The Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
|
|
- Felicia Sullivan
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Fiber-Optic Gyroscope Second Edition Herve C. Lefevre ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com
2 Contents Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition xvii xix Introduction 1 References 4 Principle of the Fiber-Optic Gyroscope Sagnac Effect A History of Optics from Aether to Relativity Sagnac Effect in a Vacuum Sagnac Effect in a Medium Active and Passive Ring Resonators Ring-Laser Gyroscope (RLG) Resonant Fiber-Optic Gyroscope (R-FOG) Passive Fiber-Ring Interferometer Principle of the Interferometric Fiber-Optic Gyroscope (I-FOG) Theoretical Sensitivity of the I-FOG Noise, Drift, and Scale Factor Evaluation of Noise and Drift by Allan Variance (or Allan Deviation) Bandwidth 31 References 31 CHAPTER 3 Reciprocity of a Fiber Ring Interferometer 3.1 Principle of Reciprocity Single-Mode Reciprocity of Wave Propagation Reciprocal Behavior of a Beam Splitter 3.2 Minimum Configuration of a Ring Fiber Interferometer Reciprocal Configuration Reciprocal Biasing Modulation-Demodulation Proper (or Eigen) Frequency 3.3 Reciprocity with All-Guided Schemes Evanescent-Field Coupler (or X-Coupler or Four-Port Coupler) ix
3 X Contents Y-Junction All-Fiber Approach Hybrid Architectures with Integrated Optics: Y-Coupler Configuration Problem of Polarization Reciprocity Rejection Requirement with Ordinary Single-Mode Fiber Use of Polarization-Maintaining (PM) Fiber Use of Depolarizer Use of an Unpolarized Source 61 References 62 Backreflection and Backscattering Problem of Backreflection Reduction of Backreflection with Slant Interfaces Influence of Source Coherence Problem of Backscattering Coherent Backscattering Use of a Broadband Source Evaluation of the Residual Rayleigh Backscattering Noise 69 References 72 Analysis of Polarization Nonreciprocities with Broadband Source and High- Birefringence Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Depolarization Effect in High-Birefringence Polarization-Maintaining Fibers Analysis of Polarization Nonreciprocities in a Fiber Gyroscope Using an All-Polarization-Maintaining Waveguide Configuration Intensity-Type Effects Comment About Length of Depolarization Lj Versus Length of Polarization Correlation Lpc Amplitude-Type Effects Use of a Depolarizer Testing with Optical Coherence Domain Polarimetry (OCDP) OCDP Based on Path-Matched White-Light Interferometry OCDP Using Optical Spectrum Analysis 93 References 93 Time Transience-Related Nonreciprocal Effects Effect of Temperature Transience: The Shupe Effect Symmetrical Windings Stress-Induced T-Dot Effect Basics of Heat Diffusion and Temporal Signature of the Shupe and T-Dot Effects 100
4 Contents xi 6.5 Effect of Acoustic Noise and Vibration 105 References 105 Truly Nonreciprocal Effects Magneto-Optic Faraday Effect Transverse Magneto-Optic Effect Nonlinear Kerr Effect 112 References 116 umm Scale Factor Linearity and Accuracy Problem of Scale Factor Linearity and Accuracy Closed-Loop Operation Methods to Linearize the Scale Factor Use of a Frequency Shift Use of an Analog Phase Ramp (or Serrodyne Modulation) Use of a Digital Phase Ramp All-Digital Closed-Loop Processing Method Control of the Gain of the Modulation Chain with Four-State Modulation Potential Spurious Lock-In (or Deadband) Effect Scale Factor Accuracy Problem of Scale Factor Accuracy Wavelength Dependence of an Interferometer Response with a Broadband Source Effect of Phase Modulation Wavelength Control Schemes Mean Wavelength Change with a Parasitic Interferometer or Polarimeter 145 References 148 Recapitulation of the Optimal Operating Conditions and Technologies ofthel-foc Optimal Operating Conditions Broadband Source Superluminescent Diode Rare-Earth Doped Fiber ASE Sources Excess RIN Compensation Techniques Sensing Coil The Heart of the Interferometer Detector and Processing Electronics 160 References 162
5 xii Contents CHAPTER 10 Alternative Approaches for the l-fog Alternative Optical Configurations Alternative Signal Processing Schemes Open-Loop Scheme with Use of Multiple Harmonics Second Harmonic Feedback Gated Phase Modulation Feedback Heterodyne and Pseudo-Heterodyne Schemes Beat Detection with Phase Ramp Feedback Dual-Phase Ramp Feedback Extended Dynamic Range with Multiple Wavelength Source 171 References 172 Resonant Fiber-Optic Gyroscope (R-FOG) Principle of Operation of an All-Fiber Ring Cavity Signal Processing Method Reciprocity of a Ring Fiber Cavity Introduction Basic Reciprocity Within the Ring Resonator Excitation and Detection of Resonances in a Ring Resonator Other Parasitic Effects in the R-FOG 190 Acknowledgments 192 References 193 Conclusions The State of Development and Expectations in The Present State of the Art, Two Decades Later FOG Versus RLG FOG Manufacturers Trends for the Future and Concluding Remarks 198 References 199 Fundamentals of Optics for the Fiber Gyroscope 201 A.l Basic Parameters of an Optical Wave: Wavelength, Frequency, and Power 201 A.2 Spontaneous Emission, Stimulated Emission, and Related Noises 205 A.2.1 Fundamental Photon Noise 205 A.2.2 Spontaneous Emission and Excess Relative Intensity Noise (Excess RIN) 206 A.2.3 Resonant Stimulated Emission in a Laser Source 207 A.2.4 Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) 208 A.3 Propagation Equation in a Vacuum 209
