WHY BOTHER WITH STEREO?

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "WHY BOTHER WITH STEREO?"

Transcription

1 By Frank McClatchie: FM SYSTEMS, INC. Tel: WHY BOTHER WITH STEREO? Basically Because your subscribers expect it! They are so used to their music and movies being in stereo, that if their TV programming is NOT in stereo something seems missing. With more and more people investing big money into sophisticated Surround Sound systems, the demand for better quality stereo is only going to increase. Stereo creates a sense of involvement and intimacy for the audience, something that both programmers and advertisers strive for. Much has been written about the technical aspects of BTSC stereo. You will find a few sources mentioned in the handout. Today I will give you an overview of the way BTSC stereo works, with particular attention paid to how to test your Stereo Performance and discuss one of the new technologies for stereo transmission. So, how is BTSC different from good old FM stereo? Not very much in the basic processes, but those differences create dramatic problems at the transmitters, Cable headend, Set-top Converter, and mono TV sets. First of all, let s discuss the similarities that you can see in figure 1 of the handout. Note that at first glance, the only differences seems to be shifting of the pilot L-R carrier frequencies to accommodate the high level horizontal line rate harmonics that would otherwise induce excessive Whistles in the received stereo. So the basic process is the same. It is the difference between FM stereo and the BTSC systems that cause most of the problems. The major difference is that the L-R audio channel is companded. Companding is necessary because TV audio is only deviated +/- 25 KHz, while FM stereo has the FM advantage of +/- 75 KHz deviation. Since BTSC must be compatible with existing Monaural TV sets, the L+R deviation must be +/- 25 KHz. You can see this illustrated in figure 2. The first step in overcoming excess noise in stereo was to double L-R deviation to +/- 50 KHz. The next step was to compress the Dynamic Range of the L-R signal at the transmitting end, then expanding back to the original dynamic range at the stereo TV receiver. Fmt633sart page 1 of 8

2 All of this is necessary to produce a good signal to noise ratio. This extra complication places a heavy emphasis on maintaining absolute level and phase continuity between the BTSC multiplexer at the transmit end and the de-multiplexer in the TV receiver. We are talking about +/ db and 0.1 degree accuracy for multiplexers, with overall limits for all segments of the transmission system taken together to be no more than +/- 3 degrees and +/- 0.4 db to obtain 30 db separation. You can see this on the chart labeled figure 3. The DBX system used in the BTSC system compands the full audio spectrum by a 2:1 ratio, then adds spectral compression, which in effect compands the higher frequencies by 3:1, multiplying any high frequency transmission errors by a factor of three. See figure 5. This is a tall order to be met every day in the real world. The consequence is that most TV stereo tends to be closer to db separation at the TV set. Each part in the transmission system can add to this degradation. In a cable system receiving BTSC from a TV station, the main problem once the TV transmitter is correctly aligned, tends to be at the cable head-end. Two main types of offair converters are often in use. The base-band conversion type typically blocks BTSC altogether, although newer designs can pass the BSTC signal. The RF conversion variety can transmit BTSC to varying degrees of fidelity, but in this case, it is the sound carrier trap that induces phase shift of varying severity, as shown in figure 4. The sound carrier amplitude must be reduced to 15 db below video carrier amplitude. Monaural sound is not affected, but stereo separation can be reduced to nil, even by RF conversion. One solution is to transmit stereo by land line or microwave to the cable head-end and encode it there. The set-top converter can seriously affect BTSC, too. Some of the older Z-Tac and Tocom converters can completely kill BTSC stereo, although the newer versions of these base-band converters can pass BTSC stereo reasonable well. In general, RF Set-top converters do not effect BTSC stereo separation. Now let s discuss satellite and microwave delivery of stereo. Most satellite stereo is sent on separate left and right channels, either within the video signal (such as B-Mac or Videocipher), or on two extra Sub-carriers. The stereo arrives at a Cable head-end as left and right channels that must encoded into BTSC and modulated onto the 4.5 MHz sound carrier. Fmt633sart page 2 of 8

