Pure energy green solution for Europe

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1 Pure energy green solution for Europe Didactic and methodical material for Astable multivibrator Astable multivibrator introduction: The Astable Multivibrator is type of cross-coupled transistor switching circuit that has no stable output states as it changes from one state to the other all the time. The astable circuit consists of two switching transistors (T1, T2), a cross-coupled feedback network, and two time delay capacitors (C1, C2), which allows oscillation between the two states with no external triggering to produce the change in state. Astable multivibrators are also known as Free-running Multivibrator as they do not require any additional inputs or external assistance to oscillate. Astable oscillators produce a continuous square wave from its output or outputs, (two outputs no inputs) which can then be used to flash lights or produce a sound in a loudspeaker. The basic transistor circuit for an Astable Multivibrator produces a square wave output from a pair of grounded emitter cross-coupled transistors. Both transistors either NPN or PNP, in the multivibrator are biased for linear operation and are operated as Common Emitter Amplifiers with 100% positive feedback. How does it work? When the circuit is connect to voltage source, both capacitors C1 and C2 start charging and transistors T1 and T2 begin to open. Because real transistors have slightly different parameters due to imperfect production, one of the transistors opens earlier. Assuming the transistor T1 opens before, the capacitor C1 starts to discharge, closing the transistor T2.The capacitor C2 is charging and more opens T1 (positive feedback). When C1 is overcharge to the opposite polarity, the voltage at base of T2 rises and T2 starts to open. This causes the capacitor C1 and C2 to discharge. At this point, the circuit jumps over and at the output (collector of one of the transistors) the opposite voltage level appears.

2 Activity 1 Mounting components to the printed circuit board: Workshop description based on Astable Multivibrator : General instructions before start of all activities: 1. Mount and solder all components based on given scheme to the board. 2. Connect to the power supply. Working instructions: When the power is turned ON consider the flip flop is cleared initially, then the o/p of the inverter will be high. The charging of the capacitor will be done using two resistors R1& R2. When the voltage of the capacitor goes above 2/3 Vcc, then the output of the higher comparator will be High, it changes the control flip flop.so the control flip-flop s Q o/p will be a LOW & Q will be High. So the final o/p of the Inverter is LOW. At the same time the Q1 transistor switches ON and the C1capacitor starts discharging through resistor R2. Main parts: R1, R4 470R R2, R3 39k C1, C2 47µF T1, T2 BC 547 LED1, LED2 Terminal Main parts.

3 Connected material on printed circuit. Astable Multivibrator circuit scheme

4 Printed circuit board

5 Tools and material Soldering iron, rosin (or some kind soldering flux), in soldering wire, cutting pliers, long nose pliers and optionally resistor lead bending jig. If you feel like you need anything else just look around or ask somebody. Assemble process Solder every component on printed circuit board according to the scheme. One component at the time is best choice. Try to put smaller components first and larger one later. Take care of orientation of some components (transistors and LEDs). 1. Bend resistors leads and mount them at PCB and solder them. 2. Mount and solder LEDs 3. Mount and solder capacitors 4. Mount and solder resistors 5. Mount and solder terminals Cut excess leads 7. Make some photos and upload them on Instagram. Don t forget hastags! 8. Connect solar panel with your PCB. Plus cable goes to plus terminal and same thing with minus cable and minus terminal. The students were motivated by working on astable multivibrator mounting actively.

6 Useful professional terminology: Resistor Capacitor BJT Diodes NPN Soldering iron Soldering wire Cutting pliers Long nose pliers Resistor lead bending jig

7 Professional content The applications of Astable multivibrators involve in radio gears to transmit and receive radio signals and in time, Morse code generators and some systems, which require a square wave like analogue integrated circuits and TV broadcasts. Astable multivibrator is usually used: in amateur radio equipment to receive and transmit radio signals, in Morse code generators, timers, and systems that require a square wave, including television broadcasts and analogue circuits It is involved in radio gears to transmit and receive radio signals and in time, Morse code generators and some systems, which require a square wave like analogue integrated circuits and TV broadcasts Their benefits are: easy frequency adjustment easy synchronisation Methodology: A multivibrator is actually used to implement a variety of simple two state systems such as oscillators, timer and flip flops. Astable multivibrator such as regenerative switching circuits are the most commonly used type of relaxation oscillator because, not only is they simple, reliable and case of construction they also produce a constant square wave output waveform. Asatble multivibrator finds its applicants in all types of communication devices or systems such as digital data transmission, RF1D system, FSK generator and pulse modulation. The integration of theory and practical in learning of timer IC 555 using simulation tool is quite important. In the ICT based Technology, it is most important for modern engineers to use and understand the software packages extensively to simulate, analyze, design the behavior of telecommunication, circuit &systems, hardware, software sectors etc. as per the industrial advancement.

8 Didactic principles and approaches: 1. Conscious approach Understanding new concepts and express new ideas in the target language (on the workshop we use English). 2. Activity Constant accumulation of knowledge and active participation of learners in the process of instruction. Through the workshop we used ''learning by doing'' approach. 3. Visuallity This didactic approach was realized in direct and visual modes of semantizing or explaining meanings, i.e. in the demonstration and naming by the teacher of objects, pictures and actions wherefrom the learners infer the meanings of symbols, parts used and tasks to execute. 4. Accessibility Is realized in conformity with teaching strategies to the pupils capacities so that they don t experience uphill difficulties while working with any materials during the lesson. This was executed through presentation in such a way that the pupils have to solve one problem at a time. Innovations and improvements: There were no innovations and improvements like result of this workshop because student execute workshop tasks prepared and guided by teachers. Exchange of knowledge: Workshop was executed by Czech partners. Students worked in groups and exchange their knowledge from different fields since partners students comes with variety of technical background knowledge. Primož Štekar Nova Gorica,

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