Keywords Wireless, Rhombus slot, bandwidth, Frequency, Dual resonant, frequency, Vector network analyzer. w e h w e. 0.8 h.
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1 Volume 3, Issue 9, September 13 ISSN: 77 18X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: Rectangular Micro Strip Antenna for High Microwave Frequency Applications P. A. Ambresh * Sujata A.A P.M.Hadalgi Micowave Research Laboratory, Godutai Engineering College Micowave Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Electronics, for Women, Gulbarga. Department of Applied Electronics, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga Gulbarga Gulbarga University, Gulbarga Karnataka (INDIA). India Karnataka (INDIA). Abstract A new type of rectangular microstrip antenna with rhombus shaped slot (RMARS) is designed and developed for High Microwave Frequency Applications. The dual bands are obtained by etching rhombus slots on the patch plane. The formation of secondary band does not influence the resonant frequency of primary band. The impedance bandwidth of secondary band is enhanced from.6 % to % by replacing the rhombus slots. The radiation patterns of the proposed antennas are broadsided linearly polarized and are similar to the patterns of conventional RMA. The design procedure and experimental results are presented and discussed. Keywords Wireless, Rhombus slot, bandwidth, Frequency, Dual resonant, frequency, Vector network analyzer. I. INTRODUCTION A microstrip antenna have got a great significance in recent years because of their merits such as small size, low profile, light weight, planar, low cost, etc. In computation application, only distinct frequency bands may be needed [1] for transmit and receive applications respectively. The wide impedance bandwidth at each operating band is more useful for better communication []. In view of this, the simplest technique of etching slots is designed and fabricated to achieve these requirements. II. DESIGNING The low cost glass epoxy substrate material of thickness h = 1.66 mm and permittivity r = 4.4 is used to design the proposed antennas. In order to get better accuracy, the antennas are sketched using computer software Auto CAD - 1 and are fabricated using photolithography process. The conventional RMA is designed for the resonant frequency (f r ) of 3.5 GHz using the basic equations available in literature [3, 4]. The geometry of this antenna is as shown in Fig. 1 with full copper on the patch and ground plane. The antenna is designed by using the following procedure. The patch width W shown in Fig. 1 is given by, c r 1 W f r (1) The length of patch is given by, c L l () fr r where, l.41h w e.64 h w e.8 h εr 1 εr 1 1h ε e = 1 w The width and length of feed network is designed using the following equations. w if 1.5 h Width of feed line is given by, 13, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 16 (3) (4)
2 September - 13, pp A 8he W f (5) A e where, Lf g Z r1 r1.11 A.3 6 r1 r Length of feed line is given by, (7) 4 where, g is effective guide wavelength and is given by, (8) eff In equation 8 the value of is given by, eff r e eff r (9) fr 1 G f p 1 Z 5 G = +.4 Z (1) 6 Z = 5 (Characteristic impedance) Z f = (11) μh where, p -9 μ = 4π 1 (1) and λ = c f r (6) (13) Fig. 1 Top view geometry of conventional RMA Fig. Geometry of RMARS Width of quarter wave transformer is given by A 8he W t (14) A e Z1 r1 r1.11 where, A.3 (15) 6 r1 r 13, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 17
3 September - 13, pp Z 1 Zin (16) 377h 1 tan l L r Z in (17) 4 L 1 tan l r (18) L l (19) In equation 17, Z in is the impedance offered by the rectangular patch at the centre point along W of Fig. 1. Length of quarter wave transformer is estimated using the equations 7 to 13 by replacing Z by Z 1 and is given by g Lt () 4 Now the rhombus shaped slot is etched on the patch plane of conventional RMA as shown in Fig.. This antenna is named as rhombus shaped slot etched rectangular microstrip antenna (RMARS). The dimensions of all the slots are taken in terms of λ, where λ is the free space wavelength corresponding to the designed frequency of conventional RMA i.e. 3.5 GHz. The length and width (L x W) of the patch are (18.99 x 6.9). The side length x is 5.3 mm. The horizontal and vertical slot lengths (L 1 and L ) slots are 1.66 mm and 14.3 mm. III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS For the proposed antennas the impedance bandwidth over return loss less than 1 db is measured on Vector Network Analyser (Rohde and Schwarz, Germany make ZVK model ). The variation of return loss verses frequency of RMA is as shown in Fig. 3. From the figure it is clear that, the antenna resonates at fr 1 = 3.7 GHz of frequency which is very much close to the designed frequency of 3.5 GHz and hence validates the design. From this graph, the experimental impedance bandwidth is calculated using the formula, f f1 Impedance Bandwidth % 1 (1) where, f and f 1 are upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the band respectively when its return loss reaches 1 db and f c is the centre frequency between f 1 and f. The bandwidth of conventional RMA is found to be BW 1 =.6 %. fc Fig. 3 Variation of return loss Vs frequency of conventional RMA 13, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 18
