64-QAM Communication System using Three-beam Spatial Power Combining Technology

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1 9th AIAA Internatonal Communcatons Satellte Systems Conference (ICSSC-) 8 November - December, Nara, Japan AIAA QAM Communcaton System usng Three-beam Spatal ower Combnng Technology Masayosh Tanaka and Hroyasu Madate College of Industral Technology, Nhon Unversty, Narashno, Chba, 7-87, Japan A satellte communcaton system s presented that features a novel three-beam spatal superposton, whch mproves the usage effcency of frequency resources and energy. The system ncorporates three quadrature phase-shft keyng (QSK) modulators and multple hgh power amplfers (HAs) that operate n the nonlnear regon wth hgh effcency. Ther output sgnals are spatally combned usng a specally talored antenna array to produce a 64-QAM (quadrature ampltude-modulated) sgnal. The valdty of the spatal superposton was verfed expermentally, and the performance of a 64-QAM system usng ths scheme was nvestgated and analyzed. The system had better bt error rate (BER) performance than a conventonal 64-QAM system when operated n the HA nonlnear hgh effcency regon. Although superposton error s nherent to the system, theoretcal transmsson analyss showed that a gan error of db and a phase error of degrees were acceptable. An antenna array system composed of three crcular arrays embedded on multple crcles s presented for reducng the error due to combnng the three beams. Beam pattern analyss showed that the gan and phase errors were satsfed over a +/- degree angle from the normal drecton of the antenna array. An antenna array study demonstrated that the acceptable errors could be attaned wth the proposed crcular array system and that ths range s wde enough to cover satellte communcaton servce areas. Spectral performance analyss showed that the frequency sde-lobe levels were smlar to those of the conventonal system operated n the lnear regon. HA power consumpton was reduced about % compared wth that of the conventonal system. Thus, more effcent RF power amplfcaton of 64-QAM sgnals can be acheved wthout expandng the spectral occupancy. In short, the proposed system s feasble and wll enable broadband transmsson wth more effcent use of energy and bandwdth. a = ampltude of QSK- sgnal Nomenclature A m, = ampltude weght of k th element on m th crcle of array antenna k θ, ϕ F ( θ,ϕ) = antenna array factor n drecton of ( ) f = antenna array element pattern n drecton of ( θ, ϕ) ( θ,ϕ) G ( θ,ϕ) = beam pattern n drecton of ( θ, ϕ) fc κ Km M dc ( t) = center frequency = wave number = number of elements on m th crcle of array antenna = number of crcles n combned crcular array = average power consumpton of HAs n, avr = average nput power of HAs φ = phase of QSK- sgnal [(j=,, 3), j ϕ m,k R m = azmuth locaton of k th element on m th crcle of combned array antenna = m th element radus of crcular array λ = wavelength S, S, S 3 = complex sgnals from QSK modulators, mod-, -, and -3 v n t = HA nstantaneous nput voltage ( ) rofessor, Department of Electrcal and Electronc Eng., --, Izumcho, AIAA Member Graduate student, Department of Electrcal and Electronc Eng., (Kyocera Corporaton at present) Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs Copyrght by Masayosh Tanaka. ublshed by the Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs, Inc., wth permsson.