6 Contents xiii A.4 State of Polarization of an Optical Wave 212 A.5 Propagation in a Dielectric Medium 215 A.5.1 Index of Refraction 215 A.5.2 Chromatic Dispersion, Group Velocity, and Group Velocity Dispersion 218 A.5.3 E and B, or E and H? 221 A.6 Dielectric Interface 223 A.6.1 Refraction, Partial Reflection, and Total Internal Reflection 223 A.6.2 Dielectric Waveguidance 228 A.7 Geometrical Optics 229 A.7.1 Rays and Phase Wavefronts 229 A.7.2 Plane Mirror and Beam Splitter 229 A.7.3 Lenses 230 A. 8 Interferences 232 A.8.1 Principle of Two-Wave Interferometry 232 A.8.2 Most Common Two-Wave Interferometers: Michelson and Mach-Zehnder Interferometers, Young Double-Slit 235 A.8.3 Channeled Spectral Response of a Two-Wave Interferometer 239 A.9 Multiple-Wave Interferences 240 A.9.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer 240 A.9.2 Ring Resonant Cavity 244 A.9.3 Multilayer Dielectric Mirror and Bragg Reflector 245 A.9.4 Bulk-Optic Diffraction Grating 246 A.10 Diffraction 248 A.10.1 Fresnel Diffraction and Fraunhofer Diffraction 248 A.10.2 Knife-Edge Fresnel Diffraction 250 A.11 Gaussian Beam 252 A.12 Coherence 254 A.12.1 Basics of Coherence 254 A.12.2 Mathematical Derivation of Temporal Coherence 257 A.12.3 The Concept of a Wave Train 263 A.12.4 The Case of an Asymmetrical Spectrum 263 A.12.5 The Case of Propagation in a Dispersive Medium 266 A.13 Birefringence 267 A.13.1 Birefringence Index Difference 267 A.13.2 Change of Polarization with Birefringence 268 A Interference with Birefringence 272 A. 14 Optical Spectrum Analysis 273 Reference 274 Selected Bibliography 274 Fundamentals of Fiber Optics for the Fiber Gyroscope 275 B. l Main Characteristics of a Single-Mode Optical Fiber 275 B. l.l Attenuation of a Silica Fiber 275 B.l.2 Gaussian Profile of the Fundamental Mode 276
7 xiv Contents B.1.3 Beat Length and h Parameter of a PM Fiber 279 B.1.4 Protective Coating 279 B.1.5 Temperature Dependence of Propagation in a PM Fiber 280 B.2 Discrete Modal Guidance in a Step-Index Fiber 281 B.3 Guidance in a Single-Mode (SM) Fiber 285 B.3.1 Amplitude Distribution of the Fundamental LP01 Mode 285 B.3.2 Equivalent Index neq and Phase Velocity v of the Fundamental LP01 Mode 288 B.3.3 Group Index ng of the Fundamental LP01 Mode 289 B.3.4 Case of a Parabolic Index Profile 290 B.3.5 Modes of a Few-Mode Fiber 291 B.4 Coupling in a Single-Mode Fiber and Its Loss Mechanisms 292 B.4.1 Free-Space Coupling 292 B.4.2 Misalignment Coupling Losses 293 B.4.3 Mode-Diameter Mismatch Loss of LP01 Mode 297 B.4.4 Mode Size Mismatch Loss of LPn and LP2i Modes 298 B.5 Birefringence in a Single-Mode Fiber 300 B.5.1 Shape-Induced Linear Birefringence 300 B.5.2 Stress-Induced Linear and Circular Birefringence 301 B.5.3 Combination of Linear and Circular Birefringence Effects 304 B.6 Polarization-Maintaining (PM) Fibers 306 B.6.1 Principle of Conservation of Polarization 306 B.6.2 Residual Polarization Crossed-Coupling 308 B.6.3 Depolarization of Crossed-Coupling with a Broadband Source 311 B.6.4 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) 314 B.6.5 Polarizing (PZ) Fiber 315 B.7 All-Fiber Components 316 B.7.1 Evanescent-Field Coupler and Wavelength Multiplexer 316 B.7.2 Piezoelectric Phase Modulator 319 B.7.3 Polarization Controller 321 B.7.4 Lyot Depolarizer 322 B.7.5 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) 323 B.8 Pigtailed Bulk-Optic Components 324 B.8.1 General Principle 324 B.8.2 Optical Isolator 324 B. 8.3 Optical Circulator 325 B.9 Rare-Earth-Doped Amplifying Fiber 326 B.10 Microstructured Optical Fiber (MOF) 327 B. ll Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 329 Selected Bibliography 329 Fundamentals of Integrated Optics for the Fibergyroscope 331 C. l Principle and Basic Functions of LiNb03 Integrated Optics 331 C. l.l Channel Waveguide 331
8 Contents xv C.1.2 C.1.3 Coupling Between an Optical Fiber and an Integrated-Optic Waveguide 332 Fundamental Mode Profile and Equivalence with an LPn Fiber Mode 333 C.1.4 Mismatch Coupling Attenuation Between a Fiber and a Waveguide 335 C.1.5 Low-Driving-Voltage Phase Modulator 336 C.1.6 Beam Splitting 336 C.1.7 Polarization Rejection and Birefringence-Induced Depolarization 338 C.2 Ti-Indiffused LiNb03 Integrated Optics 340 C.2.1 Ti-Indiffused Channel Waveguide 340 C.2.2 Phase Modulation and Metallic-Overlay Polarizer with Ti-Indiffused Waveguide 340 C. 3 Proton-Exchanged LiNb03 Integrated Optics 343 C.3.1 Single-Polarization Propagation 343 C.3.2 Phase Modulation in Proton-Exchanged Waveguide 344 C.3.3 C.3.4 Theoretical Polarization Rejection of a Proton-Exchanged LiNb03 Circuit 345 Practical Polarization Rejection of Proton-Exchanged LiNb03 Circuit 347 C.3.5 Improved Polarization Rejection with Absorbing Grooves 348 C.3.6 Spurious Intensity Modulation 351 Selected Bibliography 352 Electromagnetic Theory of the Relativistic Sagnac Effect 353 D. l Special Relativity and Electromagnetism 353 D.2 Electromagnetism in a Rotating Frame 361 D. 3 Case of a Rotating Toroidal Dielectric Waveguide 363 Selected Bibliography 365 Basics of Inertial Navigation 367 E. l Introduction 367 E.2 Inertial Sensors 369 E.2.1 Accelerometers (Acceleration Sensors) 369 E.2.2 Gyroscopes (Rotation Rate Sensors) 369 E.2.3 Classification of the Inertial Sensor Performance 370 E.3 Navigation Computation 370 E.3.1 A Bit of Geodesy 371 E.3.2 Reference Frames 371 E.3.3 Orientation, Velocity, and Position Computation 372 E.3.4 Altitude Computation 372 E.4 Attitude and Heading Initialization 373 E.4.1 Attitude Initialization 373