3 A Cable system may have BTSC multiplex modulators instead of only one as in a broadcast TV station, so the Cable Operator has all the same problems with AM-PM and PM-AM conversions, as well as ICPM (Incidental Carrier Phase Modulation) and crosstalk that the broadcaster has, except that he has times as many to care for. Some cable systems receive TV channels through Frequency Modulated links or FMLs, or via Amplitude Modulated Links or AMLs, from some other signal receiving locations. The AML will pass BTSC essentially un-impaired, except for some decrease in signal-to-noise ratio. The FML will usually transmit the sound channel at 4.5 MHz, and will pass BTSC with some impairment of stereo separation, depending mostly on the Phase characteristics of the video low pass filter used in the system. Other FML systems transmit TV audio at 5.8 MHz or other Sub-carrier frequencies. In this case special arrangements must be made at both ends of the Microwave to pass BTSC signals. So how good is good enough? And what is stereo anyway? After the real world difficulties of transmitting stereo by BTSC became manifest, a number of studies were done that purport to show that not much stereo separation is needed anyhow. Some studies have shown that listeners could localize sound sources with as low as 7 db separation, however not many of us would consider that good stereo! On the other hand, few people would notice a significant improvement in stereo of the stereo separation was increased from 25 db to say 40 db. The minimum target for overall system should be about 20 db. As we have seen, even 20 db is a lofty goal for the overall system. All stereo transmission systems are an attempt to Synthesize the original acoustic environment. The more channels (each carrying different versions of the original), the better the illusion can be. Witness the various quad systems that have been tried. Two channels generally create 80% of the illusion, while adding more only close the gap slightly, while increasing the cost of the transmission system greatly. There is nothing magic about Left and Right. In fact, in most of today s recordings, there is no Left and Right microphone. Most likely there are about 16 microphones and the person that mixes all these sources together does so to produce a pleasing effect to his ears. In practical fact, he is producing two different sound channels, that when reproduced by two sets of speakers, will sound pleasing to the ears. Fmt633sart page 3 of 8

4 There is usually no relationship between Left and Right and the sound coming down the cannels so designated. The main important ingredient is that the two channels contain different waveforms. If the waveforms are identical, the sound will be perceived as monaural, even though the sound emanates from two speakers. If the waveforms are somewhat coordinated, and yet different in detail, greater stereo separation will be perceived. All of the preceding discussion leads to some interesting conclusions. First, that identifiable left and right channels are not necessary to create the perception of stereo. Second, that the perception of stereo is related to the degree of Nonidentity of the two audio channels. And third, that there may be ways of transmitting two non-identical channels that would be less sensitive than BTSC to Amplitude and Phase shifts in the transmission system, and yet would decode on the BTSC de-multiplexing system in the stereo TV set. Such MTS multiplexers can be decoded very well in a BTSC receiver and yet, can deliver a very strong perception of stereo under conditions of amplitude and phase shift in the transmission system sufficient to all but destroy stereo separation in a signal originating from a BTSC multiplexer. The FMT633S is a TV stereo synthesis multiplex modulator that will create a stereo synthesis signal from a monaural base-band audio source. Its output is 4.5 MHz to match the cable TV sub-carrier modulator input. The audio synthesis and companding system work vary well with all stereo TV receivers. FMT633S STEREO SYNTHESIZER TV AUDIO MODULATOR Fmt633sart page 4 of 8

5 APPENDICES: 1. MULTICHANNEL TELEVISION SOUND EIA Television Systems Bulletin # Eye Street NW, Washington, D.C HOW THE NEW STEREO TV (MTS) SYSTEM WORKS Sencor News, Issue # Sencor Drive, Sioux Falls, SD OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN #60 F.C.C. 4. UNDERSTANDING MTS EQUIVALENT MODE Erick Small, Broadcasting Engineering, Sept RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMPLITUDES AND PHASES BETWEEN SUM AND DIFFERENCE CHANNELS IN BTSC J.J. Gibson MICROSECOND EQUIVALENT INPUT MODULATION L.B. Tyler. 7. SUBCARRIERS IN MICROWAVE AND SATELLITE SYSTEMS SMPTE Paper, Frank McClatchie, FM SYSTEMS, INC. Fmt633sart page 5 of 8

6 Fmt633sart page 6 of 8

7 Fmt633sart page 7 of 8

8 Fmt633sart page 8 of 8

CEA Standard. BTSC System Multichannel Television Sound Recommended Practices CEA-TVSB-5 S-2015

CEA Standard. BTSC System Multichannel Television Sound Recommended Practices CEA-TVSB-5 S-2015 CEA Standard BTSC System Multichannel Television Sound Recommended Practices CEA-TVSB-5 S-2015 July 1985 NOTICE Consumer Electronics Association (CEA ) Standards, Bulletins and other technical publications

