MEMS Real-Time Clocks: small footprint timekeeping. Paolo Frigerio November 15 th, 2018
|
|
- Norman McBride
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 : small footprint timekeeping Paolo Frigerio November 15 th, 2018
2 Who? 2 Paolo Frigerio paolo.frigerio@polimi.it BSc & MSc in Electronics Engineering PhD with Prof. Langfelder Master Thesis on a project about MEMS-based Real-Time Clocks Collaboration with STMicroelectronics. Focus on temperature compensation of frequency drift
3 Outline 3 Context The MEMS Resonator The Electronic Oscillator System-Level Compensation
4 Clocks VS Real-Time Clocks 4 A Real-Time Clock (RTC) is a device that measures the flow of time. Similar to a computer clock, but different in scope CPU Clock Real-Time Clock A CPU Clock synchronizes digital blocks. Frequency stability is less of a concern. A RTC is basically a watch. Frequency stability is of the utmost importance in timekeeping.
5 Where? 5 Smartphones GPS Modules Any embedded systems
6 Legacy RTCs 6 To produce an accurate and stable frequency, a frequency selective element is required, that is a narrow-band filter. Historically the resonance of quartz crystals has been exploited. Good thermal stability; Good power handling; Shows little aging. Standard output frequency = Hz (2 15 Hz) Why should one want to replace quartz?
7 MEMS vs Quartz 7 Reduced fabrication costs. More resistant to: Aging; EM disturbances; Mechanical shocks. Smaller area occupation. System-in- Package XT AL Quartz C C MEMS IC MEMS ASIC package
8 Volume [mm 3 ] Why MEMS? 8 Miniaturization is a key requirement in some new fields: IoT Wearables Credit-card-sized applications Portable devices MEMS on the downside, MEMS require an electronic frequency compensation scheme Year
9 Key Requirements 9 Power consumption (< a few µw) Often employed in battery-operated systems. In operation even when the whole system is off. ±10 ppm Frequency Stability (< a few ppm) Temperature/process spread. Young modulus: TCE = 60 ppm/k. Frequency: TCf = 30 ppm/k.
10 Outline 10 Context The MEMS Resonator The Electronic Oscillator System-Level Compensation
11 Requirements 11 Resonance well above 32 khz but as small as possible! Compensation Consumption Large enough stiffness Good resistance to large mechanical shocks Motional resistance as small as possible
12 Scissor-Jack Structure 12 Ultra-small mass: the elastic beam itself is actuated at resonance. k tends to be quite large Large resonance frequency! Parameter Value Units k 3000 N/m m 0.24 nkg f khz ROTOR PP DRIVE PP SENSE
13 Motional Resistance 13 η R m = b η 2 = ω 0m Q η 2 Gaps as small as possible Parallel-Plate Actuation Large displacement not a priority, hence no comb fingers Low-pressure sealing ( 70 ubar) to increase the quality factor Reduced fluid damping There is another different Q-limiting phenomenon b
14 TED: Thermo-Elastic Damping 14 Local compression/extension produce temperature gradients Compression heats up, extension cools down Temperature gradients produce heat flow across the spring, hence energy dissipation Energy dissipation Q reduction Slots along the rotor hinder heat flow, allowing an increase of Q!
15 Outline 15 Context The MEMS Resonator The Electronic Oscillator System-Level Compensation
16 From Resonators to Oscillators 16 IDEAL RESONATOR i t i t i t P diss P diss OSC i t Power exchanged between reactive elements. i t Oscillation is damped by power losses. i t P in Active circuit supplies power to compensate for losses t t t Stable oscillation!
17 Negative Resistance 17 R C m L m R m The oscillator circuit synthesizes a negative resistance. Ideal component that is able to provide power, instead of burning it. C m L m If R = R m then the series resistors cancel out, leaving an ideal LC-tank. Device losses are compensated.