9 xvi Contents E.4.2 Heading Initialization with Gyrocompassing 374 E.5 Velocity and Position Initialization 375 E.6 Orders of Magnitude to Remember 375 Selected Bibliography 376 List of Abbreviations 377 List of Symbols 379 About the Author 385 Index 387
Optics and Lasers. Matt Young. Including Fibers and Optical Waveguides
Matt Young Optics and Lasers Including Fibers and Optical Waveguides Fourth Revised Edition With 188 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Contents
More informationOptical Fibers p. 1 Basic Concepts p. 1 Step-Index Fibers p. 2 Graded-Index Fibers p. 4 Design and Fabrication p. 6 Silica Fibers p.
Preface p. xiii Optical Fibers p. 1 Basic Concepts p. 1 Step-Index Fibers p. 2 Graded-Index Fibers p. 4 Design and Fabrication p. 6 Silica Fibers p. 6 Plastic Optical Fibers p. 9 Microstructure Optical
More informationElements of Optical Networking
Bruckner Elements of Optical Networking Basics and practice of optical data communication With 217 Figures, 13 Tables and 93 Exercises Translated by Patricia Joliet VIEWEG+ TEUBNER VII Content Preface
More informationBasics of INTERFEROMETRY
Basics of INTERFEROMETRY P Hariharan CSIRO Division of Applied Sydney, Australia Physics ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Boston San Diego New York London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
More informationFiber-Optic Communication Systems
Fiber-Optic Communication Systems Second Edition GOVIND P. AGRAWAL The Institute of Optics University of Rochester Rochester, NY A WILEY-iNTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK / CHICHESTER
More informationOptical Communications and Networking 朱祖勍. Sept. 25, 2017
Optical Communications and Networking Sept. 25, 2017 Lecture 4: Signal Propagation in Fiber 1 Nonlinear Effects The assumption of linearity may not always be valid. Nonlinear effects are all related to
More informationCONTENTS. Chapter 1 Wave Nature of Light 19
CONTENTS Chapter 1 Wave Nature of Light 19 1.1 Light Waves in a Homogeneous Medium 19 A. Plane Electromagnetic Wave 19 B. Maxwell's Wave Equation and Diverging Waves 22 Example 1.1.1 A diverging laser
More informationPrinciples of Optics for Engineers
Principles of Optics for Engineers Uniting historically different approaches by presenting optical analyses as solutions of Maxwell s equations, this unique book enables students and practicing engineers
More informationPassive Optical Components for Optical Fiber Transmission
Passive Optical Components for Optical Fiber Transmission Norio Kashima Artech House Boston London Contents Preface Part I Basic Technologies 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Passive Optical Components 3 1.1
More informationGerhard K. Ackermann and Jurgen Eichler. Holography. A Practical Approach BICENTENNIAL. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
Gerhard K. Ackermann and Jurgen Eichler Holography A Practical Approach BICENTENNIAL BICENTENNIAL WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Contents Preface XVII Part 1 Fundamentals of Holography 1 1 Introduction
More informationPhotonic Signals. and Systems. An Introduction. NabeelA.Riza/Ph.D. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University College Cork
Photonic Signals and Systems An Introduction NabeelA.Riza/Ph.D. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University College Cork Cork, Ireland New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid
More informationLASER DIODE MODULATION AND NOISE
> 5' O ft I o Vi LASER DIODE MODULATION AND NOISE K. Petermann lnstitutfiir Hochfrequenztechnik, Technische Universitdt Berlin Kluwer Academic Publishers i Dordrecht / Boston / London KTK Scientific Publishers
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. On completion of this class you will be able to. 1. Define fiber sensor. 2. List the different types fiber sensors
Introduction Learning Objectives On completion of this class you will be able to 1. Define fiber sensor 2. List the different types fiber sensors 3. Mech-Zender Fiber optic interferometer Fiber optic sensor
More informationFibre Optic Sensors: basic principles and most common applications
SMR 1829-21 Winter College on Fibre Optics, Fibre Lasers and Sensors 12-23 February 2007 Fibre Optic Sensors: basic principles and most common applications (PART 2) Hypolito José Kalinowski Federal University
