Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Efficient Photovoltaic Microsatellite Power Supply System

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Efficient Photovoltaic Microsatellite Power Supply System"

Transcription

1 SSC1-III-1 Mximum Powe Point Tcking Techniques fo Efficient Photovoltic Micostellite Powe Supply System Hdi Mlek S Dds, YngQun Chen ECE Dept. of Uth Stte Univesity, Logn, Uth; Hdi.Mlek@enegydynmicslb.com YngQun.Chen@usu.edu Robet But, Jmes Cook Spce Dynmics Lbotoy 1695 N. Resech Pkwy, th Logn, Uth; Robet.But@sdl.usu.edu ABSTRACT Due to limited powe vilbility nd constints imposed on stellite mss, volume, nd vilble e fo photovoltic (PV) pnels, high powe convesion efficiency is n impotnt gol in the design pocess of n electicl powe souce fo micostellites. In this esech, we model, design, nd build photovoltic bsed Electicl Powe System (EPS) fo stellite to ensue the supply of mximum powe nd stble opetion. This ppe pesents the esults of ou MPPT (mximum powe point tcking) esech. We descibe the EPS powe system boundy equiements used in ou esech. We lso descibe the design constints used in ou esech tht e typicl to the micostellite clss missions such s extemely low powe equiements, limited volume, nd miniml, fixed point, pocessing cpbilities. We descibe ou implementtion ppoch bsed on poposed lgoithms such s Intege Ode Extemum Seeking Contol (IO-ESC), nd Fctionl Ode Extemum Seeking Contol (FO-ESC). Compison esults fo the diffeent lgoithms e pesented s implemented in both the model nd on the ctul hdwe. These new MPPT techniques offe highe convesion efficiency eltive to the Petub & Obseve (PO) nd othe techniques conventionlly used in stellite powe supply systems. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Thee hs been ecent incese in emphsis on nnostellites becuse of thei low cost, shot development times, eltive simplicity, nd cost efficiency. Howeve, these smll stellites do hve dwbcks. The smll size of nnostellites esults in vey little sufce e which often tnsltes into theml nd powe constints. These smll stellites often do not hve enough sufce e fo tditionl sol pnels. Fo nnostellites, it is desible to use high efficiency sol powe systems to mximize the powe output fom the vey limited vilble e. The system includes the sol cell, the bttey, nd the powe mngement nd distibution (PMAD). Both SDL nd the Cente fo Self-Ognizing nd Intelligent Systems (CSOIS) fom the ECE deptment of Uth Stte Univesity begn to independently develop MPPT lgoithms nd pplictions. USU s pimy focus hs been t the lgoithm level with stong focus on theoy nd simultion. SDL s pimy focus hs been on nnost implementtion, using the bsic P&O lgoithm. The gol ws to build n EPS fo the PEARL spcecft. In 11, SDL nd USU combined effots to my the lgoithm esech with the hdwe development t SDL. In 1, SDL begn eseching MPPT lgoithms fo use in FPGA bsed designs. SDL looked t Petub nd Obseve, Incementl conductnce, nd voltge monitoing methods. The P&O lgoithm ws initilly selected due to its simplicity. Once SDL nd USU temed, USU suggested using n Extemum Seeking Contol lgoithm s potentil cndidte fo flight pplictions. Two specific vesions of the ESC wee consideed nd the intege ode vesion ws selected fo the fist instntition on the EPS contolle. The pocess of coding the lgoithm nd implementing them in fimwe is somewht time consuming, so the ppoch ws to implement both the P&O lgoithm nd the Intege Ode ESC (IO-ESC) lgoithm into the fimwe. In ddition to the EPS contol hdwe, USU possesses hose powe dynmomete used to test contol lgoithms in el wold envionment. The dynmomete is compute Mlek 1 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

2 contolled such tht lgoithms cn quickly be implemented nd tested vi softwe. The dynmomete ws used to compe the IO-ESC lgoithm nd Fctionl Ode ESC (FO-ESC) lgoithm. The PEARL EPS contolle ws used to compe the P&O nd the IO-ESC lgoithms. Pio to the ctul hdwe testing nd compisons, ech lgoithm ws simulted using MtLb to povide bseline design nd enble extpoltions fo finl esult, not edily chievble in hdwe implementtions. The esech pesented in this ppe discusses multiple lgoithms. The est of this ppe is ognized s follows: In Section II, the photovoltic chcteistics of the sol y e pesented. Section III-V, intoduces, nd discusses the diffeent lgoithms used in the esech. Section VI pesents simultion esult fo the two extemum seeking lgoithms. Sections VII IX e the expeimentl esults nd conclusions. PV CHARACTERISTICS Since PV pnels exhibit non-line Powe-Voltge chcteistic, thei powe output minly depends on the ntue of the connected lod. Beside this nonlineity, the mximum powe of the PV pnel vies by vying envionmentl condition like idition nd tempetue (Figue 1). Mximizing the powe, which is essentil, cn be chieved by eplcing the diect connected PV systems by PV systems hving n intemedite mximum powe point tcke (Figue ). Mny mximum powe point tcking techniques fo photovoltic systems hve been developed to mximize the enegy output nd lots of these e well estblished in the litetues: Open-Cicuit Voltge (OV), Shot- Cicuit Cuent (SC), Fuzzy Logic Contol, Ripple Coeltion Contol (RCC), Cuent Sweep (SC), Petub nd Obseve (P&O) nd etc. 1, These techniques vy in mny spects s: simplicity, convegence speed, digitl o nlogicl implementtion, sensos equied, cost, nd etc. Cuently, the most popul MPPT lgoithm is petub nd obseve (P&O) method, becuse of its blnce between pefomnce nd simplicity. Although this lgoithm benefits fom simplicity, it lcks the speed nd dptbility necessy fo tcking fst tnsients in wethe. A pomising new obust MPPT lgoithm is Extemum Seeking Contol (ESC), which is closely elted to the ipple coeltion contol (RRC) nd P&O methods. It tkes dvntge of the P&O method simplicity nd the obustness nd convegence speed of RRC method. Figue 1- nline behvio of sol ys The ESC method of Kstic 3 offes fst convegence nd good stedy-stte pefomnce with gunteed stbility fo nge of pmetes. Fo the fist time, in this ppe, we will pesent the fixed point implementtion of the intege ode ESC lgoithm. We will lso intoduce fctionl ode ESC contol. Figue -Genel Scheme of Sol Ay with MPPT Mlek 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

3 PERTURB & OBSERVE WITH BATTERY MANAGEMENT The petub nd obseve lgoithm, Figue 3, uses tditionl ppoch of ditheing ound the pek powe point. The sol y input voltge nd cuent is smpled. The cuent powe vlue is comped to the pevious powe vlue. A contol step vlue is then commnded bsed on the powe compison esults nd which side of the powe mximum we e on. The pek powe is mintined by epeting this pocess t the coect fequency to mtch the hdwe dynmics. In ddition to the pek powe tcking cpbility, this implementtion dds multiple step sizes to incese the esponse speed when conditions ou out of bounds of typicl sol y bounds. The lgoithm is lso implemented with bttey mngement contolle since the ultimte end item use is fo spcecft electicl powe systems. This lgoithm benefits fom knowing specifics bout the sol y being ttched, such s the y size, nd configution. Using this infomtion helps limit the numbe pemetions possible with evey dt smple nd limits the cses whee the lgoithm cn be confused. This fetue limits the univesl ppliction of the specific implementtion but since only few numbe of vlues e custom fo ech implementtion they e esily mde pogmmble nd cn be uploded nd modified s necessy. ΔVSAx_V > Eo ΔVSAx_V < -Eo VCTRLx = volts VCTRLx = VCTRLx - Delt Stoe new (k-1) Sttup VCTRLx = x ΔVSAx_V = VSAx_V(k) VSAx_V(k-1) ΔVSAx_P = VSAx_P(k) VSAx_P(k-1) VCTRLx = VCTRLx - Delt Stoe new (k-1) VCTRLx = VCTRLx + Delt1 Stoe new (k-1) VCTRLx = VCTRLx Delt1 Stoe new (k-1) VSAx_I < 5mA Vbt_V > Limit Vbt_I > Limit VSAx_V < 1.5V ΔVSAx_P > Eo1 ΔVSAx_P < -Eo1 VCTRLx = VCTRLx Delt1 Stoe new (k-1) Light on Ay Limit Bttey Voltge by educing lod on y Limit Bttey Cuent by educing lod on y Ay Voltge hs Collpsed VCTRLx = VCTRLx + Delt Stoe new (k-1) ΔVSAx_V > Eo ΔVSAx_V < -Eo VCTRLx = VCTRLx Delt1 Stoe new (k-1) Figue 3-Petub & Obseve Algoithm Flow Digm INTEGER ORDER EXTREMUM SEEKING CONTROL To mximize the PV y powe output, we employ n Intege Ode Extemum Seeking (IOES) scheme 3,5 fo sttic nonline mps, shown in Figue 4. The contol scheme pplies peiodic petubtion sin( t) to the duty tio signl ˆd, which is the cuent estimte of the optimum duty tio d. Assuming the boost DC/DC convete dynmics cn be ppoximted s instntneous 6, the sinusoidl vying duty tio imposes sinusoidl vying input voltge. This voltge psses though the sttic nonlineity f ( dˆ sin( t)), epesenting the PV y s P-V chcteistic cuve, to poduce peiodic powe output p. The high-pss filte s/ ( s h ) then elimintes the DC component of p, nd will be in phse o out of phse with the petubtion signl sin( t) if ˆd is less thn o gete thn d, espectively. This popety is impotnt, becuse when the signl η is multiplied by Mlek 3 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

