Status of the rf Current Drive Systems on MST
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1 Status of the rf Current Drive Systems on MST John A. Goetz for A. Almagri, J.K. Anderson, D.R. Burke, M.M. Clark, W.A. Cox, C.B. Forest, R. Ganch, M.C. Kaufman, J.G. Kulpin, P. Nonn, R. O Connell, S.P. Oliva, S.C. Prager, and the MST team 12th IEA RFP Workshop Kyoto, Japan March 26-28, 2007
2 Summary of rf experiments on MST Two experiments to drive current for fluctuation suppression Lower Hybrid wave injection at 800 MHz Electron Bernstein wave injection at 3.6 GHz Each system has operated successfully at the ~ 100 kw power level Coupling studies performed Each system has been upgraded to the ~ 250 kw power level Lower hybrid successfully operates at 220 kw» Good plasma loading» HXR generation observed EBW antenna conditioning in progress
3 The RFP can benefit from current profile control. Resistive MHD computation (DEBs code) shows reduced tearing ad hoc force near reversal surface to mimic parallel current healed flux surfaces appear in the core inductive current profile control (PPCD) shows increased T e, χ e, decreased fluctuations, and > 100 kev x-rays rf waves (LH and EB) are accessible, despite overdense plasma (ω 2 pe / ω 2 ce >> 1)
4 LH waves can be used for current drive in MST. Ray tracing (GENRAY) and Fokker-Planck (CQL3D) calculations deposition controlled by n, ω, and launch location predicted efficiency is relatively high Inboard launch of 800 MHz waves with n ~ 7.5 shows good absorption in the desired region of the plasma
5 Electron Bernstein waves can be used for current drive in MST. RFP plasma is overdense (ω pe >> ω ce ); no EM waves in ECRF EBWs are opportunity for heating and current drive in the ECRF Ray tracing has shown that wave directionality can be controlled
6 The two RFCD systems on MST have complementary challenges. Lower hybrid physics is well established in tokamaks need to extend to the RFP EBW physics has to be validated for tokamaks, ST s and the RFP shown to work in stellarators Antenna design is constrained by MST vessel requirements interdigital line has two feedthroughs and small radial extent Waveguide antenna can be used to launch the EM wave fits in 4.5 MST port
7 The LHCD interdigital line antenna has been upgraded for higher power capability. Increase power handling capability to ~ 250 kw larger vacuum feedthrough longer impedance-matching section Achieve VSWR < 1.4 remove need for external tuning better directivity Improve instrumentation vector power measurement of each antenna element with better calibration density measurement with Langmuir probes
8 New LHCD antenna installed in MST. Third generation antenna installed in MST in November 2005 Power supply upgraded to provide 46 kv - 17 A - 30 ms pulse to klystron Antenna has handled power up to the present transmitter limit of ~220 kw
9 Antenna operation has been extended significantly. MkII, MkIII source MkIII antenna radiated MkII antenna radiated radiated = source - (reflected + through + Ohmic losses) Antenna operates well under a variety of plasma conditions Work to increase the transmitter output power is ongoing
10 Measured n spectrum is correct. New vector power measurement electronics designed and built based on IF mixing and direct digitization Determine the magnitude and phase of the rf power on each antenna element n spectrum is robust to plasma changes
11 HXR diagnostics on MST Individual ZnCdTe detectors Active area of 1cm by 1cm Energy range from 10 to 200 kev Direct digitization of Gaussian shaped pulses 16 channel array of ZnCdTe detectors Active area of 16 x (3 mm by 5 mm) Energy range from 10 to >300 kev Direct digitization of bipolar shaped pulses 0.4 mm aluminum or 2.7 mm borosilicate vacuum windows are used Detectors and camera can be easily moved
12 HXR emission has been observed during LH operation. Emission observed within ±30 toroidally of the antenna location Greater intensity observed when viewing at the antenna location (90T) Higher energy x-rays observed when viewing antenna directly Generation mechanism being investigated
13 LHCD Plans Continue coupling and loading measurements at moderate power ( 250 kw) antenna and wave propagation studies to confirm correct wave wave-plasma interaction studies (with improved x-ray detection) CQL3D used to help interpret results Extend studies to ~ 500 kw source power antenna optimization estimate current drive efficiency density limit, fast electrons, etc. Design and implement 1-2 MW LHCD experiment to reduce fluctuations
14 Coupling to EBW depends sensitively on edge density. Upper hybrid resonance Cutoff ( R ) Cutoff ( L ) Launched EM wave couples to Bernstein mode at upper hybrid resonance EBW EM wave Reflection occurs from each cutoff Distance between layers determined by n e and B profiles Interference of reflected waves leads to optimized transmission
15 Coupling to EBW inferred from measured reflection. Predicted dependence with edge density is measured. Oblique launch enhances coupling to EBW BN Antenna cover improves coupling Affects local electron density gradient Blocks plasma from entering antenna (source of arcing) simulation data Coupling can be good: R/F < 10% L n [cm] L n = n/ n of MST PPCD plasmas is near ideal value for this coupling.
16 4-waveguide EBW antenna installed on MST. Twin waveguide antenna operated successfully at 125 kw no indications of rf-plasma interaction enhanced boron levels during operation Rf sources tested to long pulse (10 ms) at full power (75 kw) Windows, transmission lines worthy for power upgrade Langmuir probes added to boron nitride cover plate
17 Conditioning of the EBW antenna is ongoing. Antenna operation was hampered by arcing Inspection revealed damage along the seams Damage repaired by polishing the inside of the antenna Optical and rf arc detection systems under development Present power limit of 25 kw achieved in two arms only
18 EBW Plans Is this design the optimal coupling structure for MST? Continue to operate and condition 250 kw system Search for rf-plasma interaction with 200 kw applied power measure power deposition profile infer modification of electron distribution function Investigate low power coupling in the 5.65 GHz several 1.2 MW tubes are available C-band => smaller antenna; improve MST access large undertaking; pending results of present experiment
19 Summary Two rf current drive techniques are being explored on MST as a means to suppress tearing mode fluctuations Third generation LHCD antenna installed and operating at 220 kw Good antenna-plasma loading and coupling observed Launched spectrum has n = ± 7.5 as designed HXR production observed 4-waveguide EBW antenna is installed Power conditioning is an ongoing endeavor
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