More informationBasics of INTERFEROMETRY
Basics of INTERFEROMETRY Second Edition P. HARIHARAN School ofphysics, Sydney, Australia University of Sydney CPi AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE
More informationTable of Contents. Abbrevation Glossary... xvii
Table of Contents Preface... xiii Abbrevation Glossary... xvii Chapter 1 General Points... 1 1.1. Microwave photonic links... 1 1.2. Link description... 4 1.3. Signal to transmit... 5 1.3.1. Microwave
More informationOPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS S
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS S-108.3110 1 Course program 1. Introduction and Optical Fibers 2. Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 3. Fiber-Optic Components 4. Transmitters and Receivers 5. Fiber-Optic Measurements
More informationRobert G. Hunsperger. Integrated Optics. Theory and Technology. Sixth Edition. 4ü Spri rineer g<
Robert G. Hunsperger Integrated Optics Theory and Technology Sixth Edition 4ü Spri rineer g< 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Advantages of Integrated Optics 2 1.1.1 Comparison of Optical Fibers with Other Interconnectors
More informationOPTICAL GUIDED WAVES AND DEVICES
OPTICAL GUIDED WAVES AND DEVICES Richard Syms John Cozens Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY London New York
More informationUNIT - 7 WDM CONCEPTS AND COMPONENTS
UNIT - 7 WDM CONCEPTS AND COMPONENTS WDM concepts, overview of WDM operation principles, WDM standards, Mach-Zehender interferometer, multiplexer, Isolators and circulators, direct thin film filters, active
More informationElectromagnetics, Microwave Circuit and Antenna Design for Communications Engineering
Electromagnetics, Microwave Circuit and Antenna Design for Communications Engineering Second Edition Peter Russer ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com Contents Preface xvii Chapter 1 Introduction
More informationOptical Signal Processing
Optical Signal Processing ANTHONY VANDERLUGT North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina A Wiley-Interscience Publication John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto
More information21. (i) Briefly explain the evolution of fiber optic system (ii) Compare the configuration of different types of fibers. or 22. (b)(i) Derive modal eq
Unit-1 Part-A FATIMA MICHAEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Senkottai Village, Madurai Sivagangai Main Road, Madurai - 625 020. [An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution] DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
More informationOptical Amplifiers Photonics and Integrated Optics (ELEC-E3240) Zhipei Sun Photonics Group Department of Micro- and Nanosciences Aalto University
Photonics Group Department of Micro- and Nanosciences Aalto University Optical Amplifiers Photonics and Integrated Optics (ELEC-E3240) Zhipei Sun Last Lecture Topics Course introduction Ray optics & optical
More informationvisibility values: 1) V1=0.5 2) V2=0.9 3) V3=0.99 b) In the three cases considered, what are the values of FSR (Free Spectral Range) and
EXERCISES OF OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS BY ENRICO RANDONE AND CESARE SVELTO EXERCISE 1 A CW laser radiation (λ=2.1 µm) is delivered to a Fabry-Pérot interferometer made of 2 identical plane and parallel mirrors
More informationRF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
RF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Frank Gustrau Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany WILEY A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Preface List of
More informationOptical fiber-fault surveillance for passive optical networks in S-band operation window
Optical fiber-fault surveillance for passive optical networks in S-band operation window Chien-Hung Yeh 1 and Sien Chi 2,3 1 Transmission System Department, Computer and Communications Research Laboratories,
More informationDWDM FILTERS; DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
DWDM FILTERS; DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 1 OSI REFERENCE MODEL PHYSICAL OPTICAL FILTERS FOR DWDM SYSTEMS 2 AGENDA POINTS NEED CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS CLASSIFICATION TYPES PRINCIPLES BRAGG GRATINGS
More informationInterference [Hecht Ch. 9]
Interference [Hecht Ch. 9] Note: Read Ch. 3 & 7 E&M Waves and Superposition of Waves and Meet with TAs and/or Dr. Lai if necessary. General Consideration 1 2 Amplitude Splitting Interferometers If a lightwave
More informationLecture 7 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 7, Slide 1
Dispersion management Lecture 7 Dispersion compensating fibers (DCF) Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) Dispersion-equalizing filters Optical phase conjugation (OPC) Electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) Fiber
More informationElectronically switchable Bragg gratings provide versatility
Page 1 of 5 Electronically switchable Bragg gratings provide versatility Recent advances in ESBGs make them an optimal technological fabric for WDM components. ALLAN ASHMEAD, DigiLens Inc. The migration