4 the petubtion signl sin( t), the esulting signl hs DC component tht is gete thn o less thn zeo if ˆd is less thn o gete thn d, espectively. This DC component is then extcted by the low-pss filte / ( s ). Theefoe, the signl cn be l l f thought of s the sensitivity ( ˆ / ) ( d) d nd we my use the gdient updte ˆ f d k( ˆ / ) ( d) d to foce ˆd to convege to d nd contol gol is chieved. contol voltge between the fixed steps thus llowing the ESC lgoithm to incese the efficiencies. The ESC lgoithm implementtion ppoch ws to model the lgoithm in Mtlb / Simulink envionment using floting point mth to vlidte the lgoithm. A second ESC Mtlb / Simulink lgoithm ws ceted using fixed point mth which includes biny ddes, subtctos, multiplies nd divides. The divides e simplified using shift egistes s divide by ^N. The FPGA ESC lgoithm ws consideed completed once the pefomnce of the fixed point nd floting point model outputs mtched. FRACTIONAL ORDER EXTREMUM SEEKING CONTROL In this section, we fist pesent the Fctionl Ode Extemum Seeking Contol (FO-ESC) scheme nd then the stbility of this method is investigted. Figue 4-Block digm of poposed intege ode extemum seeking contol system [1] Fixed Point Extemum Seeking Contol implementtion Implementing the fixed point ESC lgoithm in n FPGA ws vey chllenging due to the chitectue limittions of the FPGA nd suounding subsystems. A floting-point coe ws uled out t the vey beginning of the design phse due to sevel key esons. The fist eson is the desie fo n FPGA design to use miniml powe. Floting point coes tke up significnt mount of el estte within the FPGA. A lge FPGA is equied to implement the floting point coe. Lge FPGA's equie moe sttic nd dynmic powe, theefoe, the floting-point implementtion consumes moe powe. The second eson is tht the input voltges nd cuents e digitized using n A/D convete. The digitized input voltges nd cuents e quntized to xxx mv/bit nd yyy ua/bit. These numbes don't hve infinite esolution. Theefoe, hving floting-point coe doesn t poduce ny moe pecision in the ESC lgoithm thn comped to biny mth. Anothe limiting fcto is the D/A convete used in poviding the contol voltge to the BCR's. The contol voltge hs fixed step size tht contols the mount of cuent the BCR's supply to the bttey. The ESC lgoithm closes the loop by ditheing the contol voltge ound cetin voltge to poduce n vege A. Fctionl Ode Extemum Seeking Contol Scheme A fctionl ode extemum seeking ppoch is pesented in Figue 5. In this ppoch the intege ode integto of IO-ESC is eplced by fctionl ode integto. As we will show lte, this eplcement cn impove the convegence speed of ESC lgoithm. Figue 5-Fctionl Ode Extemum Seeking Contol Scheme Conside genel single input single output (SISO) nonline model x f ( x, u) y h( x) u ( x, ) Assumption 1: Thee exists smooth function n l : such tht Mlek 4 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

5 f ( x, ( x, )) if nd onlyif x l( ) Assumption : Fo ech, the equilibium x l( ) of the system x f ( x, ( x, )) is loclly exponentilly stble with decy nd oveshoot constnts unifom in. Assumption 3: Thee exist ( h l) ( ) ( h l) ( ) Bsed on the Figue 1, we hve such tht x f ( x, ( x, ˆ sin( t))), q D ˆ k, ( y ) sin( t), l y. h l h q whee D is the fctionl ode Reimnn-Liouville integto 8. B. Stbility of Fctionl Ode Extemum Seeking Contol Let us intoduce new coodintes ˆ h l( ) Then, in the time scle system is ewitten s t, the foementioned dx f ( x, ( x, sin( ))) d 1q D K d L L( h( x) h l( ) ) sin( ) d H H ( h( x) h l( )) whee q D ˆ k ˆ D 1q k Fo the stbility nlysis, we need to feeze x in its equilibium vlue x l( sin( )) Then, we hve 1q D K d L L( v( sin( )) ) sin( ) d H H v( sin( )) whee v( sin( )) h l( sin( )) h l( ) Using ssumption 3, one cn esily conclude v(), v() ( h l) ( ), v() ( h l) ( ). w, using the veging method 9, we hve d d 1q D K L L v( sin( ))sin( ) d H H v( sin( )) d Fist, we need to detemine the vege equilibium, e, e, e (,, ) which stisfies e, cte,, 1 e, e v( sin )sin d, e 1, e v( sin ) d Then e, cte,, 1 e, e v( sin )sin d, e 1, e v( sin ) d Mlek 5 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

6 e, By postulting in the fom e, 3 b1 b O( ), we get v() b, 1 1 v() b v () 8 which implies v() 8 v() e, 3 O These esults in ( ). e, v() 3 O( ). 4 Thus, the equilibium of the vege model is v() 3 e, O( ) 8 v() e,. e, v() 3 O( ) 4 The Jcobin mtix t is J., (,, ) e fo the bove system L e, v( sin( ))sin( ) d L H e, v( sin( )) d H Since J is block-lowe-tingul, it cn be concluded tht it will be Huwitz if nd only if e, v( sin( ))sin( ) d (9) So, fom the pevious pts, one cn esily conclude e, v sin( ) sin( ) d Then, we get v() O( ) det( I J ) LK 3 L v () O ( ) H which poves tht J is Huwitz fo sufficiently smll. This, in tun, implies the equilibium of the vege system is exponentilly stble fo sufficiently smll. SIMULATION RESULTS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER EXTREMUM SEEKING CONTROL A. Simultion Results In this section, the IO-ESC nd FO-ESC e simulted nd comped using the PV model 4, boost DC-DC convete, nd Simulink/Mtlb. Since this lgoithm will be pplied to dynmomete, we will be equied to use longe ise times becuse the dynmomete cnnot espond s quickly nd is theefoe limited by the hdwe. The output of the ESC block is used s the input to the convete to tune its duty cycle (Figue 6). Numeicl simultions e done in two cses: without nd with envionmentl noise. The esults e illustted in Figue 7 nd Figue 8. These simultions e done unde the condition T=5 C, G=1 W/m, nd the extemum seeking contol gin is set to k=5. The noise pplied to the model is unifom noise ~U(-.1,.1). It cn be seen tht in both cses, the FO-ESC conveges to the extemum point fste thn the IO-ESC. It should be noticed tht the pplied extemum seeking scheme pefomnce is stisfctoy egdless of whicheve dmissible noise ffects the system. Figue 6-Block digm of poposed fctionl ode extemum seeking contol system. Mlek 6 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

7 Figue 7-Time esponse of the PV Module without noise when fctionl ode ESC is pplied (q=.95). Figue 9-Time esponses of the PV module fo diffeent integtion odes in fctionl ode ESC. To show the effect of the fctionl integtion ode, the diffeent simultion e done fo constnt bity k=15, while q (ode of the fctionl integto) is chnged in ech level. The esults e shown in Figue 9. It cn be obseved tht by educing q, the speed of convegence of the system towd extemum point is incesed. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Figue 8-Time esponse of the PV Module in pesence of noise when fctionl ode ESC is pplied (q=.95). A. Fctionl Hosepowe Dynmomete Since we don t hve the esouces to implement FO- ESC on the FPGA, we hve used nothe test bench to model the nonlineity of the PV pnels nd evlute the FO-ESC lgoithm. This new test bench is the dynmomete. The dynmomete includes DC moto, which is coupled with hysteesis bke, (Figue 11). The nonline behvio of the PV pnels cn be modeled using this hysteesis bek. The bek output toque cn be consideed s output cuent of PV modules. Then the output powe is poduct of this ngul velocity nd the cuent of PV modules. The poposed scheme cn be seen in Figue 1. Without loss of genelity, the DC moto in the dynmomete cn be ppoximted by the following tnsfe function Mlek 7 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

8 Gm 1.5 ( s). 1.1s 1 In this benchmk, we e tying to contol ngul speed of DC moto (which epesent the vege PWM voltge of DC-DC convete) to extct the mximum toque out of the moto, when nonline system, which epesent the PV model, hs been pplied to the bek. In this expeiment, the extemum seeking contol scheme is tested using the Mtlb/Simulink envionment, which uses the WinCon ppliction, to communicte with the Qunse MultiQ3 dt cquisition cd. WinCon is Windows-bsed ppliction tht uns Simulink models in el-time on PC. This bings pid pototyping nd hdwe-in-theloop simultion cpbilities to Simulink models. espectively. It is woth noting tht Simulink utomticlly genetes codes fo Windows tget to dive the dynmomete nd bke vi D/A blocks. It cn be seen tht the poposed ESC scheme cn be esily pplied to the fctionl hosepowe dynmomete s the PV model nd the esults e stisfctoy. Fom the Figue 13 nd Figue 14, it cn be lso noticed tht the convegence speed of FO-ESC is bette thn the IO-ESC which dmits the esults chieved fom numeicl simultion esults in pevious pt. Figue 15 nd Figue 16 illustte tht eduction in the ode of fctionl ode integto cn impove the convegence speed of FO-ESC. Figue 1-Modeling the PV pnel using fctionl hosepowe dynmomete. Figue 1-Simulink model used in the fctionl ode ESC el time expeiments using RTW Windows Tget Figue 11-The fctionl hose powe dynmomete developed t CSOIS 1. The Simulink model used fo the expeiments is shown in Figue 1. This figue shows the hdwe-in-theloop el time simultion models fo intege ode nd fctionl ode extemum seeking scheme, Mlek 8 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

