Yaesu 8900 Go-Pak Radio

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1 Kaiser Permanente (KP) has dedicated a tremendous amount of resources in their Emergency Preparedness Program. Much of these resources have been dedicated to Amateur Radio equipment and radio rooms at many of the KP facilities and campuses from Inyo County to San Diego County. In terms of providing service during a disaster, KP facilities are some of the best equipped, in the State. In the event that one or more of these well equipped facilities is damaged or becomes unusable during an incident, KP will still have to operate. To that end, the Yaesu 8900 Go-Pak radio was put together. The 8900 is a quad-band radio, which operates on 10 meters, 6 meters, 2 meters and 70 cm. It operates at four power levels, 5 watts, 10 watts, 25 watts, and 50 watts. For the purposes of the Kaiser Permanente Amateur Radio Network (KPARN) our operations band is on 6 meters, with tactical operations on 70 cm. Other stations operate on 2 meters, 1.25 meters, 400 and 800 MHz, to maintain contact with other outside organizations and services, commercial and government entities. The 8900 was paired with a switching power supply and mounted in a chassis box which is open at both ends when assembled. A one foot section of coax connects the radio to an antenna which is mounted on top of the chassis box. The mount consists of RF connectors secured to an electrical box which is bolted to the chassis. The antenna is a Comet UBB-14, tri-band antenna for 6 meters, 2 meters and 70 cm (0dBi, 3.5 dbi and 6.0 dbi, respectively). The radio was programmed with all of the necessary frequencies on the three bands (except 10 meters). Initially, power levels were set at 5 watts. During testing we found that we could break all of the programmed repeaters at that level. Later we thought that 10 watts would provide adequate power for most any location that the Go-Pak was likely to be set up. So, the radio was reprogrammed with the 10 watt power settings. A trip to the home improvement center provided some additional features. A section of 2 inch diameter, black ABS pipe, a nipple, and a threaded clean out plug, provided a home for the disassembled antenna, counterpoise, Allen wrench, extra screws and fuses. It was attached to the chassis with 2 inch conduit clamps. An 8 inch length of nylon strap was bolted to the other side of the chassis, and served as a handle to carry the unit. The antenna mount was marked with a laminated label warning of RF burn hazard while operating. Another laminated label, with the operating frequencies was attached to the face of the power supply. A Nifty-style quick reference guide was attached to the top of the chassis with a key ring, to provide radio operating instructions. The radio is configured to operate on AC power. However since the back of the radio is accessible, it can be easily be reconfigured to be run on battery, or inverter power. If it becomes necessary to operate at power levels higher than ten watts, consideration to mast mounting the antenna should be given. See the section on RF Exposure. The next section will provide photos of the Go-Pak radio. 1 of 1

2 2 of 2

3 RF Exposure (Power Density) Although handheld and mobile radios are exempt from a required station evaluation for RF Exposure, the compact and very portable configuration of the Yaesu 8900 Go-Pak and the Comet UBB-14 antenna warranted investigation. Since the Go-Pak would be deployed for use at locations outside of the radio room, it was felt that answering any questions regarding emissions would be better answered, rather than left to guesswork. During an emergency, there may be no time for investigation, and any guesswork would be foreshadowed by the need to get things done. As you will see, even exempted equipment that is operated at power levels below thresholds requiring evaluation, can produce emissions exceeding established limits, if care is not taken. Not taking the time to evaluate the gear you are going to use during an emergency, may result in the situation where you end up bringing victims to the incident. The following tables reflect the maximum allowable RF exposure for the power and distances indicated. The antenna used with this rig is a Comet UBB-14, a tri-band 6m (0 dbi), 2m (3.5 dbi), 70 cm (6.0 dbi) mobile vertical. This antenna also uses a 43 inch counterpoise attached to the Go-Pak chassis. The antenna is mounted on top of the chassis. The selected distance to the area of interest was set at 3 feet for table top operation. 3 of 3

4 All of the values listed are calculated. If there is the slightest doubt as to the power density present in your particular rig, use an RF field strength meter with a scale that reads in mw/cm² to determine exposure levels. The calculations used in these tables are published as a standard by the ARRL for station evaluation. Measurements were taken with a commercially available Field Strength Meter. Documentation provided with the meter didn t indicate whether or not it was calibrated. However, the measurements obtained were consistent with the table calculations listed here. Ground reflections are included in these tables calculations. 6 Meters / 5 Watts / 0 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE) mw/cm² mw/cm ² feet feet Compliance? Yes Yes 6 Meters / 10 Watts / 0 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE) mw/cm ² mw/cm ² feet feet 6 Meters / 25 Watts / 0 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE) mw/cm ² mw/cm ² feet feet 6 Meters / 50 Watts / 0 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE) mw/cm ² mw/cm ² feet feet 2 Meters / 5 Watts / 3.5 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE) mw/cm² mw/cm² feet feet Compliance? Yes Yes 4 of 4

