SPICE for Power Electronics and Electric Power

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1 SPICE for Power Electronics and Electric Power Third Edition Muhammad H. Rashid Life Fellow IEEE /^0\ \Cf*' CRC Press I Taylor & Francis eis Crou Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2 Preface Acknowledgments Author PSpice Software and Program Files xiii xvii xix xxi Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction Descriptions of SPICE Types of SPICE Types of Analysis Limitations of PSpice Descriptions of Simulation Software Tools PSpice Platform PSpice A/D PSpice Schematics OrCAD Capture PSpice Schematics versus OrCAD Capture SPICE Resources Websites with Free SPICE Models Websites with SPICE Models SPICE and Circuit Simulation Information Sites Engineering Magazines with SPICE Articles 12 Suggested Reading 13 Chapter 2 Circuit Descriptions Introduction Input Files Nodes Element Values Circuit Elements Element Models Sources Output Variables Types of Analysis PSpice Output Commands Format of Circuit Files Format of Output Files Examples of PSpice Simulations Pulse and Step Responses of RLС Circuits 30 v

3 Sinusoidal and Frequency Responses of RLC Circuits PSpice Schematics PSpice Schematics Layout PSpice A/D Probe OrCAD Capture Importing Microsim Schematics in OrCAD Capture 48 Problems 52 Suggested Reading 55 Chapter 3 Defining Output Variables Introduction DC Sweep and Transient Analysis Voltage Output Current Output Power Output AC Analysis Voltage Output Current Output Output Markers Noise Analysis 66 Summary 66 Chapter 4 Voltage and Current Sources Introduction Sources Modeling Pulse Source Piecewise Linear Source Sinusoidal Source Exponential Source Single-Frequency Frequency Modulation Source AC Sources Independent Sources Independent Voltage Source Independent Current Source Schematic Independent Sources Dependent Sources Polynomial Source Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source Current-Controlled Current Source Voltage-Controlled Current Source Current-Controlled Voltage Source Schematic-Dependent Sources 85

4 vii 4.5 Behavioral Device Modeling VALUE TABLE LAPLACE FREQ 94 Summary 96 Problems 97 Suggested Reading 100 Chapter 5 Passive Elements Introduction Modeling of Elements Some Model Statements Operating Temperature Some Temperature Statements RLC Elements Resistor Capacitor Inductor Magnetic Elements and Transformers Linear Magnetic Circuits Nonlinear Magnetic Circuits Lossless Transmission Lines Switches Voltage-Controlled Switch Current-Controlled Switch Time-Dependent Switches 131 Summary 134 Problems 135 Suggested Reading 139 Chapter 6 Dot Commands Introduction Models MODEL (Model) SUBCKT (Subcircuit) ENDS (End of Subcircuit) FUNC (Function) GLOBAL (Global) LIB (Library File) INC (Include File) PARAM (Parameter) STEP (Parametric Analysis) 149

5 viii Contents 6.3 Types of Output PRINT (Print) PLOT (Plot) PROBE (Probe) Probe Output WIDTH (Width) Operating Temperature and End of Circuit Options DC Analysis OP (Operating Point) NODESET (Nodeset) SENS (Sensitivity Analysis) TF (Small-Signal Transfer Function) DC (DC Sweep) AC Analysis Noise Analysis Transient Analysis С (Initial Transient Conditions) TRAN (Transient Analysis) Fourier Analysis Monte Carlo Analysis Sensitivity and Worst-Case Analysis 193 Summary 196 Problems 197 Suggested Reading 200 Chapter 7 Diode Rectifiers Introduction Diode Model Diode Statement Diode Characteristics Diode Parameters Modeling Zener Diodes Tabular Data Diode Rectifiers Examples of Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers Examples of Three-Phase Diode Rectifiers Laboratory Experiments Experiment DR.l Experiment DR Experiment DR Summary 234 Design Problems 234 Suggested Reading 237

6 ix Chapter 8 DC-DC Converters Introduction DC Switch Chopper BJT SPICE Model BJT Parameters Examples of BJT DC-DC Converters MOSFET Choppers MOSFET Parameters Examples of MOSFET DC-DC Converters IGBT Model Examples of IGBT DC-DC Converters Laboratory Experiment Experiment TRI Experiment TP Summary 281 Design Problems 281 Suggested Reading 283 Chapter 9 Pulse Width-Modulated Inverters Introduction Voltage-Source Inverters Examples of Single-Phase PWM Inverters Examples of Single-Phase SPWM Inverters Examples of Three-Phase PWM Inverters Examples of Three-Phase SPWM Inverters Current-Source Inverters Example of Current-Source Inverter DC Link Inverters Example of DC Link Three-Phase Inverter Laboratory Experiments Experiment PW.l Experiment PW Experiment PW Experiment PW Experiment PW Experiment PW Experiment PW7 324 Summary 326 Design Problems 326 Suggested Reading 329 Chapter 10 Resonant-Pulse Inverters Introduction Resonant-Pulse Inverters 331

7 Examples of Resonant-Pulse Inverters Zero-Current Switching Converters Examples of Zero-Current Switching Resonant Inverters Zero-Voltage Switching Converter Examples of Zero-Voltage Switching Converters Laboratory Experiments Experiment RI.l Experiment RI Experiment RI Experiment RI Experiment RI Experiment RI Summary 351 Design Problems 352 Suggested Reading 354 Chapter 11 Controlled Rectifiers Introduction AC Thyristor Model Controlled Rectifiers Examples of Controlled Rectifiers Examples of Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers Examples of Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers Switched Thyristor DC Model GTO Thyristor Model Example of Forced-Commutated Rectifiers Laboratory Experiments Experiment TCI Experiment TC Experiment TC Summary 402 Design Problems 403 Suggested Reading 405 Chapter 12 AC Voltage Controllers Introduction AC Thyristor Model Phase-Controlled AC Voltage Controllers Examples of Phase-Controlled AC Voltage Controllers Examples of Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers Examples of Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers Examples of Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers with an Output Filter 429

8 xi 12.5 AC Voltage Controllers with PWM Control Example of Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller with PWM Control Cycloconverters Example of Single-Phase Cycloconverter Laboratory Experiments Experiment AC.l Experiment AC Summary 446 Design Problems 446 Suggested Reading 447 Chapter 13 Control Applications Introduction Op-Amp Circuits DC Linear Models AC Linear Models Nonlinear Macromodels Examples of Op-Amp Circuits Control Systems Examples of Control Circuits Signal Conditioning Circuits Examples of Signal Conditioning Circuits Closed-Loop Current Control Examples of Closed-Loop Control 476 Problems 483 Suggested Reading 485 Chapter 14 Characteristics of Electrical Motors Introduction DC Motor Characteristics Examples of DC Motor Controlled by DC-DC Converter Induction Motor Characteristics Examples of Induction Motor Characteristics 494 Problems 498 Suggested Reading 499 Chapter 15 Simulation Errors, Convergence Problems, and Other Difficulties Introduction Large Circuits Running Multiple Circuits Large Outputs 502

9 15.5 Long Transient Runs Convergence DC Sweep Bias-Point Calculation Transient Analysis Analysis Accuracy Negative Component Values Power-Switching Circuits Model Parameters of Diodes and Transistors Error Tolerances Snubbing Resistor Quasi-Steady-State Condition Floating Nodes Nodes with Fewer than Two Connections Voltage Source and Inductor Loops Running PSpice Files on SPICE Running SPICE Files on PSpice Using Earlier Version of Schematics 521 Problems 522 Suggested Reading 523

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