9 Powe(Wtts) Voltge(V) Expeimentl Dt 15 IO ESC FO ESC Time(s) Figue 13-Convegence of PV voltge to extemum point pplying IO-ESC nd FO-ESC (q=.95). Figue 15-Convegence of PV voltge to extemum point pplying diffeent integtion odes in IO- ESC nd FO-ESC. 5 Expeimentl Dt 4 IO ESC FO ESC Time(s) Figue 14-Convegence of PV powe to extemum point pplying IO-ESC nd FO-ESC (q=.95). Figue 16-Convegence of PV powe to extemum point pplying diffeent integtion odes in IO- ESC nd FO-ESC. MPPT TEST CONTROLLER HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS Although the cubest is n idel pltfom fo n MPPT bsed EPS, the cubest design equiements, pose specific chllenges to the implementtion. SDL hs designed n EPS hdwe contolle tht is bselined fo the PEARL cubest. This EPS hdwe contolle ws used s the test bed fo lgoithm testing. The Mlek 9 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

10 following equiements e typicl of cubests nd fom the bsis fo this EPS design. Sol Ay 1 Input Size nd Volume Requiements This EPS design ws specified fo 3U cubest. A single cd is llocted fo bttey chge mngement voltge egultion, nd powe distibution. The bttey is not included in this size lloction. The cd size is less thn 1cm on side. The component height is less thn 11.5 mm on the top nd less thn 3mm on the bottom. The design equies two septe chnnels to ccommodte two septe sol y inputs. Ech input is to implement mximum pek powe tcking to mximize the powe output of the sol y. BCR1 Sol Ay Input BCR 3.3V 5.V Switched Output 1 Switched Output 3.3V Regulted 5.V Regulted Powe Requiements The gol of the MPPT EPS is to mximize powe genetion fom the sol y nd t the sme time, minimize the mount of powe consumed to ccomplish this. The use of ult-low powe components nd high efficiency convetes is equisite. The design equiement is to hndle up to 4 wtts input powe ( wtts pe chnnel). The EPS is equied to be gete thn 9% efficient. The quiescent powe dw (no lod) is equied to be less thn mw. EPS Desciption nd Constints The EPS, s designed, includes two sol y inputs tht feed into septe bttey chge egultos (BCR). The BCRs use buck convete topology implemented with cuent mode DC-DC convete. The two convetes e tied togethe t the output whee they connect to the bttey. The bttey is 3S1P lithiumion bttey ted t.5 Amp-hous. Thee e two switched bttey outputs fo powe distibution long with two egulted powe buses of 3.3 volts nd 5 volts, see Figue 17 nd Figue 18. The MPPT chitectue effectively decouples the sol y fom the bttey nd llows fo much moe flexibility in EPS design thn comped to the Diect Enegy Tnsfe (DET). Voltge nd cuent monitos e plced on ech sol y input, the bttey, nd ech of the outputs. An ult-low powe FPGA is used to implement the lgoithm nd contolle. The low powe FPGA is key component. It llows fo minimum powe dissiption by the EPS nd selected due to highe tolence to dition effects ove othe commecilly vilble components. The low powe simple chitectue foces ll lgoithms to use fixed point intege bsed implementtions. This becomes one of the mjo design constints fo this poject. Figue 17 - EPS Electicl Block Digm Figue 18 - EPS Contolle Cd TEST SET UP Figue 19 shows the test equipment setup. The sol y simulto is used to genete the IV cuve fo the hdwe lgoithm tests. An extenl powe supply is used to povide powe to the EPS when the bttey is not connected. Fo consistency ske, most of the testing is done in this configution. A blocking diode is in seies with the extenl powe supply tht inhibits the powe supply fom sinking cuent. In this mnne, it is not consistent with el bttey, s the bttey will both sink nd souce cuent. A fou chnnel electonic lod is used to pply lods t ech of the fou outputs. The lod cn be vied s equied fo ech test. Finlly, commnd, contol, nd monito compute is povided tht llows the EPS pmetes to be configued nd the telemety dt, coming fom the EPS, to be monitoed. Mlek 1 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

11 Powe (W) -Chn SAS Extenl Powe Supply MPPT Test Setup Bttey Bod.5 Ah GSE Compute Commnd & Monitoing MPPT EPS UART 115kbud 4 Chn Electonic Lod Rmp Testing: This test povides n input whee the Imp nd Isc cuent e vied ccoding to mp function. The pupose of this test is to detemine how well ech lgoithm cn tck constnt te input vition. Souce Pulse (Step) Testing: This test pplies n input whee both Imp nd Isc cuents e stepped in one time incement fom low level to high level nd then bck down to low level. The pupose is to see the lgoithm s esponse to the step function input. This test tells us how fst the system will espond to lge petubtions Figue 19 - MPPT EPS Test Setup Tble 1 is the list of test equipment used in the MPPT testing. Othe components wee used t diffeent stges, including digitl multi-metes nd oscilloscopes, fo specific mesuements. Mnufctue Tble 1 - Test Equipment Model Numbe Desciption Agilent E3631 Tiple Output Powe Supply Agilent E436A Modul SAS Minfme Agilent E436 Sol Ay Simulto Module Agilent E436 Sol Ay Simulto Module Chom 6314 Electonic Lod Minfme Chom 631 Dul Chnnel Lod Module Chom 6317 Dul Chnnel Lod Module Dell M9 Lptop Compute + Monito TEST RESULTS AND COMPARISON OF FIXED POINT ESC AND P&O ALGORITHMS The EPS contol hdwe is designed to povide telemety ove seil link. The seil link is un t 115.kbud which llows fo evey smple pocessed by the lgoithm to be output nd collected fo nlysis. The dt pesented in this section is the full bndwidth unfilteed dt. Evey smple is collected nd displyed. Five diffeent types of tests wee pefomed on the test hdwe using both lgoithms. The tests include the following: Stedy Stte: This test ws 3 second smple in time of the EPS powe output with fixed sol y input. The gol of the test is to detemine how well ech lgoithm tcked the pek powe point with no vitions on the input. Lod Pulse Test: This test mintins stedy stte input but vies the output in step function. The lod is stepped fom vlue less thn the pek powe to vlue gete thn the pek powe. The gol is to detemine how well the contolle cn espond to bupt lod vitions. Sinusoidl Testing: This lst test pplied sinusoidl vying input. Both full sine wve nd hlf sine wve wee used. The gol of this test ws to detemine how well the lgoithms cn espond to time vying input consistent with ctul spce flight movements. Stedy Stte Response Results The sol y simulto is configued to epesent single sting sol y with 7 cells in seies. The open cicuit voltge, Voc, is volts; Vmp is volts; Imx powe is.433 mps; Isc is.453 mps. A 3 second smple is tken fo ech chnnel septely nd then fo both chnnels simultneously. The test is epeted using ech lgoithm to enble side by side compison ESC Stedy Stte Response (CH) Time (S) Figue -ESC Stedy Stte Response Mlek 11 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

12 Powe (W) Powe (W) P&O Stedy Stte Response (CH) Time (S) Figue 1- P&O Stedy Stte Response We looked t fou diffeent metics, see Tble. The fist ws Avege Powe. This is simply the men vlue of ll of the smpled dt. The next e the minimum nd the mximum vlues. These vlues e the minimum ecoded powe vlue nd the mximum ecoded powe vlue espectively deliveed by the sol y. The lst vlue is n vege pek to pek vlue. This pmete veges ll of the positive diection pek powe vlues gete thn the men nd then subtcts the vege of ll of the negtive diection peks less thn the men. The diffeence is the vege pk-pk vlue. It is gphiclly epesented by the ed lines in the plot. Fom the dt it is vey ppent tht the ESC lgoithm is out pefoming the P&O lgoithm in the stedy stte. A summy of the othe chnnels nd configution tested, showed the ESC lgoithm to be bette in ech of the test cses fo the stedy stte. The ESC lgoithm ws much less sensitive to chnnel to chnnel hdwe diffeences. Also the ESC lgoithm did not seem to be ffected by simultneous opetion of both chnnels. The pefomnce styed consistent egdless of which chnnels wee ctive nd when. The P&O lgoithm showed moe sensitivity between the chnnel to chnnel hdwe diffeences. Thee lso ppeed some stuctue in the output plots when both chnnels wee opeting togethe suggesting some sot of chnnel to chnnel intection. Tble -ESC Stedy Stte Powe Metics Metic ESC Vlue P&O Vlue Avege Pek-to-Pek.4 wtts.19 wtts Avege Powe wtts wtts Minimum Powe wtts wtts Output Mximum Powe 7.1 wtts 7.93 wtts Output Dynmic Response Results The est of the testing involves eithe dynmic souce input o dynmic lod. The IO-ESC ws implemented without slope seeking contol. It theefoe is expected to hve some decesed pefomnce in the dynmic envionments. This is discussed futhe in ou conclusions section. The following figues, Figue though Figue 5, show the esponse of the lgoithms to fou diffeent dynmic inputs. In ll cses the lod ws set to be gete thn the mximum vilble sol y input powe. This foces the contolle to lwys ty nd contol to the mximum powe point of the input. Both lgoithm esults e plot togethe to llow fo esy compison of diffeences. Fo the mp test, the y is nominlly set to Pmp = 1.65 wtts (mximum powe point) nd then mped up to Pmp = 8.5 wtts. This is done by vying the sol Imp input cuent fom.1 mps to.5 mps t te of 5m pe ms. Both lgoithms tck the mp but the ESC exhibits stutte t the beginning of the mp Rmp Test - Chnnel 1 (Rte = 5m/ms) ESC P&O Time (S) Figue - Rmp Test (Rte = 5m/ms) The input souce step/pulse test is configued by setting the input to nominl 1.65 wtt pek powe point. The souce is then step vi single commnd to 9.87 wtts pek. The plot shows the speed of the esponse to the step input function. Agin, the P&O demonsttes fste esponse to the ising edge of the step. The flling edge is fo ll pcticl puposes the sme. Both lgoithms equie some finite mount of time to eestblish contol fte the negtive step. We should note hee tht the esponse shown in the plot is combintion of the entie system nd not just the lgoithms themselves. The EPS bod hs Mlek 1 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