More informationFiberoptic and Waveguide Sensors
Fiberoptic and Waveguide Sensors Wei-Chih Wang Department of Mecahnical Engineering University of Washington Optical sensors Advantages: -immune from electromagnetic field interference (EMI) - extreme
More informationIntroduction and concepts Types of devices
ECE 6323 Introduction and concepts Types of devices Passive splitters, combiners, couplers Wavelength-based devices for DWDM Modulator/demodulator (amplitude and phase), compensator (dispersion) Others:
More informationHandbook of Optical Systems
Handbook of Optical Systems Volume 5: Metrology of Optical Components and Systems von Herbert Gross, Bernd Dörband, Henriette Müller 1. Auflage Handbook of Optical Systems Gross / Dörband / Müller schnell
More information21.0 Quantum Optics and Photonics
21.0 Quantum Optics and Photonics Academic and Research Staff Prof. S. Ezekiel, Dr. P.R. Hemmer, J. Kierstead, Dr. H. Lamela-Rivera, B. Bernacki, D. Morris Graduate Students L. Hergenroeder, S.H. Jain,
More informationMICROWAVE photonics is an interdisciplinary area
314 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 27, NO. 3, FEBRUARY 1, 2009 Microwave Photonics Jianping Yao, Senior Member, IEEE, Member, OSA (Invited Tutorial) Abstract Broadband and low loss capability of
More informationPRINCIPLES OF RADAR. By Members of the Staff of the Radar School Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Third Edition by J.
PRINCIPLES OF RADAR By Members of the Staff of the Radar School Massachusetts Institute of Technology Third Edition by J. Francis Reintjes ASSISTANT PBOFESSOR OF COMMUNICATIONS MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
More informationRadar Equations. for Modern Radar. David K. Barton ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON. artechhouse.com
Radar Equations for Modern Radar David K Barton ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhousecom Contents Preface xv Chapter 1 Development of the Radar Equation 1 11 Radar Equation Fundamentals 1 111 Maximum
More informationExternal-Cavity Tapered Semiconductor Ring Lasers
External-Cavity Tapered Semiconductor Ring Lasers Frank Demaria Laser operation of a tapered semiconductor amplifier in a ring-oscillator configuration is presented. In first experiments, 1.75 W time-average
More informationDr. Rüdiger Paschotta RP Photonics Consulting GmbH. Competence Area: Fiber Devices
Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta RP Photonics Consulting GmbH Competence Area: Fiber Devices Topics in this Area Fiber lasers, including exotic types Fiber amplifiers, including telecom-type devices and high power
More informationPassive Fibre Components
SMR 1829-16 Winter College on Fibre Optics, Fibre Lasers and Sensors 12-23 February 2007 Passive Fibre Components (PART 2) Walter Margulis Acreo, Stockholm Sweden Passive Fibre Components W. Margulis walter.margulis@acreo.se
More informationPractical Aspects of Raman Amplifier
Practical Aspects of Raman Amplifier Contents Introduction Background Information Common Types of Raman Amplifiers Principle Theory of Raman Gain Noise Sources Related Information Introduction This document
More informationSHF Communication Technologies AG
SHF Communication Technologies AG Wilhelm-von-Siemens-Str. 23 Aufgang D 12277 Berlin Marienfelde Germany Phone ++49 30 / 772 05 10 Fax ++49 30 / 753 10 78 E-Mail: sales@shf.biz Web: http://www.shf.biz
More informationIntroduction Fundamental of optical amplifiers Types of optical amplifiers
ECE 6323 Introduction Fundamental of optical amplifiers Types of optical amplifiers Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers Semiconductor optical amplifier Others: stimulated Raman, optical parametric Advanced application:
More informationNEW APPROACH TO DESIGN DIGITALLY TUNABLE OPTICAL FILTER SYSTEM FOR WAVELENGTH SELEC- TIVE SWITCHING BASED OPTICAL NETWORKS
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 9, 93 100, 2009 NEW APPROACH TO DESIGN DIGITALLY TUNABLE OPTICAL FILTER SYSTEM FOR WAVELENGTH SELEC- TIVE SWITCHING BASED OPTICAL NETWORKS A. Banerjee
More informationINTEGRATED ACOUSTO-OPTICAL HETERODYNE INTERFEROMETER FOR DISPLACEMENT AND VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
INTEGRATED ACOUSTO-OPTICAL HETERODYNE INTERFEROMETER FOR DISPLACEMENT AND VIBRATION MEASUREMENT AGUS RUBIYANTO Abstract A complex, fully packaged heterodyne interferometer has been developed for displacement
More informationReview of Semiconductor Physics
Review of Semiconductor Physics k B 1.38 u 10 23 JK -1 a) Energy level diagrams showing the excitation of an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. The resultant free electron can freely
More informationCurrent-induced Phase Demodulation Using a PWM Sampling for a Fiber-optic CT
Journal of the Optical Society of Korea Vol. 14, No. 3, September 2010, pp. 240-244 DOI: 10.3807/JOSK.2010.14.3.240 Current-induced Phase Demodulation Using a PWM Sampling for a Fiber-optic CT Hyoung-Jun
More informationIndex. Cambridge University Press Silicon Photonics Design Lukas Chrostowski and Michael Hochberg. Index.