18 Oscillation Condition 18 The MEMS and the circuit can be described by their corresponding impedances. The MEMS device will oscillate guaranteed that the oscillation condition is satisfied. Oscillation can be sustained if: Z m jω + Z c jω = 0 X m R m MEMS OSCILLATOR X c R c
19 Oscillation Condition 19 The condition can be re-written considering the real and imaginary parts: MEMS OSCILLATOR R Z m = R Z c R m = R c ω equivalent to Barkhausen s condition on the modulus X m X c R c I Z m = I Z c X m ω = X c ω equivalent to Barkhausen s condition on the phase This one provides the oscillation frequency R m
20 Oscillator Topology 20 Requirements: Low power: OTA-based oscillators (as the structure you know for gyros) require more than tens of μw; We want < 1 μa current, that is a few μw; Compact; Limited frequency pulling: Ideally no additional effects w.r.t. the drift caused by spread/temperature in the resonator. Pierce Oscillator
21 The Pierce Oscillator 21 Based on a single active component The equivalent impedance can be evaluated by simple network analysis C 2 Z C c Z c jω = 1 1 jω C 1C 2 C 1 + C 2 g m ω 2 C 1 C 2 C 1 C 2 Capacitance Negative Resistance
22 Equivalent Impedance 22 Z c jω = 1 g m jω C 1C 2 ω 2 C 1 C 2 C 1 + C 2 I BIAS The capacitance "pulls" the resonance frequency ω osc = 1 L m C m C 1 C 2 p = ω osc ω m ω m C m 2C 1 C 2 The negative resistance compensates power losses allowing stable oscillation C 1 g m C 2
23 Stable Oscillation 23 Applying the condition on the real part: g m ω 2 = R m osc C 1 C 2 we conclude that oscillation can be sustained for a very precise ("critical") transconductance value: I BIAS g m = G m,crit = C 1 C 2 ω 2 osc R m C 2 hence a very precise "critical" bias current: g m = I BIAS I nv crit = nv th C 1 C 2 ω 2 osc R m th C 1 g m
24 Oscillation Start-up 24 Actually, in order to guarantee oscillation growth from electronic noise some margin is required gm ω 2 > R m osc C 1 C 2 I BIAS I BIAS > I crit = nv th C 1 C 2 ω 2 osc R m C 2 What happens if the critical value is exceeded? How can we set the required bias current? C 1 g m
25 Amplitude Limitation 25 Purposely set a current larger than necessary and rely on non-linearity V gate t I BIAS I BIAS t f m f m I D (f) I D (f) 0 f 0 f 0 f 0 2f 0 3f 0 f
26 Current Limitation by AGC 26 Different approach: Automatic Gain Control provides a voltage controlled bias current. I BIAS V osc Large enough current to guarantee start-up. V osc AGC senses oscillation amplitude and gradually reduces bias current. C Current close to the critical value I crit at steady state.
27 Low-Power Operation 27 Non-linearity AGC Χ Large enough margin required to guarantee oscillation start-up (e.g. 6 db gain margin). Χ Small effective transconductance value with a large bias current. Large margin required only at start-up. Amplitude limitation mechanism allows operation at minimum current more efficient! Very simple and compact area. Χ Design an auxiliary circuit
28 AGC Schematic 28 Different from the AGC you studied in previous classes. No direct amplitude control mechanism. Current generator that provides large bias at startup. It controls the oscillation amplitude by regulating the oscillator bias point. by exploiting the nonlinearity of MOS transistors. I BIAS AGC
29 Outline 29 Context The MEMS Resonator The Electronic Oscillator System-Level Compensation
30 Why Compensate? 30 The device resonance frequency drifts with temperature. Δf f = TCf 1 ΔT + TCf 2 ΔT2 Typically the linear contribution is dominant, with a coefficient almost equal to 30 ppm/k. Frequency stability within ±1800 ppm.
31 Building a Frequency Stable Clock 31 The idea is to start from a much larger frequency than required (e.g. 500 khz) and reduce it to the standard 32 khz by frequency division. f osc T Hz Such operation needs to track temperature variations and adapt to them: as the frequency drifts, the division factor changes accordingly. f osc N T T = Hz
32 Frequency Division 32 Frequency division schemes are pretty straightforward if the modulus is an integer number. A simple flip-flop can be used as a divide-bytwo circuit. More generally, a digital counter can be used to implement any integer division factor. E ET How can we achieve any real division factor?
33 Fractional Division 33 V osc (t) A fractional division modulus is implemented "on average" by adopting more than one integer modulus. A digital logic determines the sequence of moduli according to temperature, which is monitored by a sensor in real-time (almost ). V osc V out T N(t) V out (t)
34 A Jittery Timing Reference 34 V osc (t) N(t) V out (t) The output waveform is made of cycles having two different durations, depending on the instantaneous division factor. E.g. if you divide 50% of the time by N, and the remaining 50% by N+1 you can implement a fractional modulus equal to the mean value N The resulting average frequency will be a function of how frequently you divide by one or the other modulus. The more frequently you divide by N, the closer the average frequency is to f osc N
35 A Jittery Timing Reference 35 This is not such a big deal If your clock is running 2 seconds fast, but stops for 2 seconds, then the accumulated error would be ideally zero. V osc (t) N(t) The same concept applies here: accumulation of (N)-cycles (shorter than ideal) is compensated by injection of a number of (N+1)-cycles (longer than ideal). Accumulated error is limited, although the error on a single period is huge! V out (t) V ideal out (t) The clock runs fast for a few cycles but a longer cycle allows to compensate the accumulated lead!