13 Powe (W) Powe (W) Powe (W) significnt mount of input cpcitnce tht slows the input ise time Souce Pulse/Step Test (Imp = 1 to 6mA) ESC P&O looking like the step test. A smlle mplitude o lge time peiod would hve been moe ppopite. Eithe wy, the P&O lgoithm tcks the input fily well with the exception of the smll spike on the ising edge simil to tht seen on the pulse test. The flling edge looks eltively clen. The ESC lgoithm sees the sme spike on the ising edge. It lso hs the sme slow esponse poblem on the flling edge s well Sinusoidl input esponse (Imp = +/-5mA) Time (S) Figue 3-Souce Pulse/Step Test. Input steps fom 1mA to 6mA. The next plot shows the esults of the full wve sine input. The sol y input is pogmmed to output.1hz sine wve with Imp vied between ±5m (±4.1 wtts). The entie input is offset by 35m to llow swing between 1mA nd 6mA. Agin, the lod is set to vlue gete thn the mximum input powe level to ensue tht the contolle is lwys tying to dive towds the pek powe point. The P&O lgoithm exhibits vey good esponse to this input nd tcks the sol y input vey pecisely. The ESC lgoithm hs moe touble. On the ising edge, the lgoithm is somewht delyed but still esponsive. On the flling edge, we cn see whee the lgoithm loses contol llowing the y to collpse nd then it ecoves nd epets the scenio until the input stts to ise gin. The hdwe configution is n impotnt fcto in this collpse. When the input powe begins to dop, the net effect is to foce the system to the shot cicuit side of the sol y I-V cuve. If the lgoithm does not espond fst enough to thottle bck the lod seen by the y, then the y voltge will collpse down to the bttey voltge. Once thee, the lgoithm cnnot simply thottle bck to the pek powe but the it must thottle ll of the wy bck to the equivlent voltge cuent vlue on the open cicuit side of the I-V cuve. Once thee it cn begin to mp bck up to the new pek point. You cn see this esponse in the flling edge of the sinusoidl cuve. The hlf wve test shows simil esults s both the full wve sine test nd the input step test. The hlf wve mplitude is the sme s tht used in the step test nd the speed of ise is sufficiently fst tht is close to Time (S) Figue 4- Sinusoidl Input. Imp mplitude = +/- 5mA ove 1 second peiod Hlf Sinewve Input (Amplitude Imp= 6mA) ESC P&O Time (S) Figue 5- Hlf wve sine input. Imp Amplitude = 6mA. The peiod is 1 seconds. CONCLUSION In this ppe, A Petub nd Obseve, IO-ESC, nd FO- ESC lgoithms e biefly intoduced. The poposed extemum seeking contol method with both intege ode nd fctionl ode integtos e simulted using Mtlb/Simulink nd the common PV model fo two diffeent cses; In pesence of envionmentl noise nd without noise. Then, using the fctionl hosepowe dynmomete, expeiments wee done to test both extemum seeking lgoithms, fctionl ode Mlek 13 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

14 nd intege ode. In pllel, IO-ESC nd the P&O lgoithms wee expeimentlly tested using PV y simulto nd the PEARL spcecft electicl powe system s the test bench. Fom the expeimentl esults on the dynmomete benchmks, it cn be decled tht the fctionl ode ESC hs bette pefomnce in compison with intege ode ESC. Also the expeimentl esults on the PV y simulto nd EPS test bench hve been discussed in this ppe. As we cn see in these expeiments, in the stedy stte condition, ESC cn extct moe powe fom PV pnels, hs smlle pekpek powe ipple, nd povides gete immunity fo chnnel to chnnel intefeence in compison with P&O contolle. In the dynmic esponse tests, the P&O lgoithm clely outpefoms the IO-ESC lgoithm s pesently implemented. Becuse of time constints, we wee not ble to implement the slope seeking contol potion of the ESC lgoithm nd compe it to the P&O. Obviously; ESC cnnot follow fst slopes nd cnnot stisfy high dynmic esponse MPPT equiements s we cn see in the expeimentl esults. The ESC lgoithm tends to find the extemum point nd t this point the slope constntly is equl to zeo. When we hve slope which is not zeo, like in the mp condition, we need to dd the mount of this slope to the integto of the ESC lgoithm to foce the system to follow this nonzeo slope insted of following the zeo slope. Implementing slope seeking contol nd impoving the mximum powe point tcking in the mp condition will be the focus of follow on wok ssocited with this poject. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to cknowledge nd thnk the Ai Foce Resech Lbotoy fo poviding the funding fo this esech effot without which it could not hve been possible. We would lso like to thnk the Spce Dynmics Lbotoy nd Uth Stte Univesity fo suppot of time nd othe lbotoy esouces involved in the testing. 3. K. Aiyu nd M. Kstic, Rel Time Optimiztion by Extemum Seeking Contol, Wiley, J. A. Gow, C. D. Mnning Development of photovoltic y model fo use in poweelectonics simultion studies, IEEE Poceedings on Electic Powe Applictions, vol. 146, no., pp. 193-, Mch M. Kstic nd H.H. Wng, Stbility of extemum seeking feedbck fo genel nonline dynmic systems, Automtic, vol. 36, no. 4, pp ,. 6. B. Johnsson, Impoved Models fo DC-DC Convetes, Deptment of Industil Electicl Engineeing nd Automtion, Lund Univesity, S..Mou, A switchecd extemum seeking ppoch to mximum powe point tcking in photovoltic systems, EECS Poject, Apil I. Polubny, Fctionl diffeentil equtions. New Yok: Acdemic Pess, H. K. Khlil, nline systems. Pentice Hll Uppe Sddle Rive, NJ,. 1. Y. Tte, Y.Q. Chen, W. Ren, nd K. Mooe, Fctionl hosepowe dynmomete-a genel pupose hdwe-in-the-loop el-time simultion pltfom fo nonline ontol esech nd eduction, Poc. 45th IEEE Confeence on Decision nd Contol, Sn Diego, 6, pp Refeences 1. S.L. Bunton, C.W. Rowley, S. R. Kulkni, C. Clkson, Mximum powe point tcking fo photovoltic optimiztion using Ripple-Bsed extemum seeking, IEEE Tnsctions On Powe Electonics, Vol. 5, pp , 1.. T. Esm nd P. L. Chpmn, Compison of photovoltic y mximum powe point tcking techniques, IEEE Tnsctions On Enegy Convesion, vol., pp , 7. Mlek 14 6 th Annul AIAA/USU Confeence on Smll Stellites

Back EMF Design of an AFPM Motor using PCB Winding by Quasi 3D Space Harmonic Analysis Method

Back EMF Design of an AFPM Motor using PCB Winding by Quasi 3D Space Harmonic Analysis Method 73 Jounl of Electicl Engineeing & Technology Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 73~735, 1 http://dx.doi.og/37/jeet.1.7.5.73 Bck EMF Design of n AFPM Moto using PCB Winding by Qusi 3D Spce Hmonic Anlysis Method De-Kyu

More information

usense: A Unified Asymmetric Sensing Coverage Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks

usense: A Unified Asymmetric Sensing Coverage Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks usense: A Unified Asymmetic Sensing Covege Achitectue fo Wieless Senso Netwoks Yu Gu, Joengmin Hwng, Tin He, Dvid Hung-Chng Du {yugu,jhwng,tinhe,du}@cs.umn.edu Deptment of Compute Science nd Engineeing,

More information

Control of an Actuator DC Energy-saving Dedicated to the Electric Traction

Control of an Actuator DC Energy-saving Dedicated to the Electric Traction Intentionl Jounl of Compute Applictions (975 8887) Volume 54 No., Septembe Contol of n Actuto DC Enegy-sving Dedicted to the Electic Tction Moez Hdj Kcem Lbotoy of Electonic nd Infomtion Technology (LETI-Sfx)

More information

Sliding Mode Control for Half-Wave Zero Current Switching Quasi-Resonant Buck Converter