More information

SUBCARRIERS IN MICROWAVE AND SATELLITE SYSTEMS

SUBCARRIERS IN MICROWAVE AND SATELLITE SYSTEMS SUBCARRIERS IN MICROWAVE AND SATELLITE SYSTEMS By: Frank McClatchie FM SYSTEMS, INC 1-800-235-6960 SUBCARRIERS DEFINED: In the early days they were called Diplexers, alluding to their main function at

More information

VHF FM BROADCASTING. Dr. Campanella Michele

VHF FM BROADCASTING. Dr. Campanella Michele VHF FM BROADCASTING Dr. Campanella Michele Intel Telecomponents Via degli Ulivi n. 3 Zona Ind. 74020 Montemesola (TA) Italy Phone +39 0995664328 Fax +39 0995932061 Email:info@telecomponents.com www.telecomponents.com

More information

BASEBAND SIGNAL PROCESSING FM BROADCAST SIGNAL ECE 3101

BASEBAND SIGNAL PROCESSING FM BROADCAST SIGNAL ECE 3101 BASEBAND SIGNAL PROCESSING FM BROADCAST SIGNAL ECE 3101 FM PRE-EMPHASIS 1. In FM, the noise increases with increasing modulation frequency. 2. To compensate for this effect, FM communication systems incorporate

More information

FREQUENCY AGILE FM MODULATOR INSTRUCTION BOOK IB

FREQUENCY AGILE FM MODULATOR INSTRUCTION BOOK IB FMT615C FREQUENCY AGILE FM MODULATOR INSTRUCTION BOOK IB1215-02 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION SUBJECT 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Installation & Operating Instructions 3.0 Specification 4.0 Functional Description

More information

FMT633S STEREO SYNTHESIZER MODULATOR INSTRUCTION BOOK IB

FMT633S STEREO SYNTHESIZER MODULATOR INSTRUCTION BOOK IB FMT633S STEREO SYNTHESIZER MODULATOR INSTRUCTION BOOK IB 6114-01 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL DESCRIPTION: 1 SPECIFICATIONS: 2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: 3 INSTALLATION & OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS: 3-4 CAUTION:

More information

TV AUDIO DEVIATION MEASURING AND SETTING IT

TV AUDIO DEVIATION MEASURING AND SETTING IT By Frank F. Mcclatchie FM SYSTEMS, INC. 800-235-6960 TV AUDIO DEVIATION MEASURING AND SETTING IT Measurement and control of TV audio volume has always been with us, but other concerns have usually taken

More information

Modulation Methods Frequency Modulation

Modulation Methods Frequency Modulation Modulation Methods Frequency Modulation William Sheets K2MQJ Rudolf F. Graf KA2CWL The use of frequency modulation (called FM) is another method of adding intelligence to a carrier signal. While simple

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BS

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BS Rec. ITU-R BS.1194-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BS.1194-1 SYSTEM FOR MULTIPLEXING FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) SOUND BROADCASTS WITH A SUB-CARRIER DATA CHANNEL HAVING A RELATIVELY LARGE TRANSMISSION CAPACITY

More information

Broadcast Notes by Ray Voss

Broadcast Notes by Ray Voss Broadcast Notes by Ray Voss The following is an incomplete treatment and in many ways a gross oversimplification of the subject! Nonetheless, it gives a glimpse of the issues and compromises involved in

More information

Auditory Localization

Auditory Localization Auditory Localization CMPT 468: Sound Localization Tamara Smyth, tamaras@cs.sfu.ca School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University November 15, 2013 Auditory locatlization is the human perception

More information

Outline. Communications Engineering 1

Outline. Communications Engineering 1 Outline Introduction Signal, random variable, random process and spectra Analog modulation Analog to digital conversion Digital transmission through baseband channels Signal space representation Optimal

More information

int Proof of Aural Perkirmance Guide BTSC STEREO:

int Proof of Aural Perkirmance Guide BTSC STEREO: BTSC STEREO: int Aural Proof of Perkirmance Guide. $25.00 BTSC STEREO AURAL PROOF of PERFORMANCE GUIDE Includes Test Setup Procedures and Tutorial with Test Charts and Logs WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY TFT,

More information

Keysight X-Series Signal Analyzer

Keysight X-Series Signal Analyzer Keysight X-Series Signal Analyzer This manual provides documentation for the following Analyzers: N9040B UXA N9030B PXA N9020B MXA N9010B EXA N9000B CXA N9063C Analog Demod Measurement Application Measurement