absorption, 69 active tuning, 234 alignment, 394 396 apodization, 164 applications, 7 automated optical probe station, 389 397 avalanche detector, 268 back reflection, 164 band structures, 30 bandwidth
More informationPhase-Locked Loop Engineering Handbook for Integrated Circuits
Phase-Locked Loop Engineering Handbook for Integrated Circuits Stanley Goldman ARTECH H O U S E BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com Preface Acknowledgments xiii xxi CHAPTER 1 Cetting Started with PLLs 1 1.1
More informationAnalysis of the Tunable Asymmetric Fiber F-P Cavity for Fiber Strain Sensor Edge-Filter Demodulation
PHOTONIC SENSORS / Vol. 4, No. 4, 014: 338 343 Analysis of the Tunable Asymmetric Fiber F-P Cavity for Fiber Strain Sensor Edge-Filter Demodulation Haotao CHEN and Youcheng LIANG * Guangzhou Ivia Aviation
More informationChromatic Dispersion Compensation in Optical Fiber Communication System and its Simulation
Indian Journal of Science and Technology Supplementary Article Chromatic Dispersion Compensation in Optical Fiber Communication System and its Simulation R. Udayakumar 1 *, V. Khanaa 2 and T. Saravanan
More informationA novel tunable diode laser using volume holographic gratings
A novel tunable diode laser using volume holographic gratings Christophe Moser *, Lawrence Ho and Frank Havermeyer Ondax, Inc. 85 E. Duarte Road, Monrovia, CA 9116, USA ABSTRACT We have developed a self-aligned
More informationOptical Communication and Networks M.N. Bandyopadhyay
Optical Communication and Networks M.N. Bandyopadhyay Director National Institute of Technology (NIT) Calicut Delhi-110092 2014 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS M.N. Bandyopadhyay 2014 by PHI Learning
More informationBasic Optical Components
Basic Optical Components Jorge M. Finochietto Córdoba 2012 LCD EFN UNC Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Digitales Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
More informationFiber Optic Gyro : Theory & Applications
International Conference and Exhibition MELAHA 2014 RESILIENCE NAVIGATION September 1-3, 2014 Alexandria, Egypt RADISSON BLU HOTEL Organized by Arab Institute of Navigation (AIN) Fiber Optic Gyro : Theory
More informationRogério Nogueira Instituto de Telecomunicações Pólo de Aveiro Departamento de Física Universidade de Aveiro
Fiber Bragg Gratings for DWDM Optical Networks Rogério Nogueira Instituto de Telecomunicações Pólo de Aveiro Departamento de Física Universidade de Aveiro Overview Introduction. Fabrication. Physical properties.
More informationIndex. Cambridge University Press Computational Photonics: An Introduction with MATLAB Marek S. Wartak. Index.
448 absorption coefficient, 181 in a two-level system, 168, 169 infrared, 109 of power in photodetectors, 242 spectrum, 243 ultraviolet, 109 acceptance angle, see critical angle active region, 173, 176
More informationFiber Amplifiers. Fiber Lasers. 1*5 World Scientific. Niloy K nulla. University ofconnecticut, USA HONG KONG NEW JERSEY LONDON
LONDON Fiber Amplifiers Fiber Lasers Niloy K nulla University ofconnecticut, USA 1*5 World Scientific NEW JERSEY SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI Contents Preface v 1. Introduction 1
More informationFiber Optic Gyroscopes
Fiber Optic Gyroscopes Executive Summary Fiber optic Gyroscopes (FOGs) use two beams of light which propagate simultaneously around a path of optical fiber to measure angular velocity. The rotation of
More informationOptical Wireless Communications
Optical Wireless Communications System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB Z. Ghassemlooy W. Popoola S. Rajbhandari W CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of
More informationTransmitting Light: Fiber-optic and Free-space Communications Holography
1 Lecture 9 Transmitting Light: Fiber-optic and Free-space Communications Holography 2 Wireless Phone Calls http://havilandtelconews.com/2011/10/the-reality-behind-wireless-networks/ 3 Undersea Cable and
More informationPolarization Sagnac interferometer with a common-path local oscillator for heterodyne detection
1354 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B/Vol. 16, No. 9/September 1999 Beyersdorf et al. Polarization Sagnac interferometer with a common-path local oscillator for heterodyne detection Peter T. Beyersdorf, Martin M. Fejer,
More informationHigh Sensitivity Interferometric Detection of Partial Discharges for High Power Transformer Applications
High Sensitivity Interferometric Detection of Partial Discharges for High Power Transformer Applications Carlos Macià-Sanahuja and Horacio Lamela-Rivera Optoelectronics and Laser Technology group, Universidad