Sliding Mode Control for Half-Wave Zero Current Switching Quasi-Resonant Buck Converter Sliding Mode Contol fo Half-Wave Zeo Cuent Switching Quasi-Resonant Buck Convete M. Ahmed, Student membe, IEEE, M. Kuisma, P. Silventoinen Abstact This pape focuses on the pactical implementation of sliding

More information

where and are polynomials with real coefficients and of degrees m and n, respectively. Assume that and have no zero on axis.

where and are polynomials with real coefficients and of degrees m and n, respectively. Assume that and have no zero on axis. function whee is an unknown constant epesents fo the un-modeled dynamics The pape investigates the position contol of electical moto dives that can be configued as stuctue of Fig 1 This poblem is fomulated

More information

A New Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter of High Efficiency by Soft Switching Technique

A New Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter of High Efficiency by Soft Switching Technique A New Buck-Boost D/D onvete of High Efficiency by Soft Switching Technique Dong-Kul Kwak, Seung-Ho Lee, and Do-Young Jung Pofessional Gaduate School of Disaste Pevention, Kangwon National Univesity, 45-711,

More information

DC electrical circuits

DC electrical circuits D elecicl cicuis hpe 8 lecomoive Foce Poenil Diffeences esisos in pllel nd seies icuis wih pcios Beies nd Geneos uen is poduced y pplying poenil diffeence coss conduco (V/). This poenil diffeence is se

More information

An Efficient Control Approach for DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter

An Efficient Control Approach for DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter 2016 Published in 4th Intenational Symposium on Innovative Technologies in Engineeing and Science 3-5 Novembe 2016 (ISITES2016 Alanya/Antalya - Tukey) An Efficient Contol Appoach fo DC-DC Buck-Boost Convete

More information

N2-1. The Voltage Source. V = ε ri. The Current Source

N2-1. The Voltage Source. V = ε ri. The Current Source DC Cicuit nalysis The simplest cicuits to undestand and analyze ae those that cay diect cuent (DC). n this note we continue ou study of DC cicuits with the topics of DC voltage and cuent souces, the idea

More information

Analysis and Implementation of LLC Burst Mode for Light Load Efficiency Improvement

Analysis and Implementation of LLC Burst Mode for Light Load Efficiency Improvement Analysis and Implementation of LLC Bust Mode fo Light Load Efficiency Impovement Bin Wang, Xiaoni Xin, Stone Wu, Hongyang Wu, Jianping Ying Delta Powe Electonics Cente 238 Minxia Road, Caolu Industy Zone,

More information

(CATALYST GROUP) B"sic Electric"l Engineering

(CATALYST GROUP) Bsic Electricl Engineering (CATALYST GROUP) B"sic Electric"l Engineering 1. Kirchhoff s current l"w st"tes th"t (") net current flow "t the junction is positive (b) Hebr"ic sum of the currents meeting "t the junction is zero (c)

More information

Design of an LLC Resonant Converter Using Genetic Algorithm

Design of an LLC Resonant Converter Using Genetic Algorithm Design of an LLC Resonant Convete Using Genetic Algoithm H. H. Nien, C. K. Huang, S. K. Changchien, C. H Chan Dept. of Electical Engineeing, Chienkuo Technology Univesity E-mail: nien@ctu.edu.tw Dept,

More information

The Periodic Ambiguity Function Its Validity and Value

The Periodic Ambiguity Function Its Validity and Value The Peiodic Ambiguity Function Its Validity and Value Nadav Levanon Dept. of Electical Engineeing Systems Tel Aviv Univesity Tel Aviv, Isael nadav@eng.tau.ac.il Abstact The peiodic ambiguity function (PAF)

More information

Optimal Design of Smart Mobile Terminal Antennas for Wireless Communication and Computing Systems

Optimal Design of Smart Mobile Terminal Antennas for Wireless Communication and Computing Systems Optimal Design of Smat Mobile Teminal Antennas fo Wieless Communication and Computing Systems Autho Lu, Junwei, Yang, Shiyou Published 2007 Confeence Title 2007 4th Intenational Symposium on Electomagnetic

More information

Experiment 3: Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers

Experiment 3: Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers Experiment 3: Non-Idel Opertionl Amplifiers Fll 2009 Equivlent Circuits The bsic ssumptions for n idel opertionl mplifier re n infinite differentil gin ( d ), n infinite input resistnce (R i ), zero output

More information

(2) The resonant inductor current i Lr can be defined as, II. PROPOSED CONVERTER

(2) The resonant inductor current i Lr can be defined as, II. PROPOSED CONVERTER A High Powe Density Soft Switching Bidiectional Convete Using Unified Resonant Cicuit Ratil H Ashique, Zainal Salam, Mohd Junaidi Abdul Aziz Depatment of Electical Engineeing, Univesity Technology Malaysia,

More information

ECEN326: Electronic Circuits Fall 2017

ECEN326: Electronic Circuits Fall 2017 ECEN36: Electonic Cicuits Fall 07 Lectue 4: Cascode Stages and Cuent Mios Sam Palemo Analog & Mixed-Signal Cente Texas A&M Univesity Announcements HW3 due 0/4 Exam 0/9 9:0-0:0 (0 exta minutes) Closed book

More information

ISSN: [Reddy & Rao* et al., 5(12): December, 2016] Impact Factor: 4.116

ISSN: [Reddy & Rao* et al., 5(12): December, 2016] Impact Factor: 4.116 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY SIMULATION COMPARISONS OF INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE WITH ESTIMATOR AND PLL V. Nasi Reddy *, S. Kishnajuna Rao*, S.Nagenda Kuma * Assistant

More information

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications THE UNIESITY OF NEW SOUTH WAES School of Electical Engineeing & Telecommunications EE97 POWE EETONIS FO ENEWABE AND DISTIBUTED GENEATION EXAMINATION Session (Supplementay Exam) TIME AOWED: 3 hous TOTA

More information

Experiment 3: Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers

Experiment 3: Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers Experiment 3: Non-Idel Opertionl Amplifiers 9/11/06 Equivlent Circuits The bsic ssumptions for n idel opertionl mplifier re n infinite differentil gin ( d ), n infinite input resistnce (R i ), zero output

More information

Exercise 1-1. The Sine Wave EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Relationship between a rotating phasor and a sine wave DISCUSSION

Exercise 1-1. The Sine Wave EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Relationship between a rotating phasor and a sine wave DISCUSSION Exercise 1-1 The Sine Wve EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you hve completed this exercise, you will be fmilir with the notion of sine wve nd how it cn be expressed s phsor rotting round the center of circle. You

More information

Low-Complexity Time-Domain SNR Estimation for OFDM Systems

Low-Complexity Time-Domain SNR Estimation for OFDM Systems Low-Complexity Time-Domain SR Estimation fo OFDM Systems A. jaz, A.B. Awoseyila and B.G. Evans A low-complexity SR estimation algoithm fo OFDM systems in fequency-selective fading channels is poposed.

More information

Application Note. Differential Amplifier

Application Note. Differential Amplifier Appliction Note AN367 Differentil Amplifier Author: Dve n Ess Associted Project: Yes Associted Prt Fmily: CY8C9x66, CY8C7x43, CY8C4x3A PSoC Designer ersion: 4. SP3 Abstrct For mny sensing pplictions, desirble

More information

Chapter 3. Development of UWB GPR antennas

Chapter 3. Development of UWB GPR antennas Chpte 3. Development of UWB GPR ntenns 3.1. Intoduction Antenns my be the most citicl point in n impulse GPR system, hving diect influence on its system pefomnce. The ntenns hve to be specilly designed

More information

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE STUDY

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE STUDY CHAPTER LITERATURE STUDY. Introduction Multipliction involves two bsic opertions: the genertion of the prtil products nd their ccumultion. Therefore, there re two possible wys to speed up the multipliction:

More information

Fuzzy Logic Controller for Three Phase PWM AC-DC Converter

Fuzzy Logic Controller for Three Phase PWM AC-DC Converter Journl of Electrotechnology, Electricl Engineering nd Mngement (2017) Vol. 1, Number 1 Clusius Scientific Press, Cnd Fuzzy Logic Controller for Three Phse PWM AC-DC Converter Min Muhmmd Kml1,, Husn Ali2,b

More information

Design of FIR Filter using Filter Response Masking Technique

Design of FIR Filter using Filter Response Masking Technique Design of FIR Filte using Filte Response Masking Technique Sandeep Shivastava, Alok Jain, Ram Kuma Soni Abstact- In this pape autho is tying to implement Fequency esponse masking (FRM) technique. In this

More information

Efficient Power Control for Broadcast in Wireless Communication Systems

Efficient Power Control for Broadcast in Wireless Communication Systems Efficient Powe Contol fo Boadcast in Wieless Communication Systems A. T. Chonopoulos Compute Science Depatment Univesity of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX Email:atc@cs.utsa.edu P. Cotae Depatment

More information

Discussion #7 Example Problem This problem illustrates how Fourier series are helpful tools for analyzing electronic circuits. Often in electronic

Discussion #7 Example Problem This problem illustrates how Fourier series are helpful tools for analyzing electronic circuits. Often in electronic Discussion #7 Example Poblem This poblem illustates how Fouie seies ae helpful tools fo analyzing electonic cicuits. Often in electonic cicuits we need sinusoids of vaious fequencies But we may aleady

More information

Understanding Basic Analog Ideal Op Amps

Understanding Basic Analog Ideal Op Amps Appliction Report SLAA068A - April 2000 Understnding Bsic Anlog Idel Op Amps Ron Mncini Mixed Signl Products ABSTRACT This ppliction report develops the equtions for the idel opertionl mplifier (op mp).

