showing that the different configurations actually give different channel gains. The same concept can be extended to 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands for different GSM and WLAN devices. We are currently analyzing channel matrices, under different Line-of- Sight and Non-Line-of-Sight conditions, to observe the effect on MIMO channel capacity but the fact that we are able to change the radiation pattern and channel gains indicates the possibility of improving the overall MIMO channel. References [1] J.T. Aberle, et al, Reconfigurable Antennas for Portable Wireless Devices, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 45, No. 6, December 2003, pp [2] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, [3] G. Ruvio and Max J. Ammann, A Novel Small Wideband Monopole Antenna, LAPC 2006, April. [4] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, [5] J. Cheng, et al, Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator Antenna for Omni- and Sector Pattern Forming Applications to Wireless Adhoc Networks, IEE Proc.-Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 150, No. 4, August 2003, pp [6] S. Kumar and L. Shafai, Beam Focusing Properties of Circular Monopole Array Antenna on a Finite Ground Plane, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propag. Vol. 53, No. 10, October 2005, pp [7] H. K. Pan, G. Huff, et al, Increasing Channel Capacity on a MIMO System Employing Adaptive Pattern/Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna, IEEE [8] A. Kalis, et al, A Switched Dual Antenna Array for Mobile Computing Networks, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece.
8 [9] S. L. Preston, et al, Base-Station Tracking in Mobile Communications Using a Switched Parasitic Antenna Array, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propag., Vol. 46, No. 6, June 1998, pp [10] N. L. Scott, et al, Diversity Gain from a Single-Port Adaptive Antenna Using Switched Parasitic Elements Illustrated with a Wire and Monopole Prototype,'' IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propag., Vol. 47, No. 6, June 1999, pp [11] R. Vaughan, Switched Parasitic Elements for Antenna Diversity, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propag., Vol. 47, No. 2, February 1999, pp [12] M. D. Migliore, et al, Improving Channel Capacity Using Adaptive MIMO Antennas, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Prop., Vol. 54, No. 11, November 2006, pp [13] S. Braun, J. Oberhammer and G. Stemme, MEMS single-chip microswitch array for re-configuration of telecommunication networks, Proceedings of the European Microwave Conference, Sep 2006, pp [14] TeraVicta Technologies MEMS Switches, [15] P. Zetterberg, WIreless DEvelopment LABoratory (WIDELAB) Equipment Base, Royal Institute of Technology, Tech. Rep., Aug [16] A. C. K. Mak, et al, Reconfigurable Multiband Antenna Designs for Wireless Communication Devices, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propag., Vol. 55, No. 7, July 2007, pp [17] CST Microwave Studio 2006, [18] R. G. Vaughan and J. B. Andersen, Antenna Diversity in Mobile Communications, in IEEE Trans. Veh. Technology, vol. 36, 1987, pp [19] R. E. Collin, Antenna Theory. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1969, ch. 4: The Receiving Antenna. [20] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, 1 st ed., Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp
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