More informationMicrowave Engineering Third Edition
Microwave Engineering Third Edition David M. Pozar University of Massachusetts at Amherst WILEY John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY 1 1.1 Introduction to Microwave Engineering 1 Applications
More informationPhotonics and Optical Communication
Photonics and Optical Communication (Course Number 300352) Spring 2007 Dr. Dietmar Knipp Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering http://www.faculty.iu-bremen.de/dknipp/ 1 Photonics and Optical Communication
More informationPeriodic Error Correction in Heterodyne Interferometry
Periodic Error Correction in Heterodyne Interferometry Tony L. Schmitz, Vasishta Ganguly, Janet Yun, and Russell Loughridge Abstract This paper describes periodic error in differentialpath interferometry
More informationChapter 8. Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) Part II: Amplifiers
Chapter 8 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) Part II: Amplifiers Introduction Traditionally, when setting up an optical link, one formulates a power budget and adds repeaters when the path loss exceeds
More informationA NEW APPROACH TO DESIGN DIGITALLY TUNABLE OPTICAL FILTER SYSTEM FOR DWDM OPTICAL NETWORKS
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 11, 213 223, 2010 A NEW APPROACH TO DESIGN DIGITALLY TUNABLE OPTICAL FILTER SYSTEM FOR DWDM OPTICAL NETWORKS A. Banerjee Department of Electronics and Communication
More informationELHT-601: Electrical Machines
ELHT-601: Electrical Machines THEORY Marks: 100 Basics: Basic constructional features and physical principles involved in electrical machines. D.C. Generators: Principles of operation, lap and wave connections,
More informationStudy on a Single-Axis Fabry-Perot Fiber-Optic Accelerometer and its Signal Demodulation Method
Advances in Computer Science Research (ACSR) volume 5 016 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Information Systems (CEIS-16) Study on a Single-Axis abry-perot iber-optic Accelerometer and
More informationGyroscope technology 2
Chapter 5 Gyroscope technology 2 5.1 Optical sensors 5.1.1 Introduction This term is applied to those classes of gyroscope which use the properties of electromagnetic radiation to sense rotation. Such
More informationFaraday Rotators and Isolators
Faraday Rotators and I. Introduction The negative effects of optical feedback on laser oscillators and laser diodes have long been known. Problems include frequency instability, relaxation oscillations,
More informationWill contain image distance after raytrace Will contain image height after raytrace
Name: LASR 51 Final Exam May 29, 2002 Answer all questions. Module numbers are for guidance, some material is from class handouts. Exam ends at 8:20 pm. Ynu Raytracing The first questions refer to the
More informationLow-Frequency Vibration Measurement by a Dual-Frequency DBR Fiber Laser
PHOTONIC SENSORS / Vol. 7, No. 3, 217: 26 21 Low-Frequency Vibration Measurement by a Dual-Frequency DBR Fiber Laser Bing ZHANG, Linghao CHENG *, Yizhi LIANG, Long JIN, Tuan GUO, and Bai-Ou GUAN Guangdong
More informationAbsorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat.
Absorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat. Scattering: The changes in direction of light confined within an OF, occurring due to imperfection in
More information2 in the multipath dispersion of the optical fibre. (b) Discuss the merits and drawbacks of cut bouls method of measurement of alternation.
B.TECH IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November 2012 1 (a) Derive an expression for multiple time difference tt 2 in the multipath dispersion of the optical fibre. (b) Discuss the merits
More informationFiber Optic Gyroscopes. Instrumentation: Sensors and Signals
Fiber Optic Gyroscopes Instrumentation: Sensors and Signals History Developed in the 1980s as an alternative to Laser Ring Gyroscopes. More compact Less sensitive Comparison and applications WHOI Puma
More informationFundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 7-1 (p. 339) Non-TEM mmode waveguide structures include (a) rectangular waveguide, (b) circular waveguide., (c) dielectric slab waveguide, and (d) fiber optic waveguide. Figure 7-2 (p. 340) Cross
More informationsome aspects of Optical Coherence Tomography
some aspects of Optical Coherence Tomography SSOM Lectures, Engelberg 17.3.2009 Ch. Meier 1 / 34 Contents 1. OCT - basic principles (Time Domain Frequency Domain) 2. Performance and limiting factors 3.