2 I. Introducton Broadband multmeda wreless communcaton systems are promsng for network access because they provde a broadband system over a wde area more easly and rapdly than wred communcaton systems. If the sgnal frequency band of the system s lmted, M-ary transmsson s effectve. However, the M-ary modulaton scheme s generally much more vulnerable to nonlnear dstorton from power devces than the wdely used quadrature phaseshft keyng (QSK) scheme and s thus neffcent for rado frequency (RF) power amplfcaton. We present a wreless communcaton system featurng a novel 64-quadrature ampltude modulaton (QAM) scheme that uses spatal power combnng nstead of two ampltude-modulated carrers n quadrature. Our group prevously reported spatally superposed M-ary wreless communcaton systems wth multple QSK sgnals that use two-beam power combnng [ ]. We showed that two-beam power combnng enables broadband transmsson wth power consumpton less than that of a conventonal system. A feasblty and relablty study showed that a two-beam power combnng system s feasble and relable [4]. We have now developed a 64-QAM system wth three-beam power combnng that has better bt error rate (BER) performance and lower power consumpton. In secton II, we explan the process for spatal power combnng for a system ncorporatng three QSK (QSK) modulators. Ther output sgnals are fed to power amplfers, where each QSK sgnal s separately power amplfed wth hgh effcency. The amplfed sgnals are then combned n a vector-sum manner wth three beams formed by spatal power combnng to spatally produce a 64-QAM sgnal. In secton III, we dscuss the performance of our superposed 64-QAM system wth three QSK modulators. Analyss of the square-root roll-off fltered sgnal-level dstrbuton of a QSK sgnal and of a conventonal 64- QAM sgnal showed that the ampltude change n the former s less than that n the latter, enablng the power amplfers n the proposed system to operate n the nonlnear regon wth hgher effcency. Evaluaton of the BER and spectrum performance usng an assumed hgh power amplfer (HA) nonlnear model based on actual power amplfer characterstcs demonstrated that nonlnear amplfcaton of QSK sgnals does not regenerate the hgh frequency sde-lobes, so spectral occupancy s substantally reduced, permttng more effcent RF power amplfcaton. We also nvestgate the effect of gan and phase errors nherent to the system and show the allowable errors. In secton IV, we descrbe an antenna system sutable for power combnng. We propose usng a novel antenna array system composed of three crcular arrays embedded on multple crcles that reduces the nherent error when combnng three beams. The system was desgned so that the radator sze and the layout of the elemental radators would be sutable for practcal nstallaton. Analyss of the beam pattern and of the gan and phase dfferences among the three beams showed that a gan error of db and a phase error of degrees are feasble over +/ degrees from the normal drecton of the antenna. Fnally, n secton V, HA power consumpton s summarzed. II. rocess for spatal power combnng A conventonal 64-QAM sgnal waveform s generated usng two quadrature-balanced modulators [6]. A 64-QAM sgnal can also be produced usng three QSK modulators for whch the power levels dffer by 6 db n case of a unform constellaton. The spatal combnng of ther output sgnals s depcted n Fg.. As mentoned above, prevous experments demonstrated the feasblty of spatal superposton wth two beams []. The fltered sgnals from three QSK modulators have a mld envelope, so they are less senstve to the AM-to-AM and AM-to- M (phase modulaton) conversons generated n an HA that follows the modulators and flters. A. System confguraton Our proposed system for producng a 64-QAM sgnal s llustrated n Fg.. It uses superposed modulaton nstead of conventonal ampltude modulaton. The system ncorporates three conventonal offset-qsk (OQSK) modulators (mod-, -, and 3). Ther sgnals are square-root roll-off fltered and fed to power amplfers, where each sgnal s separately power amplfed. The change n the ampltude of the fltered OQSK sgnals s less than that n fltered 64-QAM sgnals, as explaned n Secton III, enablng the amplfers to operate n the nonlnear regon wth hgher effcency and the strct requrements for modulaton wth conventonal 64-QAM systems to be relaxed. Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs

3 Beam- hased Array Antenna HA Beam- HA Beam-3 HA 64QAM sgnal Fg. Spatal superposton of HA output sgnals. S hased Array Antenna ( d, d L d ), 6 S/ OQSK mod- ( ) d,d S OQSK mod- ( ) d 3, d 4 Flter Flter HA HA HA HA S+S+S3 OQSK mod-3 S3 Flter HA HA ( d, d 6 ) Fg. Confguraton of proposed 64-QAM system usng superposed modulaton. 64-QAM sgnal The seral nput data stream ( d, d L d ) s dvded nto three parallel data streams, (, d )(, d, d )(, d d ), 6 d 3 4,. 6 Data transformaton s then performed n front of the modulators for Gray codng. The sgnals output by the modulators are where a, φ,,( =,,3, k =,,3,4, )ω S = a exp 3 S = a exp S = a exp 3 ( jφ, k) exp( jω t) ( jφ, k) exp( jω t) ( jφ ) exp( jω t) 3, k 3 Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs, () k are the ampltude, phase, and carrer angular frequency for each OQSK sgnal. The three output sgnals are then combned n a vector-sum manner nto S= S + S + S3 wth three beams formed by spatal superposton, so there s no nserton loss or reducton n transmtted power. Compared wth nonspatal power combnng usng RF crcutry, whch results n nserton loss and reduced transmsson power [7], spatal power combnng s more effcent.