More information

Digital Simulation of FM-ZCS-Quasi Resonant Converter Fed DD Servo Drive Using Matlab Simulink

Digital Simulation of FM-ZCS-Quasi Resonant Converter Fed DD Servo Drive Using Matlab Simulink SERBIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 6, No. 2, Novembe 2009, 227-237 UDK: 621.314.1:621.376 Digital Simulation of FM-ZCS-Quasi Resonant Convete Fed DD Sevo Dive Using Matlab Simulink Kattamui

More information

Missile Guidance Using Dual-Mode Seeker

Missile Guidance Using Dual-Mode Seeker Jounl of Emeging Tends in Engineeing nd Applied Sciences JETEAS 4: 66-64 Schollink Resech Institute Jounls, ISSN: 4-76 jetes.schollinkesech.og Jounl of Emeging Tends in Engineeing nd Applied Sciences JETEAS

More information

1 Performance and Cost

1 Performance and Cost Pefomance and Cost Analysis and Reseach of Ai-Cooled Using Small Diamete Coppe Tubes Wu Yang, Li Changsheng and Deng Bin Abstact Replacing coppe tubes with aluminum tubes and using coppe tubes with smalle

More information

Development of Corona Ozonizer Using High Voltage Controlling of Produce Ozone Gas for Cleaning in Cage

Development of Corona Ozonizer Using High Voltage Controlling of Produce Ozone Gas for Cleaning in Cage Moden Envionmental Science and Engineeing (ISSN 333-58) July 07, Volume 3, No. 7, pp. 505-509 Doi: 0.534/mese(333-58)/07.03.07/0 Academic Sta Publishing Company, 07 www.academicsta.us Development of Coona

More information

Design of A Circularly Polarized E-shaped Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications

Design of A Circularly Polarized E-shaped Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications VNU Jounal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 31, No. 2 (2015) 1-7 Design of A Ciculaly Polaized E-shaped Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth fo 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications Hong Van Tam 1, Luong

More information

Statement of Works Data Template Version: 4.0 Date:

Statement of Works Data Template Version: 4.0 Date: Statement of Woks Data Template Vesion: 4.0 Date: 16.08.17 This Statement of Woks (SoW) Data Template is to be completed by Distibution Netwok Opeatos (DNOs) in ode to povide National Gid the equied data

More information

Performance Analysis of Z-Source Inverter Considering Inductor Resistance

Performance Analysis of Z-Source Inverter Considering Inductor Resistance Pefomance Analysis of Z-Souce Invete Consideing Inducto Resistance Fatma A. Khea * and Essam Eddin M. Rashad ** Electic Powe and Machines Engineeing Depatment, Faculty of Engineeing, anta Univesity, anta,

More information

Synchronous Machine Parameter Measurement

Synchronous Machine Parameter Measurement Synchronous Mchine Prmeter Mesurement 1 Synchronous Mchine Prmeter Mesurement Introduction Wound field synchronous mchines re mostly used for power genertion but lso re well suited for motor pplictions

More information

Synchronous Machine Parameter Measurement

Synchronous Machine Parameter Measurement Synchronous Mchine Prmeter Mesurement 1 Synchronous Mchine Prmeter Mesurement Introduction Wound field synchronous mchines re mostly used for power genertion but lso re well suited for motor pplictions

More information

Proposal of Circuit Breaker Type Disconnector for Surge Protective Device

Proposal of Circuit Breaker Type Disconnector for Surge Protective Device Poposal of Cicuit Beake Type Disconnecto fo Suge Potective Device MASAO SHIBAYAMA, HITOSHI KIJIMA Polytechnic Univesity 2-32-1 Ogawanishi, Kodaia, Tokyo, 187-0035 JAPAN hkijima@uitec.ac.jp Abstact: - A

More information

HYBRID FUZZY PD CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE OF COLD STORAGE WITH PLC

HYBRID FUZZY PD CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE OF COLD STORAGE WITH PLC Jounal of Theoetical and Applied Infomation Technology 28 th Febuay 2013. Vol. 48 No.3 2005-2013 JATIT & LLS. All ights eseved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.og E-ISSN: 1817-3195 HYBRID FUZZY PD CONTROL OF

More information

ENGINE CONTROL (1MZ FE)

ENGINE CONTROL (1MZ FE) ENINE CONTOL (MZ FE) SYSTEM OUTLINE THIS SYSTEM UTILIZES N ENINE CONTOL MODULE (ENINE ND ELECTONICLLY CONTOLLED TNSMISSION ECU) ND MINTINS OVELL CONTOL OF THE ENINE, TNSMISSION ND SO ON. N OUTLINE OF THE

More information

Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theorem

Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theorem Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theoem Page 1 Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theoem Having studied the ideal electic dipole we now tun ou attention to an inteesting antenna closely elated to the electic

More information

VLSI Implementation of Low Complexity MIMO Detection Algorithms

VLSI Implementation of Low Complexity MIMO Detection Algorithms , Impact Facto :.643 eissn : 349-000 & pissn : 394-4544 Intenational Jounal of Reseach and Applications (Ap-Jun 015 Tansactions) (6): 309-313 Intenational Confeence on Emeging Tends in Electonics & Telecommunications

More information

Short-Circuit Fault Protection Strategy of Parallel Three-phase Inverters

Short-Circuit Fault Protection Strategy of Parallel Three-phase Inverters Shot-Cicuit Fault Potection Stategy of Paallel Thee-phase Invetes Hongliang Wang, Membe, IEEE, Xuejun Pei, Membe, IEEE, Yu Chen, Membe, IEEE,Yong Kang College of Electical and Electonics Engineeing Huazhong

More information

Engineer-to-Engineer Note

Engineer-to-Engineer Note Engineer-to-Engineer Note EE-297 Technicl notes on using Anlog Devices DSPs, processors nd development tools Visit our Web resources http://www.nlog.com/ee-notes nd http://www.nlog.com/processors or e-mil

More information

TESTING RIG FOR STUDYING THE BEHAVIOUR OF SPHERICAL JOINTS AND SPHERICAL BEARINGS USED IN MINING INDUSTRY

TESTING RIG FOR STUDYING THE BEHAVIOUR OF SPHERICAL JOINTS AND SPHERICAL BEARINGS USED IN MINING INDUSTRY 003 ISSN 11-4590 161 TESTING RIG FOR STUDYING THE BEHAVIOUR OF SPHERICAL JOINTS AND SPHERICAL BEARINGS USED IN MINING INDUSTRY Fncisc Tkcs 1, Vsile Zmfi 1, Soinel Hohotă 1 Univesity of Petoşni, S.C. Gospodăie

More information

Lecture 16: Four Quadrant operation of DC Drive (or) TYPE E Four Quadrant chopper Fed Drive: Operation

Lecture 16: Four Quadrant operation of DC Drive (or) TYPE E Four Quadrant chopper Fed Drive: Operation Lecture 16: Four Qudrnt opertion of DC Drive (or) TYPE E Four Qudrnt chopper Fed Drive: Opertion The rmture current I is either positive or negtive (flow in to or wy from rmture) the rmture voltge is lso

More information

Experimental Investigation of Influence on Non-destructive Testing by Form of Eddy Current Sensor Probe

Experimental Investigation of Influence on Non-destructive Testing by Form of Eddy Current Sensor Probe Expeimental Investigation of Influence on Non-destuctive Testing by Fom of Eddy Cuent Senso Pobe Fengyun Xie * and Jihui Zhou School of Mechanical and Electonical Engineeing, East China Jiaotong Univesity,

More information

Chapter 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors

Chapter 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors Chapte 9 Cascode Stages and Cuent Mios 9. Cascode Stage 9. Cuent Mios CH 9 Cascode Stages and Cuent Mios Boosted Output Impedances S O S m out E O E m out g g Bipola Cascode Stage [ g ( )] out m O O O

More information

Reliable and proven Roller Followers series!