36 Frequency Stable Reference 36 ±1800 ppm COMPENSATION ±10 ppm SYSTEM
MEMS Clocks: the next big little thing? Giorgio Mussi November 14 th, 2017
MEMS Clocks: the next big little thing? Giorgio Mussi giorgio.mussi@polimi.it November 14 th, 2017 About me 2 Giorgio Mussi BSc+MSc in Electronics Engineering PhD with Prof. Langfelder I m in my 2 nd year
More information6.776 High Speed Communication Circuits and Systems Lecture 14 Voltage Controlled Oscillators
6.776 High Speed Communication Circuits and Systems Lecture 14 Voltage Controlled Oscillators Massachusetts Institute of Technology March 29, 2005 Copyright 2005 by Michael H. Perrott VCO Design for Narrowband
More informationOscillators. An oscillator may be described as a source of alternating voltage. It is different than amplifier.
Oscillators An oscillator may be described as a source of alternating voltage. It is different than amplifier. An amplifier delivers an output signal whose waveform corresponds to the input signal but
More informationE06 Oscillator Design
POLITECNICO DI MILANO MSC COURSE - MEMS AND MICROSENSORS - 2017/2018 E06 Oscillator Design Paolo Minotti 17/10/2018 In this class we will learn how to build an electronic oscillator whose frequency-selective
More informationMEMS Oscillators: Enabling Smaller, Lower Power IoT & Wearables
MEMS Oscillators: Enabling Smaller, Lower Power IoT & Wearables The explosive growth in Internet-connected devices, or the Internet of Things (IoT), is driven by the convergence of people, device and data
More informationPROBLEM SET #7. EEC247B / ME C218 INTRODUCTION TO MEMS DESIGN SPRING 2015 C. Nguyen. Issued: Monday, April 27, 2015
Issued: Monday, April 27, 2015 PROBLEM SET #7 Due (at 9 a.m.): Friday, May 8, 2015, in the EE C247B HW box near 125 Cory. Gyroscopes are inertial sensors that measure rotation rate, which is an extremely
More informationSiNANO-NEREID Workshop:
SiNANO-NEREID Workshop: Towards a new NanoElectronics Roadmap for Europe Leuven, September 11 th, 2017 WP3/Task 3.2 Connectivity RF and mmw Design Outline Connectivity, what connectivity? High data rates
More informationChapter 13 Oscillators and Data Converters
Chapter 13 Oscillators and Data Converters 13.1 General Considerations 13.2 Ring Oscillators 13.3 LC Oscillators 13.4 Phase Shift Oscillator 13.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 13.6 Crystal Oscillators 13.7 Chapter
More informationDesign of a Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator Using the New Digital Trimming Method
Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 37, No. 6, December 2000, pp. 822 827 Design of a Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator Using the New Digital Trimming Method Minkyu Je, Kyungmi Lee, Joonho
More informationSG2525A SG3525A REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS
SG2525A SG3525A REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS 8 TO 35 V OPERATION 5.1 V REFERENCE TRIMMED TO ± 1 % 100 Hz TO 500 KHz OSCILLATOR RANGE SEPARATE OSCILLATOR SYNC TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE DEADTIME CONTROL INTERNAL
More informationBAKISS HIYANA BT ABU BAKAR JKE,POLISAS
BAKISS HIYANA BT ABU BAKAR JKE,POLISAS 1 1. Explain AC circuit concept and their analysis using AC circuit law. 2. Apply the knowledge of AC circuit in solving problem related to AC electrical circuit.
More informationDesign Choice: Crystal vs. Crystal Oscillator
A B S T R A C T When doing a new design that requires controlled timing, a common consideration is to determine if the timing device is to be a crystal or an oscillator. This Application Note compares
More informationDigitally Tuned Low Power Gyroscope
Digitally Tuned Low Power Gyroscope Bernhard E. Boser & Chinwuba Ezekwe Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley B. Boser
More informationsensors ISSN by MDPI
Sensors 2006, 6, 746-755 Full Research Paper sensors ISSN 424-8220 2006 by MDPI http://www.mdpi.org/sensors A Comparison of Freuency Pullability in Oscillators Using a Single AT-Cut Quartz Crystal and
More informationLow-Power Ovenization of Fused Silica Resonators for Temperature-Stable Oscillators
Low-Power Ovenization of Fused Silica Resonators for Temperature-Stable Oscillators Zhengzheng Wu zzwu@umich.edu Adam Peczalski peczalsk@umich.edu Mina Rais-Zadeh minar@umich.edu Abstract In this paper,
More informationHigh-speed wavefront control using MEMS micromirrors T. G. Bifano and J. B. Stewart, Boston University [ ] Introduction
High-speed wavefront control using MEMS micromirrors T. G. Bifano and J. B. Stewart, Boston University [5895-27] Introduction Various deformable mirrors for high-speed wavefront control have been demonstrated
More informationLow voltage LNA, mixer and VCO 1GHz
DESCRIPTION The is a combined RF amplifier, VCO with tracking bandpass filter and mixer designed for high-performance low-power communication systems from 800-1200MHz. The low-noise preamplifier has a
More information1GHz low voltage LNA, mixer and VCO
DESCRIPTION The is a combined RF amplifier, VCO with tracking bandpass filter and mixer designed for high-performance low-power communication systems from 800-1200MHz. The low-noise preamplifier has a