4 III. erformance of proposed system We analyzed the peak and average powers of a square-root roll-off fltered OQSK sgnal and compared them wth those of a conventonal 64-QAM sgnal. We also evaluated the sgnal constellaton, BER, allowable superposton errors and spectrum performances over a typcal nonlnear channel by usng an assumed HA nonlnear model based on the actual power amplfer characterstcs. A. Sgnal power dstrbuton The ampltude of the modulated sgnal fluctuated after passng through the roll-off flter. As shown n Fg. 3, the change n the conventonal 64-QAM sgnal waveform was larger than those n the QSK and OQSK sgnal waveforms. 64QAM QSK OQSK Fg. 3 Square-root roll-off fltered waveforms of conventonal 64-QAM, QSK, and OQSK sgnals ( roll-off rato =.3). The peak-to-average power rato (AR) was used to qualtatvely evaluate the sgnal fluctuaton. ( t) max ( t) vn AR = () v n Table shows AR values n baseband and RF band. AR values of 6.4, 3.8, and 3. db were respectvely obtaned for the square-root roll-off fltered 64-QAM, QSK, and OQSK sgnals. The lower ampltude change for the OQSK sgnal enables the power amplfers n the proposed system to operate n the nonlnear hgh effcency regon, whch those n a conventonal 64-QAM system cannot do. Table AR of square-root roll-off fltered sgnal levels (roll-off rato =.3). Mod AR (baseband) [db] AR (RF) [db] OQSK QSK QAM B. Nonlnear effect and BER performance We nvestgated the effect of operatng n the nonlnear hgh effcency regon on the sgnal constellaton. Fgure 4 shows the sgnal constellatons of the proposed and conventonal 64-QAM systems at sem-lnear (6-dB output backoff (OBO)) and nonlnear (.-db OBO) HA drvng ponts. The proposed system clearly performed better than the conventonal one at the nonlnear drvng pont and was not affected by the HA nonlnear effect, enablng ts power amplfers to operate n the nonlnear regon wth hgh effcency. 4 Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs

5 Fg. 4 Sgnal constellatons of proposed and conventonal 64-QAM systems at lnear (6-dB OBO) and nonlnear (.-db OBO) HA drvng ponts. We analyzed the BER performance of the proposed and conventonal 64-QAM systems. Fgure plots the BER for the.-db HA OBO pont. The proposed system showed better BER performance than the conventonal one when operated n the HA nonlnear hgh effcency regon. Fgure 6 shows the BER performance of the proposed and conventonal 64-QAM systems when the proposed system operated at the.-db OBO pont, and the conventonal one operated at the.8-db OBO pont. The proposed system operated at the nonlnear regon shows the smlar performance to the conventonal one operated at the sem-lnear pont. E+ E- E- BER E-3 OQSK+OQSK+OQSK QSK+QSK+QSK Conventonal 64QAM E-4 E- Eb/No [db] Fg. BER performance of proposed and conventonal 64-QAM systems at.-db HA OBO pont. Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs

6 E+ E- roposed OQSK+OQSK+OQSK 6QAM Conventonal 6QAM Conventonal (OBO=.[dB]) 6ASK Conventonal 64QAM (OBO=.8[dB]) BER E- E-3 E-4 E- Eb/No [db] Fg. 6 BER performance of proposed and conventonal 64-QAM at.-db and.8-db HA OBO ponts respectvely. C. Allowable superposton error Superposton error s nherent to the system. We nvestgated the allowable gan and phase errors employng a forward error correcton codng (FEC). In ths study, a concatenated codng scheme composed of convolutonal codng (R=/) and Reed-Solomon codng (R-S (8,88)) s used for correctng errors. Fgure 7 shows the BER performance for the gan errors of db and. db, and the phase errors of. degrees and. degrees at the.- db HA OBO pont. Theoretcal transmsson analyss showed that a gan error of db and a phase error of degrees were acceptable..e+.e- h err:+/-7. deg,gan err:+/-.7 db h err:+/-. deg,gan err:+/-. db No superposton error (h err:+/-7. deg, Gan err:+/-.7 db)+fec (h err:+/-. deg,gan err:+/-. db)+fec No superposton error +FEC.E- BER.E-3.E-4 Wthout FEC Wth FEC.E Eb/N [db] Fg. 7 BER performance under gan and phase errors n superposton. 6 Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs

7 D. Spectral performance We also nvestgated the spectral performance of the proposed and conventonal 64-QAM systems at the.-db HA OBO pont. As shown n Fg. 8, the out-of-band spurous levels wth the proposed system were well below those wth the conventonal one when t was operated n the HA nonlnear hgh effcency regon. Fgure 9 shows ther spectral performance when both attaned the same BER of. The operatng pont of the conventonal system was well backed-off from the.-db HA OBO pont (to.8-db OBO), resultng n neffcent RF amplfcaton. Conventonal roposed (OQSK) roposed (QSK) Fg. 8 Spectra of proposed and conventonal 64-QAM systems at.-db HA OBO. Conventonal roposed (OQSK) roposed (QSK) Fg. 9 Spectra of proposed and conventonal 64-QAM systems when each acheved BER of. The envelope varaton of the OQSK sgnal s consderably less than that of the conventonal 64-QAM sgnal, so even after the nonlnear amplfcaton of the OQSK sgnal, ts frequency sde-lobe levels are smlar to those of a conventonal system operatng n the lnear regon. As a result, more effcent RF power amplfcaton s acheved wthout expandng spectral occupancy. 7 Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs

8 IV. Antenna array for spatal superposton As mentoned n the Introducton, we propose usng an antenna array system composed of three crcular arrays embedded on multple crcles to reduce the error nherent n combnng three beams. The array system produces the three beams smultaneously, as llustrated n Fg. (a). The elements for the three beams are alternately located on multple crcles. As a result, the average locatons of the elements concde, as shown n Fg. (b). θ,ϕ F θ,ϕ : The beam pattern of an array s the product of element pattern f ( ) and array factor ( ) G ( θ ϕ) f ( θ, ϕ) F( θ, ϕ), =, (3) where ϕ denotes the azmuth angle, and θ denotes the angle wth respect to the array normal. If the antenna elements are all the same, the gan and phase dfferences among the beams depend on only the array factors. Because the K elements are equally spaced around the crcle s radus, m crcular array wth M crcles s gven as where ( j ) M Km (, ϕ) = Am, k exp{ j[ αm, k κrm cos( ϕ ϕm, k) snθ] } m= k= R, the array factor of Beam- for a m F θ, (4) A m, k exp α and ϕ respectvely denote the complex weght and azmuth locaton of the k th m, k m, k element on the m th crcle, κ = π λ, and λ s the wavelength. The gan and phase dfferences among the three beams depend on the number of crcles, M, the number of elements, K m, the radus, R m, and the weght, A m,k, for the elements, so the dfferences can be controlled by selectng approprate values for M, K m, R m, and A [4] m,k. Element for beam- Element for beam- Element for beam-3 Antenna- d r Antenna- Antenna-3 θ Beam - Beam - Beam -3 (a) Crcular array system (b) Average locatons of beam elements antenna concde Fg. Confguraton of combned crcular array system that produces three beams smultaneously. The dstance between adjacent radators was desgned to be.7λ so that the system would be sutable for practcal nstallaton. Fgure shows the gan and phase patterns of array factor F ( θ,ϕ) for each beam. The gan and phase dfferences among the three beams are shown n Fg.. These results show that a gan error of db and a phase error of degrees are feasble over a +/ degree angle and a +/- degree angle respectvely from the normal drecton of the antenna. Ths range s wde enough to cover satellte communcaton servce areas and that the acceptable errors could be attaned wth the proposed crcular array system. 8 Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs

9 Beam hase [deg] - - Beam- - Gan [db] 3 Beam Fg. Gan and phase patterns of array factor for each beam (upper row: gan; lower row: phase). 8 6 Gan dfference [db] hase Dfference [deg] Fg. Gan and phase dfferences among beams. V. HA power consumpton The HA power consumpton of the proposed system was qualtatvely evaluated on the bass of specfc HA characterstcs and compared wth that of the conventonal system. Fgure 3 plots the assumed HA characterstcs. We evaluated the HA power consumpton, dc, by analyzng the average HA nput power, n, avr (t ), whch depends on the HAs nstantaneous nput sgnal level, 9 Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs vn (t ) :

10 n dc, avr = T T ( t) v ( t) ( t) = f{, ( t) } n avr n dt. () out [db] - - out dc.7. dc (relatve) n [db] Fg. 3 Assumed HA characterstcs. Table summarzes the nput sgnal AR, the requred HA OBO pont, and the HA power consumpton when the same BER ( ) was obtaned wth both systems under the same AWGN condtons, as explaned for Fgs. 6 and 9. The proposed system had a remarkably lower power consumpton wth smlar spectral sde-lobes, ndcatng that power consumpton can be reduced by about % compared wth that of a conventonal system. Table HA power consumpton ( dc ) when both systems obtaned BER of. Mod type AR [db] HA OBO [db] dc (relatve) roposed 64-QAM 3.. Conventonal 64-QAM 6..8 VI. Concluson Our proposed wreless communcaton system features a novel 64-QAM modulaton scheme that spatally superposes three offset quadrature phase-shft keyng (OQSK) beams formed by a combned crcular array system. Experments had already demonstrated the valdty of the spatal superposton. Analyss of ts performance over typcal nonlnear channels showed that the power amplfers n the proposed system can operate n the nonlnear hgh effcency regon. Ths unque system enables effcent power combnng of modulated sgnals separately power-amplfed wth hgh effcency. Investgaton of the bt error rate (BER) performance of the proposed 64-QAM system showed that t s better than that of a conventonal 64-QAM system when the system s operated n the nonlnear hgh effcency regon of ts hgh power amplfers (HAs), Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs

11 Spectral performance analyss showed that the envelope varatons of the OQSK sgnals were consderably less than those of the conventonal 64-QAM sgnals, so even after the nonlnear amplfcaton of the OQSK-modulated RF sgnals, the frequency sde-lobe levels were smlar to those of the conventonal sgnals operated n the lnear regon. As a result, the proposed system acheves more effcent RF power amplfcaton of 64-QAM sgnals wthout expandng the spectral occupancy. Although superposton error s nherent to the system, theoretcal transmsson analyss showed that a gan error of db and a phase error of degrees were acceptable. An antenna array study demonstrated that the acceptable errors could be attaned wth the proposed crcular array system and that ths range s wde enough to cover satellte communcaton servce areas. Qualtatve evaluaton of power consumpton on the bass of specfc HA characterstcs showed that the proposed system has remarkably lower power consumpton and hgher spectral effcency than the conventonal 64- QAM system. In partcular, the power consumpton s about % less. Not only s our system feasble, ts use wll enable broadband transmsson wth effcent use of energy and bandwdth. References M. Tanaka, New satellte communcatons system usng power combned M-ary modulaton technology, AIAA ICSSC, AIAA 3 88, Aprl, 3 M. Tanaka, New M-ary QAM Transmsson ayload System, AIAA ICSSC, AIAA -49, Sept., 3 M. Tanaka and T. Eguch, Spatally Superposed 64-QAM Communcaton System, AIAA ICSSC, AIAA 6-347, June, 6 4 M. Tanaka and T. Eguch, Beam steerng characterstcs and element falure compensaton of spatally superposed M-ary modulaton system, AIAA ICSSC, ICSSC , June, 9 M. Tanaka and H. Madate, Spatally Superposed 6-QAM System wth Two Offset-QSK Sgnals, AIAA ICSSC, AIAA -868, pp. 9, Aug., 6 L.W. Couch, Dgtal and Analog Communcaton Systems, pp. 3, 36, rentce-hall, 7 K. Myauch, S. Sek, and H. Isho, New technque for generatng and detectng multlevel sgnal format, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-4, pp , Feb., 976 Amercan Insttute of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs

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