CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS. M.D. Desai Professor of Instrumentation and Control Engineering Institute of Technology Nirma University Ahmedabad

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2 CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS M.D. Desai Professor of Instrumentation and Control Engineering Institute of Technology Nirma University Ahmedabad New Delhi

3 CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS M.D. Desai 2008 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi

4 Contents Preface xiii 1. Control System Parameters Introduction Accuracy and Mode of Control Closed-loop Control System Components of Control System 3 Questions 3 2. Cams Introduction Components of Cam Types of Cams Types of Follower Classification of Cams According to Constraints Cam Motions Cam Terminology Drawing a Cam Profile Cam as a Mechanical Function Generator D Cam 16 Questions Gears Introduction Types of Gears Spur Gear and Pinion Rack and Pinion Helical Gear Herringbone Gear 22 iii

5 iv Contents Bevel Gear Worm Gear Gears for Load Matching Design of a Gear Train Backlash in Gears Design of a Multi-mesh Gear Train Manufacture of Gears 36 Questions Gyroscope Introduction Gyroscopic Effect Positional References Construction of the Gyroscope Construction of a Horizontal Gyroscope Working and Application of Horizontal Gyroscope Construction and use of a Vertical Gyroscope Precession and Velocity of Precession Generalized Equations of Gyroscope Restrained Gyroscope Applications of Gyroscope 55 Questions Potentiometer Introduction Types of Potentiometers Applications of Potentiometers Selection of Potentiometers 77 Questions Synchros Introduction Synchro Construction and Operation Synchro Characteristic Synchro Application Synchro Pair as an Error Detector 86 Questions Servomotors Introduction DC Servomotors Transfer Function of dc Servomotor Transfer Function of Field Controlled dc Servomotor Armature-controlled dc Servomotor 114

6 7.3 AC Servomotors Construction of ac Servomotors Theory of Operation of Induction Motor Theory of Operation of ac Servomotor Shaded Pole ac Servomotor 130 Questions 132 Contents v 8. Stepper Motors Introduction Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor Variable Reluctance Type Stepper Motors Modified Variable Reluctance Motor Hybrid Stepper Motor Disc Magnet Stepper Motor Applications of Stepper Motors Instrumentation Applications Drive Circuits for Stepper Motors Stepper Motor Controller Logic Sequencer 150 Questions Tachometers Introduction Characteristic Requirements of Tachogenerator DC Tachogenerator Construction of dc Tachogenerator Advantages and Disadvantages EMF Equation of dc Tachogenerator Commutation Problem Armature Reaction Problem Compensating Winding Optimum Design of Tachogenerators AC Tachogenerators AC Induction Tachogenerator Working of ac Induction Tachogenerator Sources of Error for ac Tachogenerator Tachometer Applications Position Control with Velocity Damping Tachometer as an Integrator Characteristics of Tachogenerator 172 Questions 172

7 vi Contents 10. Rotating Amplifiers Introduction Rototrol Generator Regulex Generator Metadyne Generator Rosenberg Generator Amplidyne Generator Principle of Amplidyne Generator Amplidyne as Modified dc Machine Armature Reaction of Second Stage Commutation Multiple Windings of Amplidyne Transfer Function of Amplidyne 189 Questions Magnetic Amplifiers Introduction Series Connected Magnetic Amplifier Series Connected Magnetic Amplifier Waveforms Analysis of Series Connected Magnetic Amplifier Time Constant of Series Connected Magnetic Amplifier Parallel Connected Magnetic Amplifiers Time Constant of Parallel Connected Magnetic Amplifier Magnetic Amplifiers with Feedback Series Connected Magnetic Amplifier with Feedback Time Constant of Parallel Connected Magnetic Amplifier with Feedback 219 Questions Servo Amplifiers Introduction Features of Servo Amplifiers DC Servo Amplifiers AC Amplifiers Performance Characteristics of Electronic Amplifiers Classification of Amplifiers 227 Questions Modulators and Demodulators Introduction Amplitude Modulation Theory Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation Frequency Spectrum of Sinusoidal AM 240

8 13.3 Double-side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) Amplitude Modulation Half Wave Balanced Switching Modulator Full Wave Balanced Modulator Amplitude Modulator Circuit Amplitude Demodulator Circuit Single Balanced Modulator Circuit Ring Modulator Transistorized Chopper Modulator Diode Discriminators 251 Questions 253 Contents vii 14. Relays Introduction Classification of Relays AC and dc Relays Electromechanical and Solid State Relays General Purpose Relays High Speed Relays High Voltage Relays Power Relays Overload Relays Power System Protection Frequency Sensitive Relays Latching Relays Mercury Operated Relay Plunger Relays Miniature Relays Polarized Relays Rotary Relays Radio Frequency Relays Sensitive Relays Snap Action Relays Telephone Relays Time Delay Relays Optoelectronic Relays Vacuum Relays Relay Circuits Construction of the Relay Electromechanical Relay Reed Relays Reed Relay Types Logic Relays Optoelectronic Relay 275

9 viii Contents 14.7 Relay Problems and Remedies Relay Race Actuation and Release Time Characteristics of Electromechanical Relays Dynamic Characteristics of Reed Relays Merits and Design Features of Reed Relays 285 Questions Hydraulic Systems Introduction Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic Systems Operating Pressure for Hydraulic System Components of Hydraulic System Hydraulic Tank Filter Pumps Accumulators Relief Valves Check-valve Needle Valve Classification of Hydraulic Systems Pump-controlled Hydraulic System Valve-controlled Hydraulic System Hydraulic Pumps Axial Piston Pump Radial Piston Pump Ball Pump Gear Pump Vane Pump Control with Pump-controlled Hydraulic System Pump-controlled Hydraulic Motor Performance Characteristics of Hydraulic Pumps Hydraulic Transmission Lines Hydraulic Power Supply Hydraulic Supply Using Relief Valve Hydraulic Relief Valve Hydraulic Supply Using Accumulator and Unloading Valve Constant Pressure Power Supply with Variable Flow Pump Differential Pressure Regulator Pressure Regulator Analysis of Pump-controlled Hydraulic System Transfer Function of Pump-controlled Hydraulic System 315 Questions 315

10 Contents ix 16. Hydraulic Valves Spool Type Valve Two-way Spool Valve Four-way Spool Valve Four-land Four-way Spool Valve Three-land Four-way Spool Valve and Actuator Valve-controlled Hydraulic Feedback Control System Three-way Hydraulic Valve Amplifier Spring Loaded Piston Four-way Hydraulic Valve Amplifiers Underlap and Overlap Problem Nozzle Valve Slide Valve Multistage Valves Flapper Valves Flapper Valve with Bellows Flapper Valve and Spring Loaded Cylinder Pulsed Operation of Control Valves 338 Questions Pneumatic Systems Introduction Pneumatic Power Supply Centrifugal Compressor Axial Flow Compressor Reciprocating Piston Compressor Multistage Compressor Compressor Efficiency Diaphragm Compressor Vane Compressor Helical Compressor Accessories for Air Compressor Intake Filter After Cooler Receiver Tank Pressure Switch Safety Relief Valve Dryers Air Compressor Installation Air Supply System Flow Control 356 Questions 360

11 Control System Components Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : M D Desai Type the URL : Get this ebook

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