More informationDesign of a Regenerative Receiver for the Short-Wave Bands A Tutorial and Design Guide for Experimental Work. Part I
Design of a Regenerative Receiver for the Short-Wave Bands A Tutorial and Design Guide for Experimental Work Part I Ramón Vargas Patrón rvargas@inictel-uni.edu.pe INICTEL-UNI Regenerative Receivers remain
More informationGM6155 GM6155V1.01. Description. Features. Application. Typical Application Circuits. 150mA LOW NOISE CMOS LDO WITH ENABLE FUNCTION
Description GM6155 is a high efficient CMOS LDO with features as such ultra low noise output, ultra low dropout voltage (typically 17mV at light load and 165mV at 50mA load), and low ground current (600µA
More informationGuest Editorial: Low-Voltage Integrated Circuits and Systems
Circuits Syst Signal Process (2017) 36:4769 4773 DOI 10.1007/s00034-017-0666-7 Guest Editorial: Low-Voltage Integrated Circuits and Systems Fabian Khateb 1,2 Spyridon Vlassis 3 Tomasz Kulej 4 Published
More informationIntegrated Circuit Design for High-Speed Frequency Synthesis
Integrated Circuit Design for High-Speed Frequency Synthesis John Rogers Calvin Plett Foster Dai ARTECH H O US E BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com Preface XI CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to Frequency
More informationTest Your Understanding
074 Part 2 Analog Electronics EXEISE POBLEM Ex 5.3: For the switched-capacitor circuit in Figure 5.3b), the parameters are: = 30 pf, 2 = 5pF, and F = 2 pf. The clock frequency is 00 khz. Determine the
More informationCommunication Circuit Lab Manual
German Jordanian University School of Electrical Engineering and IT Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering Communication Circuit Lab Manual Experiment 3 Crystal Oscillator Eng. Anas Alashqar
More informationLM13600 Dual Operational Transconductance Amplifiers with Linearizing Diodes and Buffers
LM13600 Dual Operational Transconductance Amplifiers with Linearizing Diodes and Buffers General Description The LM13600 series consists of two current controlled transconductance amplifiers each with
More informationClocking the Data ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS
Clocking the Data By Jerry Shirar N9XR 6847 Edgebrook Lane Hanover Park, IL 60133 radio.n9xr@gmail.com ABSTRACT Many oscillators attached to the microprocessors and microcontrollers today are simply inverter
More informationDue to the absence of internal nodes, inverter-based Gm-C filters [1,2] allow achieving bandwidths beyond what is possible
A Forward-Body-Bias Tuned 450MHz Gm-C 3 rd -Order Low-Pass Filter in 28nm UTBB FD-SOI with >1dBVp IIP3 over a 0.7-to-1V Supply Joeri Lechevallier 1,2, Remko Struiksma 1, Hani Sherry 2, Andreia Cathelin
More informationMEMS. Platform. Solutions for Microsystems. Characterization
MEMS Characterization Platform Solutions for Microsystems Characterization A new paradigm for MEMS characterization The MEMS Characterization Platform (MCP) is a new concept of laboratory instrumentation
More informationElectronic Circuits EE359A
Electronic Circuits EE359A Bruce McNair B206 bmcnair@stevens.edu 201-216-5549 Lecture 16 404 Signal Generators and Waveform-shaping Circuits Ch 17 405 Input summing, output sampling voltage amplifier Series
More informationSummary 185. Chapter 4
Summary This thesis describes the theory, design and realization of precision interface electronics for bridge transducers and thermocouples that require high accuracy, low noise, low drift and simultaneously,
More informationWe can utilize the power flow control ability of a TCSC to assist the system in the following tasks:
Module 4 : Voltage and Power Flow Control Lecture 19a : Use of Controllable Devices : An example Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following The use of controllable devices with the help of
More informationshunt (parallel series
Active filters Active filters are typically used with diode/thyristor rectifiers, electric arc furnaces, etc. Their use in electric power utilities, industry, office buildings, water supply utilities,
More informationExpect to be successful, expect to be liked,
Thought of the Day Expect to be successful, expect to be liked, expect to be popular everywhere you go. Oscillators 1 Oscillators D.C. Kulshreshtha Oscillators 2 Need of an Oscillator An oscillator circuit
More informationPb-free lead plating; RoHS compliant
Programmable Single-/Dual-/Triple- Tone Gong Pb-free lead plating; RoHS compliant SAE 800 Bipolar IC Features Supply voltage range 2.8 V to 18 V Few external components (no electrolytic capacitor) 1 tone,
More informationA Self-Sustaining Ultra High Frequency Nanoelectromechanical Oscillator
Online Supplementary Information A Self-Sustaining Ultra High Frequency Nanoelectromechanical Oscillator X.L. Feng 1,2, C.J. White 2, A. Hajimiri 2, M.L. Roukes 1* 1 Kavli Nanoscience Institute, MC 114-36,
More informationOscillator Principles
Oscillators Introduction Oscillators are circuits that generates a repetitive waveform of fixed amplitude and frequency without any external input signal. The function of an oscillator is to generate alternating