4 September - 13, pp Fig. 4 Variation of return loss verses frequency of RMARS Fig. 4 shows the variation of return loss verses frequency of RMARS. The antenna resonates at two bands with resonant frequencies of fr 1 = 3.7 GHz and fr = 8.5 GHz with corresponding impedance bandwidths of BW 1 = 1.6 % and BW = %. The dual bands are obtained due to independent resonance of patch and combined effect of all the rhombus slots [1]. It can be seen that there is times increase in the impedance bandwidth of secondary band when we compare with primary band. This shows that the slots are quite effective for improvement of impedance bandwidth [3]. For the measurement of radiation pattern, the antenna under test (AUT), i.e. the proposed antennas and standard pyramidal horn antenna are kept in far field region. The AUT, which is the receiving antenna, is kept in phase with respective transmitting pyramidal horn antenna. The power received by AUT is measured from 9 to +9 with the steps of 1. The co-polar and cross-polar radiation patterns of the proposed antennas are measured in their primary bands. The radiation patterns of conventional RMSA and RMARS are measured at 3.7 GHz and 8.5 GHz and are shown respectively in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. From these figures, it is clear that, the patterns are broadsided and linearly polarized suitable for wireless applications. The gains G (db) of proposed antennas are measured by absolute gain method [5]. P r λ (G) db=1 log - (G ) db - log t db () Pt 4πR where P t Power transmitted by pyramidal horn antenna, P r Power received by antenna under test (AUT), G t Gain of pyramidal horn antenna, R Distance between transmitting antenna and AUT Fig. 5 Radiation pattern of conventional RMSA measured at 4.8 GHz 13, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 19
5 September - 13, pp The gains of conventional RMA and RMARS are found to be.6 db and 6.7 db respectively. Hence the enhancement of antenna gain from.6 db of conventional RMA to 6.7 db of RMARS is achieved. Fig. 6 Radiation pattern of RMARS measured at 8.5 GHz. IV. CONCLUSIONS From the detailed study it is concluded that by using the four rhombus slots on the patch plane of rectangular microstrip antenna, dual bands are obtained. In the dual band response, the secondary band is appearing without changing much the resonant frequency of primary band of conventional RMA. Further, when the rhombus slot is replaced on conventional RMA, it is found that, the impedance bandwidth of secondary band is enhanced from.6 to % without change in the broadside radiation pattern. This technique also enhances the gain from.6 db to 6.7 db. The proposed antennas are simple, cost effective and may find application in high microwave frequency range. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors thank the Department of Science and Technology(DST), Government of India, New Delhi, for sanctioning Vector Network Analyzer to this Department under FIST Project and also providing financial assistance to Ambresh P.A under Rajiv Gandhi National fellowship- Junior Research Fellowship (RGNF- JRF & SRF) [No.F.14 (SC)/9(SA-III) dated 18 November 1] scheme by University Grants Commission, New Delhi. REFERENCES [1] S. Maci, and G. Biffi Gentili, Dual frequency patch antennas, IEEE Antennas Propagate. Magazine, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 13-, [] Soonsoo Oh, Seongho Seo, Mikyoung Yoon, Changyoul Oh, Eungbae Kim and Youngsik Kim, A broadband microstrip antenna array for LMDs applications, Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 3, no. 1, pp ,. [3] I. J. Bhal and P. Bhartia, Microstrip Antennas. Dedham, MA: Artech House, [4] David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc [5] Contantine A. Balanis, Antenna theory analysis and design. John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York, , IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 13
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