Reliable and proven Roller Followers series! olle Followes Ientifiction Numbe n Specifiction Exmple of n Ientifiction Numbe Sie plte Sel Oute ing The specifiction of olle Followes seies is inicte by the ientifiction numbe. In ition, fo ppliction

More information

Closed Loop Controlled LLC Half Bridge Isolated Series Resonant Converter

Closed Loop Controlled LLC Half Bridge Isolated Series Resonant Converter Closed Loop Contolled LLC Half Bidge Isolated Seies Resonant Convete Sivachidambaanathan.V and S. S. Dash Abstact LLC seies esonant convete is the most suitable convete fo medium powe applications due

More information

DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS LAG COMPENSATORS

DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS LAG COMPENSATORS DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS LAG COMPENSATORS J. Pulusová, L. Körösi, M. Dúbrvská Institute of Robotics nd Cybernetics, Slovk University of Technology, Fculty of Electricl Engineering nd Informtion Technology

More information

Spread Spectrum Codes Identification by Neural Networks

Spread Spectrum Codes Identification by Neural Networks in "Systems and Contol: heoy and Applications", published by WSES, 2, pp. 257-262, ISBN 96-852-4 Spead Spectum Codes Identification by Neual Netwoks Céline BOUDER, Gilles BUREL Laboatoie d Electonique

More information

A Novel Back EMF Zero Crossing Detection of Brushless DC Motor Based on PWM

A Novel Back EMF Zero Crossing Detection of Brushless DC Motor Based on PWM A ovel Bck EMF Zero Crossing Detection of Brushless DC Motor Bsed on PWM Zhu Bo-peng Wei Hi-feng School of Electricl nd Informtion, Jingsu niversity of Science nd Technology, Zhenjing 1003 Chin) Abstrct:

More information

Techniques for Parameter Synchronization on Fading Channels

Techniques for Parameter Synchronization on Fading Channels echniques fo Pmete Synchoniztion on Fding Chnnels Stefn A. Fechtel, Achen Univesity of echnology, RWH-ISS, Pof. H. Mey, emplegben 55, 556 Achen, Gemny el. +49 41 87883, FAX +49 41 8888 195, Intenet: fechtel@et.wth-chen.de

More information

ABB STOTZ-KONTAKT. ABB i-bus EIB Current Module SM/S Intelligent Installation Systems. User Manual SM/S In = 16 A AC Un = 230 V AC

ABB STOTZ-KONTAKT. ABB i-bus EIB Current Module SM/S Intelligent Installation Systems. User Manual SM/S In = 16 A AC Un = 230 V AC User Mnul ntelligent nstlltion Systems A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 30 ma 30 ma n = AC Un = 230 V AC 30 ma 9 10 11 12 C ABB STOTZ-KONTAKT Appliction Softwre Current Vlue Threshold/1 Contents Pge 1 Device Chrcteristics...

More information

Direct Torque Control of Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed Induction Motor Sensorless Speed Drive

Direct Torque Control of Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed Induction Motor Sensorless Speed Drive Intentionl Jounl of Powe Electonic nd Dive Sytem IJPEDS ol. 5, No., Octobe, pp. 5~65 ISSN: 88-869 5 Diect oque Contol of Fou Switch hee Phe Invete Fed Induction Moto Senole Speed Dive M.. Metwlly Deptement

More information

Single-to-three phase induction motor sensorless drive system

Single-to-three phase induction motor sensorless drive system Alexandia Engineeing Jounal (212) 51, 77 83 Alexandia Univesity Alexandia Engineeing Jounal www.elsevie.com/locate/aej www.sciencediect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Single-to-thee phase induction moto sensoless

More information

Simulation of Transformer Based Z-Source Inverter to Obtain High Voltage Boost Ability

Simulation of Transformer Based Z-Source Inverter to Obtain High Voltage Boost Ability Interntionl Journl of cience, Engineering nd Technology Reserch (IJETR), olume 4, Issue 1, October 15 imultion of Trnsformer Bsed Z-ource Inverter to Obtin High oltge Boost Ability A.hnmugpriy 1, M.Ishwry

More information

ABSTRACTT FFT FFT-' Proc. of SPIE Vol U-1

ABSTRACTT FFT FFT-' Proc. of SPIE Vol U-1 Phase econstuction stategies in phase-locking system based on multi-apetue wave font sensos P.A. Semenov, S.D. Pol skikh Shvabe-Reseach, Moscow, Russian Fedeation; e-mail: pite@bk.u ABSTRACTT System of

More information

Parameters of spinning AM reticles

Parameters of spinning AM reticles Paametes of spinning AM eticles onald G. Digges, Cal E. Halfod, and Glenn D. Boeman A new method of obtaining amplitude modulation (AM) fo detemining taget location with spinning eticles is pesented. The

More information

AUTO-TUNED MINIMUM-DEVIATION DIGITAL CONTROLLER FOR LLC RESONANT CONVERTERS

AUTO-TUNED MINIMUM-DEVIATION DIGITAL CONTROLLER FOR LLC RESONANT CONVERTERS AUTO-TUNED MINIMUM-DEVIATION DIGITAL CONTROLLER FOR LLC RESONANT CONVERTERS by SeyedehMayam SeyedAmouzandeh A thesis submitted in confomity with the equiements fo the degee of Maste of Applied Science

More information

IEEE Broadband Wireless Access Working Group < Modifications to the Feedback Methodologies in UL Sounding

IEEE Broadband Wireless Access Working Group <  Modifications to the Feedback Methodologies in UL Sounding Poject Title Date Submitted IEEE 802.16 Boadband Wieless Access Woking Goup Modifications to the Feedback Methodologies in UL Sounding 2008-01-14 Souce(s) Fed Vook, Jeff Zhuang,

More information

Synchronous Generator Line Synchronization

Synchronous Generator Line Synchronization Synchronous Genertor Line Synchroniztion 1 Synchronous Genertor Line Synchroniztion Introduction One issue in power genertion is synchronous genertor strting. Typiclly, synchronous genertor is connected

More information

Robustness Analysis of Pulse Width Modulation Control of Motor Speed

Robustness Analysis of Pulse Width Modulation Control of Motor Speed Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering nd Computer Science 2007 WCECS 2007, October 24-26, 2007, Sn Frncisco, USA obustness Anlysis of Pulse Width Modultion Control of Motor Speed Wei Zhn Abstrct

More information

Analysis and Design of a 1MHz LLC Resonant Converter with Coreless Transformer Driver

Analysis and Design of a 1MHz LLC Resonant Converter with Coreless Transformer Driver Analysis and Design of a MHz C Resonant Convete with Coeless Tansfome Dive Mingping Mao, Dimita Tchobanov, Dong i 3, Matin Maez.,Tongji Univesity, Siping Rd 39, 9 Shanghai -China., Faunhofe Institute of

More information

Design and Implementation of 4 - QAM VLSI Architecture for OFDM Communication

Design and Implementation of 4 - QAM VLSI Architecture for OFDM Communication Design and Implementation of 4 - QAM VLSI Achitectue fo OFDM Communication R. Achitha 1, S. Bhagyalakshmi 2, V. Jaya Suthi 3, D. T. Menakadevi 4 U.G. Students, Depatment of ECE, Adhiyamaan College of Engineeing,

More information

Feasibility of a triple mode, low SAR material coated antenna for mobile handsets

Feasibility of a triple mode, low SAR material coated antenna for mobile handsets Loughboough Univesity Institutional Repositoy Feasibility of a tiple mode, low SAR mateial coated antenna fo mobile handsets This item was submitted to Loughboough Univesity's Institutional Repositoy by

More information

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University. ECE 303: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. Fall 2007

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University. ECE 303: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. Fall 2007 School of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Conell Univesity ECE 303: Electomagnetic Fields and Waves Fall 007 Homewok 1 Due on Nov. 8, 007 by 5:00 PM Reading Assignments: i) Review the lectue notes. ii)

More information

EE Controls Lab #2: Implementing State-Transition Logic on a PLC

EE Controls Lab #2: Implementing State-Transition Logic on a PLC Objective: EE 44 - Controls Lb #2: Implementing Stte-rnsition Logic on PLC ssuming tht speed is not of essence, PLC's cn be used to implement stte trnsition logic. he dvntge of using PLC over using hrdwre

More information

Spectrum Sharing between Public Safety and Commercial Users in 4G-LTE

Spectrum Sharing between Public Safety and Commercial Users in 4G-LTE 1 Spectum Shaing between Public Safety and Commecial Uses in 4G-LTE Haya Shajaiah, Ahmed Abdel-Hadi and Chales Clancy Badley Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing Viginia Tech, Alington, VA, 22203,

More information

Demosaicking using Adaptive Bilateral Filters

Demosaicking using Adaptive Bilateral Filters Demosaicking using Adaptive Bilateal Filtes Ekine Akuiyibo Timothy Atobatele EE 362, Winte 2006 0. Abstact Digital cameas sample the continuous spectum using an aay of colo filtes such that each pixel

More information

Real-time Self Compensating AC/DC Digitally Controlled Power Supply

Real-time Self Compensating AC/DC Digitally Controlled Power Supply Real-time Self Compensating AC/DC Digitally Contolled Powe Supply Dave Feeman, Mak Hagen Texas Instuments Digital Powe Goup Digital Contol Poblem: Detemining optimal loop compensation given uncetainties

More information

Analyze Power Supply Rejection Ratio of LDO Regulator Based on Accurate Small Signal Model

Analyze Power Supply Rejection Ratio of LDO Regulator Based on Accurate Small Signal Model Poceedings of the Intenational Confeence on Electonics and Softwae Science, Takaatsu, Japan, 05 Analyze Powe Supply ejection atio of LDO egulato Based on Accuate Sall Signal Model Po-Yu Kuo*, Gang-Zhi

More information

TECHNICAL REPORT: CVEL Maximum Radiated Emission Calculator: Power Bus EMI Algorithm. Chentian Zhu and Dr. Todd Hubing. Clemson University

TECHNICAL REPORT: CVEL Maximum Radiated Emission Calculator: Power Bus EMI Algorithm. Chentian Zhu and Dr. Todd Hubing. Clemson University TECHNICAL REPORT: CVEL-13-053 Maximum Radiated Emission Calculato: Powe Bus EMI Algoithm Chentian Zhu and D. Todd Hubing Clemson Univesity Octobe 12, 2013 Abstact The Maximum Radiated Electomagnetic Emissions

More information

GAMMA SHAPED MONOPOLE PATCH ANTENNA FOR TABLET PC

GAMMA SHAPED MONOPOLE PATCH ANTENNA FOR TABLET PC GAMMA SHAPED MONOPOLE PATCH ANTENNA FOR TABLET PC Islam Md. Rafiqul, Mohammad Shawkat Habib and Khaizuan Abdullah Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Intenational Islamic Univesity Malaysia,