More informationDevelopment of a Low Cost 3x3 Coupler. Mach-Zehnder Interferometric Optical Fibre Vibration. Sensor
Development of a Low Cost 3x3 Coupler Mach-Zehnder Interferometric Optical Fibre Vibration Sensor Kai Tai Wan Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Brunel University London, UB8 3PH,
More informationModule 16 : Integrated Optics I
Module 16 : Integrated Optics I Lecture : Integrated Optics I Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Introduction Electro-Optic Effect Optical Phase Modulator Optical Amplitude Modulator
More informationinstruments Solar Physics course lecture 3 May 4, 2010 Frans Snik BBL 415 (710)
Solar Physics course lecture 3 May 4, 2010 Frans Snik BBL 415 (710) f.snik@astro.uu.nl www.astro.uu.nl/~snik info from photons spatial (x,y) temporal (t) spectral (λ) polarization ( ) usually photon starved
More informationExperimental Observation of Low Noise and Low Drift in a Laser-Driven Fiber Optic Gyroscope
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 31, NO. 13, JULY 1, 2013 2079 Experimental Observation of Low Noise and Low Drift in a Laser-Driven Fiber Optic Gyroscope Seth W. Lloyd, Shanhui Fan, Fellow, IEEE,
More informationUNIT - 7 WDM CONCEPTS AND COMPONENTS
UNIT - 7 LECTURE-1 WDM CONCEPTS AND COMPONENTS WDM concepts, overview of WDM operation principles, WDM standards, Mach-Zehender interferometer, multiplexer, Isolators and circulators, direct thin film
More informationThe Virgo detector. L. Rolland LAPP-Annecy GraSPA summer school L. Rolland GraSPA2013 Annecy le Vieux
The Virgo detector The Virgo detector L. Rolland LAPP-Annecy GraSPA summer school 2013 1 Table of contents Principles Effect of GW on free fall masses Basic detection principle overview Are the Virgo mirrors
More informationContents. 3 Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media Maxwell s Equations 1. 4 Propagation in Birefringent Media 132
vi 2.13 Propagation in Negative-Index Media, 71 2.14 Problems, 74 3 Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media 83 Contents Preface xii 1 Maxwell s Equations 1 1.1 Maxwell s Equations, 1 1.2 Lorentz Force, 2
More informationRing cavity tunable fiber laser with external transversely chirped Bragg grating
Ring cavity tunable fiber laser with external transversely chirped Bragg grating A. Ryasnyanskiy, V. Smirnov, L. Glebova, O. Mokhun, E. Rotari, A. Glebov and L. Glebov 2 OptiGrate, 562 South Econ Circle,
More informationR. J. Jones Optical Sciences OPTI 511L Fall 2017
R. J. Jones Optical Sciences OPTI 511L Fall 2017 Semiconductor Lasers (2 weeks) Semiconductor (diode) lasers are by far the most widely used lasers today. Their small size and properties of the light output
More informationLecture 6 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 6, Slide 1
Lecture 6 Optical transmitters Photon processes in light matter interaction Lasers Lasing conditions The rate equations CW operation Modulation response Noise Light emitting diodes (LED) Power Modulation
More informationGuided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber
Guided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber The Nature of Light Quantum Theory Light consists of small particles (photons) Wave Theory Light travels as a transverse electromagnetic wave Ray Theory Light
More informationApplication Instruction 002. Superluminescent Light Emitting Diodes: Device Fundamentals and Reliability
I. Introduction II. III. IV. SLED Fundamentals SLED Temperature Performance SLED and Optical Feedback V. Operation Stability, Reliability and Life VI. Summary InPhenix, Inc., 25 N. Mines Road, Livermore,
More informationCharacteristics of point-focus Simultaneous Spatial and temporal Focusing (SSTF) as a two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy
Characteristics of point-focus Simultaneous Spatial and temporal Focusing (SSTF) as a two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy Qiyuan Song (M2) and Aoi Nakamura (B4) Abstracts: We theoretically and experimentally
More informationFiber-based components. by: Khanh Kieu
Fiber-based components by: Khanh Kieu Projects 1. Handling optical fibers, numerical aperture 2. Measurement of fiber attenuation 3. Connectors and splices 4. Free space coupling of laser into fibers 5.
More informationPhysics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: Signature:
Physics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: PID: Signature: CLOSED BOOK. TWO 8 1/2 X 11 SHEET OF NOTES (double sided is allowed), AND SCIENTIFIC POCKET CALCULATOR
More informationR.B.V.R.R. WOMEN S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) Narayanaguda, Hyderabad.
R.B.V.R.R. WOMEN S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) Narayanaguda, Hyderabad. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS QUESTION BANK FOR SEMESTER III PAPER III OPTICS UNIT I: 1. MATRIX METHODS IN PARAXIAL OPTICS 2. ABERATIONS UNIT II
More informationInterferometric сlosed-loop fiber-optic gyroscopes
Interferometric сlosed-loop fiber-optic gyroscopes Yuri N. Кorkishko, Vyacheslav А. Fedorov, Victor Е. Prilutskii, Vladimir G. Ponomarev, Ivan V.Morev, Sergey M.Kostritskii RPC Optolink, Ltd., Moscow 124498,
More informationIntroduction to Imaging Spectrometers
Introduction to Imaging Spectrometers William L. Wolfe Professor Emeritus, Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona Tutorial Texts in Optical Engineering Volume TT25 Donald С O'Shea, Series Editor
More informationMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Student Name Date MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.161 Modern Optics Project Laboratory Laboratory Exercise No. 6 Fall 2010 Solid-State
More informationSolid-State Laser Engineering
Walter Koechner Solid-State Laser Engineering Fourth Extensively Revised and Updated Edition With 449 Figures Springer Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Optical Amplification 1 1.2 Interaction of Radiation
More information