More informationMicropower, Single-Supply, Rail-to-Rail, Precision Instrumentation Amplifiers MAX4194 MAX4197
General Description The is a variable-gain precision instrumentation amplifier that combines Rail-to-Rail single-supply operation, outstanding precision specifications, and a high gain bandwidth. This
More informationIndex. bias current, 61, 145 critical, 61, 64, 108, 161 start-up, 109 bilinear function, 11, 43, 167
Bibliography 1. W. G. Cady. Method of Maintaining Electric Currents of Constant Frequency, US patent 1,472,583, filed May 28, 1921, issued Oct. 30, 1923. 2. G. W. Pierce, Piezoelectric Crystal Resonators
More informationA 3-10GHz Ultra-Wideband Pulser
A 3-10GHz Ultra-Wideband Pulser Jan M. Rabaey Simone Gambini Davide Guermandi Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-136 http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/pubs/techrpts/2006/eecs-2006-136.html
More informationST755 ADJUSTABLE INVERTING NEGATIVE OUTPUT CURRENT MODE PWM REGULATORS
ADJUSTABLE INVERTING NEGATIVE OUTPUT CURRENT MODE PWM REGULATORS 2.7V TO 11V INPUT TO ADJUSTABLE NEGATIVE OUTPUT CONVERSION 1W GUARANTEED OUTPUT POWER (V I >4.5V,T 70 C) 68% TYP. EFFICENCY AT 6V VERY LOW
More informationLecture 2: Non-Ideal Amps and Op-Amps
Lecture 2: Non-Ideal Amps and Op-Amps Prof. Ali M. Niknejad Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley Practical Op-Amps Linear Imperfections: Finite open-loop gain (A 0 < ) Finite input resistance
More informationThere are four possible reasons that justify directional or horizontal drilling:
APPLICATION NOTE Accelerometers for Drilling Oil and gas extraction have tremendously evolved over the last century. The need to dig wells ever more deeply has required new processes and technologies.
More informationCHAPTER 4 ULTRA WIDE BAND LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DESIGN
93 CHAPTER 4 ULTRA WIDE BAND LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DESIGN 4.1 INTRODUCTION Ultra Wide Band (UWB) system is capable of transmitting data over a wide spectrum of frequency bands with low power and high data
More informationFigure 1: Closed Loop System
SIGNAL GENERATORS 3. Introduction Signal sources have a variety of applications including checking stage gain, frequency response, and alignment in receivers and in a wide range of other electronics equipment.
More informationFrequency Management Product Short Form
Frequency Management Product Short Form Proud to be a small part of making a better world. Quartz Crystal Products METAL CAN Packages Summary Specifications CAA Series CA Series CA4 Series Frequency Range:
More informationFeedback (and control) systems
Feedback (and control) systems Stability and performance Copyright 2007-2008 Stevens Institute of Technology - All rights reserved 22-1/23 Behavior of Under-damped System Y() s s b y 0 M s 2n y0 2 2 2
More informationHA7210, HA kHz to 10MHz, Low Power Crystal Oscillator. Description. Features. Ordering Information. Applications. Typical Application Circuits
SEMICONDUCTOR HA, HA November 99 khz to MHz, Low Power Crystal Oscillator Features Description Single Supply Operation at khz.......... V to V Operating Frequency Range........ khz to MHz Supply Current
More informationHIGH RIPPLE-REJECTION LOW DROPOUT MIDDLE OUTPUT CURRENT CMOS VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Rev.2.3_ HIGH RIPPLE-REJECTION LOW DROPOUT MIDDLE OUTPUT CURRENT CMOS VOLTAGE REGULATOR S-1131 Series The S-1131 Series is a positive voltage regulator with a low dropout voltage, high output voltage accuracy,
More informationLecture 10: Accelerometers (Part I)
Lecture 0: Accelerometers (Part I) ADXL 50 (Formerly the original ADXL 50) ENE 5400, Spring 2004 Outline Performance analysis Capacitive sensing Circuit architectures Circuit techniques for non-ideality
More informationLast Name Girosco Given Name Pio ID Number
Last Name Girosco Given Name Pio ID Number 0170130 Question n. 1 Which is the typical range of frequencies at which MEMS gyroscopes (as studied during the course) operate, and why? In case of mode-split
More informationLong Range Passive RF-ID Tag With UWB Transmitter
Long Range Passive RF-ID Tag With UWB Transmitter Seunghyun Lee Seunghyun Oh Yonghyun Shim seansl@umich.edu austeban@umich.edu yhshim@umich.edu About RF-ID Tag What is a RF-ID Tag? An object for the identification
More informationQ-TECH CORPORATION. Description. Features. Applications
Description Q-Tech s high temperature real time clock oscillators consist of a source clock square wave generator and a miniature round or strip quartz crystal built in a low profile hermetically ceramic
More informationMEAS Silicon MEMS Piezoresistive Accelerometer and its Benefits
MEAS Silicon MEMS Piezoresistive Accelerometer and its Benefits Piezoresistive Accelerometers 1. Bonded Strain Gage type (Gages bonded to metal seismic mass using epoxy) Undamped circa 1950 s Fluid (oil)
More informationApplication Specification Accelerometer ACH AUG 98 Rev A
Application Specification Accelerometer ACH-04-08-05 114-27002 27 AUG 98 Rev A 1.0 INTRODUCTION This specification covers the application requirements of Measurement Specialties Accelerometer ACH-04-08-05.