5 2 Meters / 10 Watts / 3.5 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE) mw/cm ² mw/cm² feet feet 2 Meters / 25 Watts / 3.5 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE) mw/cm ² mw/cm² feet feet 2 Meters / 50 Watts / 3.5 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE) mw/cm² mw/cm² feet feet 70cm / 5 Watts / 6.0 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment feet feet 70cm / 10 Watts / 6.0 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment feet feet 70cm / 25 Watts / 6.0 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment feet feet 70cm / 50 Watts / 6.0 dbi Controlled Environment Uncontrolled Environment 5 of 5

6 feet feet Please note that each table identifies the band of operation, the transmitter power level, and the gain characteristics of the antenna listed at the beginning of this article. The gain characteristics are listed in dbi. If the antenna you intend to use shows the gain in a value other than dbi, other calculations must be performed. Be sure to check the specifications for the antenna that you intend to use. An RF Density calculator is available at ARRL.Org on the RF Exposure page. If you choose to use the ARRL tables or calculators you will need to know the power output at the antenna; the antenna type (gain) and height above ground; and the operating frequency. The levels are listed for two environment categories; Controlled, and Uncontrolled. A controlled environment is one that is known, such as a base station, where the operator is aware of any exposure and has taken steps to minimize it. An uncontrolled environment is one where a station may be set up in an area open to public access, and persons walking by may be unaware that there may be exposure, but are less likely to receive continuous exposure. As a result, RF power density limits are higher for the controlled environments, and the averaging period is longer for uncontrolled environments. The averaging period is 6 minutes for controlled environments and 30 minutes for uncontrolled environments. Exposure to RF energy is averaged over fixed time intervals because the response of the body to heating is different for short duration and long duration exposures. Time-averaging evaluates the total RF exposure over a fixed time interval. Other factors are involved in calculating levels. Duty Cycle is the ratio of the time that the transmitter is transmitting to the total time of the exposure. Duty cycle has a maximum of 100%. In the case of most amateur stations, listening and transmitting times are about equal. So the Transmission or Operating Duty Cycle would be 50%. Duty Factor is the same as Duty Cycle however; it is expressed as a decimal fraction instead of a percentage. In addition to this, the various transmission modes have duty cycles as it relates to PEP and the average power output. FM phone operation is a constant power mode so; the emission duty cycle is 100%. When following the distance data in these tables, station operators can be reasonably certain that RF exposure levels will be maintained at safe levels. Operating at higher power levels and using higher gain antennas, will require mast mounted antennas, to attain required distances for keeping exposure levels within required limits. The minimum distance figures shown have been highlighted in green, yellow, and red. The green distances are obtained with the normal set-up of this Go-Pak configuration. The yellow distances indicate that some care in set-up may be necessary to keep exposures in the acceptable range. And those distances highlighted in red indicate that the antenna should be moved up onto a mast to ensure exposure levels are safe. This Go-Pak configuration has been tested at the lowest power level from inside a structure, and operates satisfactorily at 5 Watts. But, frequency programming completed, included 10 Watt settings in anticipation of deployment in areas with less than optimum conditions for RF 6 of 6

7 propagation. The Yaesu 8900 is a quad band radio. Since the 10 meter band isn t used in the emergency communications network that this particular radio is used, no 10 meter frequencies were programmed. However, there are a number of portable, rotatable dipoles available for use, which would work well with this radio in its role as a portable emergency communications station. A compact mast assembly was built to raise the antenna up to 15 feet. It consists of a metal tripod base, with 4-5 sections of schedule 40 PVC pipe with threaded fittings that are 36 inches long. The disassembled mast stows in a zipper bag like those used by little leaguers to carry their baseball bats. These bags have other pockets to store other goodies, like mounting brackets, parachute cord, ground stakes, guy rings, grounding wire, and coax. If you find that the Schedule 40 PVC ¾ pipe is a little too whippy for your liking, try strengthening the sections with some ¾ hardwood dowel. The dowels easily slip inside the PVC with just enough clearance to be able to glue them inside. Cut them to the length of each section, apply some glue, and slide it in the PVC leaving about 6 of the dowel protruding out of the bottom end of the PVC. The dowel that protrudes will add strength to the threaded connectors of each section. (Note: The line loss used to calculate the average power output at the antenna for the tables was a 1 foot length of RG-58 coax. The additional length of coax required to mast mount the antenna will lower the average power output due to additional line loss.) JB KK6MXP KPARN / ONT 7 of 7

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