ECE 471/571 The CMOS Inverter Lecture-6. Gurjeet Singh

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1 ECE 471/571 The CMOS Inverter Lecture-6 Gurjeet Singh

2 NMOS-to-PMOS ratio,pmos are made β times larger than NMOS

3 Sizing Inverters for Performance Conclusions: Intrinsic delay tp0 is independent of sizing of gate, and is determined by technology and inverter layout Making S infinitely large yields maximum obtainable performance gain, eliminating impact of any external load,and reducing delay to intrinsic one. Having S>> Cext/Cint works as good as infinite S

4 Propagation delay vs sizing factor

5 Sizing a Chain of Inverters ᵞ is proportionality factor. It is function of technology and is close to 1 for submicron processes f is effective fan out

6 Sizing of chain of inverters

7 Sizing of chain of inverters F is overall effective fan-out and strong function of number of inverters N

8 Choosing the Right Number of Stages in an Inverter Chain

9 The rise/fall time of the input signal is empirical contant, 0.25

10 Delay in presence of Interconnects Calculated using Elmore delay formula

11 Power, Energy, and Energy-Delay

12 Dynamic Dissipation due to Charging and Discharging Capacitances

13 Dynamic Power Each switching cycle takes fixed amount of energy f = maximum possible event rate of the inputs (most often its clock rate) P0->1= Probability of clock event results in 0 1 CEFF = Effective Capacitance(average capacitance switched every clock cycle)

14 Example 0.25um CMOS Process Clock Rate 400MHz Average load Capacitance 15fF/gate,assuming fanout of 4 At 2.5V per consumption per gate is 50uW For 1 million gates, consumption is 50 Watts!!!! All device not really switch

15 Dissipation Due to Direct-Path Currents

16 Dissipation Due to Direct-Path Current

17 Dissipation Due to Direct-Path Current

18 Energy-Delay Product

19 Static Consumption

20 Total Power Capacitive dissipation is dominant in this equation Keep direct path as small as possible by better design Leakage current is significant in latest technologies

21 The Power-Delay Product Average Energy Consumed per switching Event

22 Energy-Delay Product Take derivative wrt VDD and equate to 0, we get

23 Technology Scaling and its Impact on the Inverter Metrics

24 Wire Scaling

25 Summary Static CMOS combines NMOS and PMOS Almost Ideal VTC.Noise Margin approaches VDD/2 Propagation delay due to charging and discharging of Capacitor CL Power dissipation is dominated by dynamic power consumed by charging and discharging of capacitor. As transistor size reduces, interconnect components is taking larger share of propagation delay.

26 Combinational Logic Gates in CMOS

27 High-level Classification of Logic Circuits

28 Advantages of CMOS Low sensitivity to noise Good performance Low power consumption CMOS circuit styles falls in class of logic circuits called static circuits in which at every point in time each gate output is connected either to VDD or VSS

29 Complementary CMOS

30 Things to keep in mind while constructing PUN and PDN Think transistors as a switch controlled by gate signal Use NMOS devices for PDN and PMOS devices for PUN NMOS devices connected in series corresponds to AND function. While in parallel those corresponds to OR function

31 Things to keep in mind while constructing PUN and PDN Use De Morgan s theorem to create complementary dual networks Complementary gate is naturally inverting Number of transistors required to implement N-input logic gate is 2N

32 Two Input NAND Gate

33 VTC of NAND gate

34 Propagation Delay of CMOS Gates

35 Propagation delay of Four input NAND Gate

36 Disadvantages of Complementary CMOS Design Increase in complexity Larger implementation area Propagation delay deteriorates rapidly as a function of fan-in

37 Disadvantages of Complementary CMOS Design Large number of transistors increases overall capacitance of the gate Series connection causes slowdown

38 Design Techniques for Large Fan-in

39 Transistor Sizing Increase the size of transistor But increasing the transistor size also increases propagation delay

40 Progressive Transistor Sizing

41 Input Reordering

42 Logic Restructuring

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