More informationO C X O Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillators
What is an OCXO? Relatively speaking, an OCXO performs in the ±0.01~±0.1 ppm range, a TCXO performs in the ±1~±3 ppm range while a non-compensated clock oscillator performs in the ±25, ±50 ppm range. A
More informationSA620 Low voltage LNA, mixer and VCO 1GHz
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Low voltage LNA, mixer and VCO 1GHz Supersedes data of 1993 Dec 15 2004 Dec 14 DESCRIPTION The is a combined RF amplifier, VCO with tracking bandpass filter and mixer designed for high-performance
More information300 ma very low quiescent current linear regulator IC with automatic green mode
Datasheet 3 ma very low quiescent current linear regulator IC with automatic green mode Features Input voltage from 1.4 to 5.5 V Ultra low dropout voltage (3 mv typ. at 3 ma load) Automatic green mode
More informationType Ordering Code Package TDA Q67000-A5168 P-DIP-18-5
Video Modulator for FM-Audio TDA 5666-5 Preliminary Data Bipolar IC Features FM-audio modulator Sync level clamping of video input signal Controlling of peak white value Continuous adjustment of modulation
More informationThe steeper the phase shift as a function of frequency φ(ω) the more stable the frequency of oscillation
It should be noted that the frequency of oscillation ω o is determined by the phase characteristics of the feedback loop. the loop oscillates at the frequency for which the phase is zero The steeper the
More informationACTR Features: ACTR DCC6C v1.1
Features: ACTR9028-934.6-DCC6C v1.1 1-port Resonator Provides reliable, fundamental mode, quartz frequency stabilization i.e. in transmitters or local oscillators Surface Mounted Technology (SMT) Lead-free
More informationMP A, 500KHz Synchronous Rectified Step-up Converter
The Future of Analog IC Technology TM TM MP10 1.A, 00KHz Synchronous Rectified Step-up Converter DESCRIPTION The MP10 is a highly efficient, synchronous, fixed frequency, current-mode step-up converter
More informationA Real-Time kHz Clock Oscillator Using a mm 2 Micromechanical Resonator Frequency-Setting Element
0.0154-mm 2 Micromechanical Resonator Frequency-Setting Element, Proceedings, IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, Baltimore, Maryland, May 2012, to be published A Real-Time 32.768-kHz Clock
More informationSP 22.3: A 12mW Wide Dynamic Range CMOS Front-End for a Portable GPS Receiver
SP 22.3: A 12mW Wide Dynamic Range CMOS Front-End for a Portable GPS Receiver Arvin R. Shahani, Derek K. Shaeffer, Thomas H. Lee Stanford University, Stanford, CA At submicron channel lengths, CMOS is
More informationCrystal Oscillators and Circuits
Crystal Oscillators and Circuits It is often required to produce a signal whose frequency or pulse rate is very stable and exactly known. This is important in any application where anything to do with
More informationAn Oscillator Scheme for Quartz Crystal Characterization.
An Oscillator Scheme for Quartz Crystal Characterization. Wes Hayward, 15Nov07 The familiar quartz crystal is modeled with the circuit shown below containing a series inductor, capacitor, and equivalent
More informationECEN 5014, Spring 2009 Special Topics: Active Microwave Circuits Zoya Popovic, University of Colorado, Boulder
ECEN 5014, Spring 2009 Special Topics: Active Microwave Circuits Zoya opovic, University of Colorado, Boulder LECTURE 3 MICROWAVE AMLIFIERS: INTRODUCTION L3.1. TRANSISTORS AS BILATERAL MULTIORTS Transistor
More informationI.E.S-(Conv.)-2007 ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PAPER - II Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks : 200 Candidates should attempt Question No. 1 which is compulsory and FOUR more questions
More informationRegulating Pulse Width Modulators
Regulating Pulse Width Modulators UC1525A/27A FEATURES 8 to 35V Operation 5.1V Reference Trimmed to ±1% 100Hz to 500kHz Oscillator Range Separate Oscillator Sync Terminal Adjustable Deadtime Control Internal
More informationTLV4946K, TLV4946-2K. Datasheet. Sense and Control. Value Optimized Hall Effect Latches for Industrial and Consumer Applications. Rev1.