More information

Controller Design of Discrete Systems by Order Reduction Technique Employing Differential Evolution Optimization Algorithm

Controller Design of Discrete Systems by Order Reduction Technique Employing Differential Evolution Optimization Algorithm Contolle Design of Discete Systems by Ode Reduction Technique Employing Diffeential Evolution Optimization Algoithm J. S. Yadav, N. P. Patida, and J. Singhai Abstact One of the main objectives of ode eduction

More information

Inertial Navigation System for Mobile Land Vehicles

Inertial Navigation System for Mobile Land Vehicles Inetil Nvigtion Sstem fo Mobile Lnd Vehicles Joge Lobo, Pulo Lucs, Joge Dis, A. Tç de Almeid ISR - Instituto de Sistems e Robótic Deptmento de Engenhi Electotécnic Univesidde de Coimb Lgo Mquês de Pombl

More information

EET 438a Automatic Control Systems Technology Laboratory 5 Control of a Separately Excited DC Machine

EET 438a Automatic Control Systems Technology Laboratory 5 Control of a Separately Excited DC Machine EE 438 Automtic Control Systems echnology bortory 5 Control of Seprtely Excited DC Mchine Objective: Apply proportionl controller to n electromechnicl system nd observe the effects tht feedbck control

More information

Cyclic Constellation Mapping Method for PAPR Reduction in OFDM system

Cyclic Constellation Mapping Method for PAPR Reduction in OFDM system 2013 8th Intenational Confeence on Communications and Netwoking in China (CHINACOM) Cyclic Constellation Mapping Method fo PAPR Reduction in OFDM system Yong Cheng, Jianhua Ge, Jun Hou, and Fengkui Gong

More information

CS61C : Machine Structures

CS61C : Machine Structures inst.eecs.bekeley.edu/~cs61c CS61C : Machine Stuctues Lectue 29 Intoduction to Pipelined Execution Lectue PSOE Dan Gacia www.cs.bekeley.edu/~ddgacia Bionic Eyes let blind see! Johns Hopkins eseaches have

More information

Realistic Simulation of a Wireless Signal Propagation in an Urban Environment

Realistic Simulation of a Wireless Signal Propagation in an Urban Environment Realistic Simulation of a Wieless Signal Popagation in an Uban Envionment Keyukuma J. Patel Univesity of Southen Queensland Toowoomba, Austalia e-mail: keyupatel@ieee.og Andew Y. J. Lee Nanyang Technological

More information

Determination of The Winding Inductances Of A Two-Phase Machine.

Determination of The Winding Inductances Of A Two-Phase Machine. IOSR Jounal of Engineeing (IOSRJEN) ISSN (e): 5-31, ISSN (p): 78-8719 Vol. 5, Issue 4 (Apil. 15), V1 PP 16- www.iosjen.og Detemination of The Winding Inductances Of A Two-Phase Machine. * I.K. Onwuka,

More information

Figure Geometry for Computing the Antenna Parameters.

Figure Geometry for Computing the Antenna Parameters. Spheical Coodinate Systems Definitions Figue 1.2.1 Geomety fo Computing the Antenna Paametes. Antenna Radiation Patten: The distibution of adiated enegy fom an antenna ove a suface of constant adius centeed

More information

INFLUENCE OF QUANTIZATION NOISE ON DFT BASED DSP ALGORITHMS

INFLUENCE OF QUANTIZATION NOISE ON DFT BASED DSP ALGORITHMS XVIII IMEKO WORD COGRESS Metoogy fo Sustinbe Deveopment Septembe, 7, 6, Rio de Jneio, Bzi IFUECE OF QUATIZATIO OISE O DFT BASED DSP AGORITHMS Mtin ovotný, Mioš Sedáček Czech Technic Univesity in Pgue,

More information

Localization Algorithm for a mobile robot using igs

Localization Algorithm for a mobile robot using igs Poceedings of the 17th Wold Congess The Intenational Fedeation of Automatic Contol Seoul, Koea, July 6-11, 008 Localization Algoithm fo a mobile obot using igs DaeGeun Seo *, JangMyung Lee** * Electical

More information

UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF SIZE-OF-SOURCE EFFECT MEASUREMENT FOR 650 NM RADIATION THERMOMETERS

UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF SIZE-OF-SOURCE EFFECT MEASUREMENT FOR 650 NM RADIATION THERMOMETERS XIX IMEKO Wold Congess Fundamental and Applied Metology Septembe 6 11, 29, Lisbon, Potugal UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF SIZE-OF-SOURCE EFFECT MEASUREMENT FOR 65 NM RADIATION THERMOMETERS Fumihio Sakuma, Laina

More information

WIRELESS SENSORS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE

WIRELESS SENSORS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE 7th Euopean Wokshop on Stuctual Health Monitoing July 8-11, 2014. La Cité, Nantes, Fance Moe Info at Open Access Database www.ndt.net/?id=17296 WIRELESS SENSORS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE Amal Abbadi 1 Phd Student,

More information

Optic Cable Tracking and Positioning Method Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Sensing

Optic Cable Tracking and Positioning Method Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Sensing 08 5th Intenational Confeence on Electical & Electonics Engineeing and Compute Science (ICEEECS 08) Optic Cable Tacking and Positioning Method Based on Distibuted Optical Fibe Vibation Sensing Zhang Chao,

More information

Voltage Control of a 12/8 Pole Switched Reluctance Generator Using Fuzzy Logic

Voltage Control of a 12/8 Pole Switched Reluctance Generator Using Fuzzy Logic Intenational Jounal of Moden Nonlinea Theoy and Application, 22,, 7-2 http://dx.doi.og/.4236/ijmnta.22.36 Published Online Septembe 22 (http://www.scirp.og/jounal/ijmnta) Voltage ontol of a 2/8 Pole Switched

More information

Highly Selective Dual-Mode Microstrip Bandpass Filters Using Triangular Patch Resonators

Highly Selective Dual-Mode Microstrip Bandpass Filters Using Triangular Patch Resonators ADVANCED ELECTROMAGNETICS, VOL. 6, NO. 1, MARCH 2017 Highly Selective Dual-Mode Micostip Bandpass Filtes Using Tiangula Patch Resonatos K.G. Avinash, I. Sinivasa Rao School of Electonics Engineeing, VIT

More information

Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radios

Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radios Sensos & Tansduces 204 by IFSA Publishing, S L http://wwwsensospotalcom Multiagent Reinfocement Leaning Dynamic Spectum Access in Cognitive Radios Wu Chun, 2 Yin Mingyong, 2 Ma Shaoliang, Jiang Hong School

More information

Optimal Eccentricity of a Low Permittivity Integrated Lens for a High-Gain Beam-Steering Antenna

Optimal Eccentricity of a Low Permittivity Integrated Lens for a High-Gain Beam-Steering Antenna EuCAP 2011 - Convened Papes Optimal Eccenticity of a Low Pemittivity Integated Lens fo a High-Gain Beam-Steeing Antenna Aki Kattunen #, Juha Ala-Lauinaho #, Ronan Sauleau +, Antti V. Räisänen # # Aalto

More information

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Exercise 4 Bttery Chrging Methods EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you hve completed this exercise, you will be fmilir with the different chrging methods nd chrge-control techniques commonly used when chrging Ni-MI

More information

ENERGY DISTORTION COEFFICIENTS OF CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION BIMETALLIC CONDUCTORS UNDER PERIODIC NON SINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS

ENERGY DISTORTION COEFFICIENTS OF CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION BIMETALLIC CONDUCTORS UNDER PERIODIC NON SINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS ATEE 4 ENERGY DSTORTON COEFFCENTS OF CRCULAR CROSS SECTON BMETALLC CONDUCTORS UNDER ERODC NON SNUSODAL CONDTONS Soin. ANTONU Electicl Engineeing Det. OLTEHNCA Univesity Buchest The enegy distotion coefficients

More information

Analysis of the optimized low-nonlinearity lateral effect sensing detector

Analysis of the optimized low-nonlinearity lateral effect sensing detector Jounal of hysics: Confeence Seies Analysis of the optimized low-nonlineaity lateal effect sensing detecto To cite this aticle: Saeed Olyaee et al J. hys.: Conf. Se. 76 4 Related content - Neual netwok

More information

(1) Non-linear system

(1) Non-linear system Liner vs. non-liner systems in impednce mesurements I INTRODUCTION Electrochemicl Impednce Spectroscopy (EIS) is n interesting tool devoted to the study of liner systems. However, electrochemicl systems

More information

5 I. T cu2. T use in modem computing systems, it is desirable to. A Comparison of Half-Bridge Resonant Converter Topologies

5 I. T cu2. T use in modem computing systems, it is desirable to. A Comparison of Half-Bridge Resonant Converter Topologies 74 EEE TRANSACTONS ON POER ELECTRONCS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, APRL 988 A Comprison of Hlf-Bridge Resonnt Converter Topologies Abstrct-The hlf-bridge series-resonnt, prllel-resonnt, nd combintion series-prllel

More information

DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION

DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION RAHUL T. DAHATONDE, SHANKAR B. DEOSARKAR Dept. of E & TC, D. Babasaheb Ambedka Technological Univesity, Lonee,

More information