LHC Experiments - Trigger, Data-taking and Computing
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1 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 1 LHC Experiments - Trigger, Data-taking and Computing data rates physics signals ATLAS trigger concept LHC computing model
2 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 2 Data rates at the LHC 20 (40) MHz bunch crossing rate; about 35 collisions / xing > ~ 10 9 interactions per second (at L = cm -2 s -1 ) ATLAS: ca electronic channels 1-2 MByte detector data per event (bunch crossing) (including active zero suppression) > ~ Bytes/s raw data (~ 10 billion phone calls ) data taking time per year: 10 7 seconds (~100 efficient days) impossible to store B per year (1 million Petabytes)! > need to reduce data flow by about a factor of 10 6!!
3 The ATLAS Detector at the LHC Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 3 Length: Height: Weight: 44 m 22 m 7000 t 3000 Physicists & Engineers (incl Students) 178 Institutes 38 Nations electronic readout channels 40 MHz collision rate B/s raw data flux
4 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 4 number of active detector channels at ATLAS relevant for MC simulation
5 physics signatures at Tevatron (pp) & LHC (pp) Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 5
6 physics signatures Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 6 as energies of colliding quarks/gluons are unknown: in general, restrict to transverse observables (i.e. wrt. beam axis, where p-conservation holds: particular signatures of almost all interesting processes: - high energetic hadron-jets - high energetic leptons (e, μ, τ) or photons (γ); - missing (transverse) energy (Neutrinos, Neutralinos.); - secondary vertices (b-quark-decays)
7 expected event- and anticipated trigger-rates Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 7
8 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 8 pile-up: trigger-language: more than one p-p collision in one event (in time pile-up) effects through neighboring bunch-crossings at L = cm -2 s -1 about 35 collisions per bunch-crossing Threshold: cut on measured quantity, e.g.: Jet p T > 200 GeV; E T miss > 50 GeV Trigger Rate: rate of selected events (mostly dominated by QCD) pre-scaling: only keep a fraction of selected events (if trigger rates too high) method to keep low thresholds without too large data volume method to study performance of high thresholds no good for discovery of (rare) New Physics signals
9 Evolution of Trigger and Data Acquisition Systems Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 9
10 Trigger-DAQ system performances Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 10
11 ATLAS: data rates and trigger decisions Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 11
12 ATLAS Trigger/DAQ System Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 12 higher level Trigger
13 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 13 ATLAS Level 1 Trigger fast identification of basic signatures of interesting physics decisions based on existence of local trigger-objects for different p T thresholds: muons electromagnetic cluster (perhaps with isolation criteria) narrow particle jets (hadr. τ decays, isolated hadrons) hadronic jets missing transverse energy total scalar transverse energy simple algorithms for fast decisions (~ 2 μs), based on coarse information from: μ-trigger chambers und tower summing calorimeter information algorithms are executed by fast custom made electronics, e.g. FPGA s
14 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 14 ATLAS Level 1 μ Trigger measurement of bending of tracks in magnetic field through three fast μ trigger-stations deviation of track signals from straight-line extrapolation
15 ATLAS Level 1 Trigger (cont.) during LVL1 processing, all data of all detector systems are kept in pipeline memories (close to detector; radiation hard electronics, > 10 7 electron. channels!) LVL1 defines Regions of Interest (RoIs) as input for LVL2 (marks position {η= ln(tan(θ/2), φ} und p T ) LVL1 also identifies and defines individual bunch crossing (difficult as distance is only 25 ns, similar to time-of-flight through detector and much shorter than typical puls lengths measured in calorimeters) adjustment of acceptance criteria, such that reduction from 40 MHz to max. 75 khz is achieved if LVL1 accepts the event, data will be read out and formatted; derandomizer sorts data to events; RODs (read-out drivers): on detector. Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 15
16 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 16 efficiency of ATLAS LVL1 μ trigger
17 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 17 efficiency and rate of ATLAS LVL1 τ trigger (L = cm -2 s -1 )
18 ATLAS trigger processor Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 18