Value Optimized Hall Effect Latches for Industrial and Consumer Applications Datasheet Rev1.1, 2010-08-02 Sense and Control Edition 2010-08-02 Published by Infineon Technologies AG 81726 Munich, Germany
More informationLeakage Power Minimization in Deep-Submicron CMOS circuits
Outline Leakage Power Minimization in Deep-Submicron circuits Politecnico di Torino Dip. di Automatica e Informatica 1019 Torino, Italy enrico.macii@polito.it Introduction. Design for low leakage: Basics.
More informationLow-Power, Low-Drift, +2.5V/+5V/+10V Precision Voltage References
19-38; Rev 3; 6/7 Low-Power, Low-Drift, +2.5V/+5V/+1V General Description The precision 2.5V, 5V, and 1V references offer excellent accuracy and very low power consumption. Extremely low temperature drift
More informationExperiment 6: Biasing Circuitry
1 Objective UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences EE105 Lab Experiments Experiment 6: Biasing Circuitry Setting up a biasing
More information200mA Low Power Consumption CMOS LDO Regulator CLZ6821/22
General Description The CLZ6821 is a positive LDO regulator designed on patent pending CMOS circuit technologies. The device attains high ripple rejection ratio and superior line and load transient response
More information1.25 V Micropower, Precision Shunt Voltage Reference ADR1581
.25 V Micropower, Precision Shunt Voltage Reference ADR58 FEATURES Wide operating range: 6 μa to ma Initial accuracy: ±.2% maximum Temperature drift: ±5 ppm/ C maximum Output impedance:.5 Ω maximum Wideband
More informationComparison between Analog and Digital Current To PWM Converter for Optical Readout Systems
Comparison between Analog and Digital Current To PWM Converter for Optical Readout Systems 1 Eun-Jung Yoon, 2 Kangyeob Park, 3* Won-Seok Oh 1, 2, 3 SoC Platform Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology
More information3 V/5 V Low Power, Synchronous Voltage-to-Frequency Converter AD7740*
a FEATURES Synchronous Operation Full-Scale Frequency Set by External System Clock 8-Lead SOT-23 and 8-Lead microsoic Packages 3 V or 5 V Operation Low Power: 3 mw (Typ) Nominal Input Range: 0 to V REF
More informationTechnical Introduction Crystal Oscillators. Oscillator. Figure 1 Block diagram crystal oscillator
Technical Introduction Crystal s Crystals and Crystal s are the most important components for frequency applications like telecommunication and data transmission. The reasons are high frequency stability,
More information(i) Determine the admittance parameters of the network of Fig 1 (f) and draw its - equivalent circuit.
I.E.S-(Conv.)-1995 ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PAPER - I Some useful data: Electron charge: 1.6 10 19 Coulomb Free space permeability: 4 10 7 H/m Free space permittivity: 8.85 pf/m Velocity
More information300 ma very low quiescent current linear regulator IC with automatic green mode
Datasheet 3 ma very low quiescent current linear regulator IC with automatic green mode Features Input voltage from 1.4 to 5.5 V Ultra low dropout voltage (3 mv typ. at 3 ma load) Automatic green mode
More informationMGM 3000X Q67000-A5179 P-DSO-20-1 (SMD) MGM 3000X Q67006-A5179 P-DSO-20-1 Tape & Reel (SMD)
Video Modulator for FM/AM-Audio MGM 3000X Bipolar IC Features FM- and AM-audio modulator Audio carrier output for suppression of harmonics Sync level clamping of video input signal Controlling of peak
More informationDESIGN AND VERIFICATION OF ANALOG PHASE LOCKED LOOP CIRCUIT
DESIGN AND VERIFICATION OF ANALOG PHASE LOCKED LOOP CIRCUIT PRADEEP G CHAGASHETTI Mr. H.V. RAVISH ARADHYA Department of E&C Department of E&C R.V.COLLEGE of ENGINEERING R.V.COLLEGE of ENGINEERING Bangalore
More informationSiTime University Turbo Seminar Series. December 2012 Reliability & Resilience
SiTime University Turbo Seminar Series December 2012 Reliability & Resilience Agenda SiTime s Silicon MEMS Oscillator Construction Built for High Volume Mass Production Best Electro Magnetic Susceptibility
More informationTS mA Low Noise LDO Voltage Regulator with Enable
TS5205 150mA Low Noise LDO Voltage Regulator with Enable Pin assignment 1. Input 2. Ground 3. Enable 4. Bypass / Adjust 5. Output Low Power Consumption Low DropOut Voltage 0.275V Fixed and Adjustable Output
More informationAdvanced Regulating Pulse Width Modulators
Advanced Regulating Pulse Width Modulators FEATURES Complete PWM Power Control Circuitry Uncommitted Outputs for Single-ended or Push-pull Applications Low Standby Current 8mA Typical Interchangeable with
More informationLecture 8 ECEN 4517/5517
Lecture 8 ECEN 4517/5517 Experiment 4 Lecture 7: Step-up dcdc converter and PWM chip Lecture 8: Design of analog feedback loop Part I Controller IC: Demonstrate operating PWM controller IC (UC 3525) Part