19 ATLAS Level 2 Trigger verification of objects identified by LVL1, and further evaluation of their properties input information: RoIs access to all data in ROBs, however selectively due to RoI informations (ca. 1% of all data) also includes data from other detectors, as e.g. central tracker (SCT, Pixel, TRTs) combination of informations from all detector systems to more specialised trigger-objects > candidates for e, μ, τ, jets, as well as E T miss, E T tot and objects specific for b-physics (secondary vertex, invariant mass). average processing time per event: 10 ms runs on processor farm (1000s of PC s) acceptance rate at LVL2 output: ca. 1 khz Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 19
20 Level 1 objects Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 20 Level 2 objects
21 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 21 ATLAS Event Filter (EF) further specification and assessment of trigger objects usage of offline algorithms and methods; usage of most actual calibration data; usage of field maps of magnetic fields sharpening of selection criteria, e.g. p T, isolation, second. vertices processor farm, similar (or identical) to LVL2 acceptance rate up to few 100 Hz, > writing data to disk/tape with MB/s
22 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 22 ATLAS LVL1 Jet Trigger Efficiency (Oct. 2010) (from offline reconstructed jets) arxiv:
23 Beam spot determined by L2 tracking (Oct. 2010) Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 23 arxiv:
24 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 24 correlation between trigger- and offline event reconstruction Σ E T L1 EF
25 ATLAS High-Level-Trigger (HLT) farm ~ cores in ~1500 boxes (CFS: central file system; UPS: uninterupt. power supplies) Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 25
26 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing ATLAS Level-1 single-object Trigger rates at 7.8 x cm -2 s -1 e/γ; > 18 GeV µ; > 15 GeV τ; > 40 GeV ET; > 40 GeV Jet; >75 GeV 26
27 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 27 ATLAS Trigger output rates at 6.4 x cm -2 s -1
28 ATLAS Trigger: event processing times Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 28 L2 EF
29 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 29
30 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 30
31 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 31 LHC-GRID (WLCG): worldwide networking and distribution of tasks: redundant data storage (Tier-0, -1) generation (Tier-2) and storage (-1, -2) of simulation data (MC) data reduction; calibration (Tier-0) and data bases (-0, -1) processing of analysis jobs (Tier-1, -2,...)
32 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 32 Task distribution raw! data! 1st pass raw data reconstruction at Tier0 and export reconstruction! Reprocessing at Tier1 Event!!!!!!!Summary!!!!!!!!!!!!!Data! Physics analysis at Tier2! processed! data! analysis!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! simulation! analysis!objects! (extracted!by!physics!topic)! Simulation at Tier1/2 interac8ve! physics! analysis!
33 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 33 WLCG Computing Model becomes more flexible and thus uses existing resources more efficiently!
34 Components Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 34
35 Computing infrastructure and operation ATLAS wlcg world-wide computing: ~ 70 sites (including CERN Tier0, 10 Tier-1s, ~ 40 Tier-2 federations) Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 35
36 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 36 Computing infrastructure and operation ATLAS wlcg world-wide computing: ~ 70 sites (including CERN Tier0, 10 Tier-1s, ~ 40 Tier-2 federations)
37 WLCG: installed capacities Normalisation: Intel Xeon E5430 mit 8-core 2666 MHZ, 16 GB Ram: HEPSPEC Tier 0: Tier 2: total Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 37
38 Munich Tier-2 annual upgrades Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 38
39 WLCG total data storage Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 39
40 WLCG: CPU usage Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 40 ~ 650 k cores continuous
41 CERN computing centre Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 41
42 CERN Tier-0 data centre Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS16/17 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V5: Trigger, data taking, computing 42
43 interior of a tape-robot Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 43
44 Physik an höchstenergetischen Beschleunigern WS17/18 TUM S.Bethke, F. Simon V6: Trigger, data taking, computing 44 Literature: ATLAS Detector and Physics Performance Technical Design Report Vol. 1, CERN/LHCC The ATLAS Trigger System Commissioning and Performance, arxiv: Expected Performance of the ATLAS Experiment - Detector, Trigger and Physics. arxiv: [hep-ex] Performance of the ATLAS Trigger System in 2010, Eur.Phys.J. C72 (2012) 1849, arxiv: [hep-ex] The LHC Computing Grid,
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