More informationOwner. Dale Nelson. Design Team. Chief Scientist. Business Manager. Dale Nelson. Dale Nelson Dale Nelson. Dale Nelson. Dale Nelson
DHN Integrated Circuit Design Designing Crystal Oscillators Dale Nelson, Ph.D. DHN Integrated Circuit Design Established in Sept. 2005 Design Expertise: Crystal Oscillators Phase Locked Loops General Analog/Mixed
More informationLD A very low dropout fast transient ultra-low noise linear regulator. Datasheet. Features. Applications. Description
Datasheet 1 A very low dropout fast transient ultra-low noise linear regulator Features Input voltage from 1.8 to 5.5 V Ultra-low dropout voltage (120 mv typ. at 1 A load and V OUT = 3.3 V) Very low quiescent
More informationMAX6126 Ultra-High-Precision, Ultra-Low-Noise, Series Voltage Reference
General Description The MAX6126 is an ultra-low-noise, high-precision, lowdropout voltage reference. This family of voltage references feature curvature-correction circuitry and high-stability, laser-trimmed,
More information80mA Low Noise Ultra Low Dropout Voltage Regulator
80mA Low Noise Ultra Low Dropout Voltage Regulator DESCRIPTION The TS5204 series is an efficient linear voltage regulator with ultra-low noise output, very low dropout voltage (typically 20mV at light
More informationRF MEMS for Low-Power Communications
RF MEMS for Low-Power Communications Clark T.-C. Nguyen Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122
More informationBM6312 FEATURES GENERAL DESCRIPTION APPLICATIONS. High-performance current mode PWM Controller. Product Specification
GENERAL DESCRIPTION BM6312 is a high-performance current mode PWM control IC designed for AC/DC convertor, which built-in high-voltage power switch tube and supplies continuous output power of 12W within
More informationML4818 Phase Modulation/Soft Switching Controller
Phase Modulation/Soft Switching Controller www.fairchildsemi.com Features Full bridge phase modulation zero voltage switching circuit with programmable ZV transition times Constant frequency operation
More informationCA330 RTD Calibrator: High-speed Response and High-resolution Resistance Simulator
CA33 RTD Calibrator: High-speed Response and High-resolution Resistance Simulator CA33 RTD Calibrator: High-speed Response and High-resolution Resistance Simulator Kouki Shouji *1 Yokogawa Meters & Instruments
More informationCOMMON SENSE OSCILLATOR TECHNIQUES
COMMON SENSE OSCILLATOR TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION. ASICs and microprocessor clocking elements market size is estimated at 100 million units per month. Often these requirements were satisfied by designing
More informationEVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE 28V, PWM, Step-Up DC-DC Converter PART V IN 3V TO 28V
19-1462; Rev ; 6/99 EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE 28V, PWM, Step-Up DC-DC Converter General Description The CMOS, PWM, step-up DC-DC converter generates output voltages up to 28V and accepts inputs from +3V
More informationMEMS Reference Oscillators. EECS 242B Fall 2014 Prof. Ali M. Niknejad
MEMS Reference Oscillators EECS 242B Fall 2014 Prof. Ali M. Niknejad Why replace XTAL Resonators? XTAL resonators have excellent performance in terms of quality factor (Q ~ 100,000), temperature stability
More informationUART CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR DESIGN GUIDE. 1. Frequently Asked Questions associated with UART Crystal Oscillators
UART CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR DESIGN GUIDE March 2000 Author: Reinhardt Wagner 1. Frequently Asked Questions associated with UART Crystal Oscillators How does a crystal oscillator work? What crystal should I
More informationMA1000 High Performance MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer
Closed loop Structure MEMS capacitive accelerometer Range:±2g~±30g, excellent bias stability Built-in-self test and temperature sensor for compensation Built-in high precision reference voltage Extremely
More informationTLV4946-2L. Datasheet. Sense and Control. Value Optimized Hall Effect Latch for Industrial and Consumer Applications. Rev1.
Value Optimized Hall Effect Latch for Industrial and Consumer Applications Datasheet Rev1.1, 2010-08-02 Sense and Control Edition 2010-08-02 Published by Infineon Technologies AG 81726 Munich, Germany
More informationA New Concept of Power Quality Monitoring
A New Concept of Power Quality Monitoring Victor Anunciada 1, Hugo Ribeiro 2 1 Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal, avaa@lx.it.pt 2 Instituto de Telecomunicações,
More information