More information

FM DISTRIBUTION FOR MOTORWAYS AND TUNNELS

FM DISTRIBUTION FOR MOTORWAYS AND TUNNELS FM DISTRIBUTION FOR MOTORWAYS AND TUNNELS ADVANTAGES IF COMPARED TO A TRADITIONAL SYSTEM As compared to the traditional analog systems, our innovative solution for FM transmission allows considerable cost

More information

SE4 DSP + High Performance Professional Digital Stereo Encoder With DSP Filters

SE4 DSP + High Performance Professional Digital Stereo Encoder With DSP Filters PCS Electronics www.pcs-electronics.com info@pcs-electronics.com SE4 DSP + High Performance Professional Digital Stereo Encoder With DSP Filters SE4 DSP + without the LCD control module (connects to black

More information

ENSC327 Communications Systems 14: Multiplexing. School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University

ENSC327 Communications Systems 14: Multiplexing. School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University ENSC327 Communications Systems 14: Multiplexing School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University 1 Outline Required background (Recall various modulation schemes) Different Multiplexing strategies:

More information

Chapter-15. Communication systems -1 mark Questions

Chapter-15. Communication systems -1 mark Questions Chapter-15 Communication systems -1 mark Questions 1) What are the three main units of a Communication System? 2) What is meant by Bandwidth of transmission? 3) What is a transducer? Give an example. 4)

More information

ENSC327 Communications Systems 14: Multiplexing. Jie Liang School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University

ENSC327 Communications Systems 14: Multiplexing. Jie Liang School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University ENSC327 Communications Systems 14: Multiplexing Jie Liang School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University 1 Outline Multiplexing allows signals to share channels Many different strategies are possible

More information

TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER. Audio Loudness Analysis

TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER. Audio Loudness Analysis TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER Audio Loudness Analysis Samuel Fleischhacker, March 2014 INTRODUCTION... 3 1. LOUDNESS MEASUREMENT FUNDAMENTALS................................. 3 1.1 Overview...3 1.2 Loudness measurement...5

More information

Design Implementation Description for the Digital Frequency Oscillator

Design Implementation Description for the Digital Frequency Oscillator Appendix A Design Implementation Description for the Frequency Oscillator A.1 Input Front End The input data front end accepts either analog single ended or differential inputs (figure A-1). The input

More information

2. Electronics use analogue and digital systems, the basic circuit elements of which are potential dividers and transistors

2. Electronics use analogue and digital systems, the basic circuit elements of which are potential dividers and transistors 2. Electronics use analogue and digital systems, the basic circuit elements of which are potential dividers and transistors 2.1 Describe the difference between an electronic circuit and an electric circuit

More information

Alternative View of Frequency Modulation

Alternative View of Frequency Modulation Alternative View of Frequency Modulation dsauersanjose@aol.com 8/16/8 When a spectrum analysis is done on a FM signal, a odd set of side bands show up. This suggests that the Frequency modulation is a

More information

4.1 REPRESENTATION OF FM AND PM SIGNALS An angle-modulated signal generally can be written as

4.1 REPRESENTATION OF FM AND PM SIGNALS An angle-modulated signal generally can be written as 1 In frequency-modulation (FM) systems, the frequency of the carrier f c is changed by the message signal; in phase modulation (PM) systems, the phase of the carrier is changed according to the variations

More information

Satellite Link Connection with C6M-II-SE

Satellite Link Connection with C6M-II-SE 3-8 Installation Satellite Link Connection with C6M-II-SE Figure 3-5 shows the connection between the C6R-VCII satellite receiver and the C6M-II with the Stereo Encoder option installed. Figure 3-5 Satellite

More information

Interoperability of FM Composite Multiplex Signals in an IP Based STL

Interoperability of FM Composite Multiplex Signals in an IP Based STL Interoperability of FM Composite Multiplex Signals in an IP Based STL Featuring GatesAir s April 23, 2017 NAB Show 2017 Junius Kim Hardware Engineer Keyur Parikh Director, Intraplex Copyright 2017 GatesAir,

More information

4/29/2012. General Class Element 3 Course Presentation. Signals and Emissions. SignalSignals and Emissionsissions. Subelement G8

4/29/2012. General Class Element 3 Course Presentation. Signals and Emissions. SignalSignals and Emissionsissions. Subelement G8 General Class Element 3 Course Presentation ti ELEMENT 3 SUB ELEMENTS General Licensing Class Subelement G8 Signals and Emissions 2 Exam Questions, 2 Groups G1 Commission s Rules G2 Operating Procedures

More information

FMC664CC FM BAND CONVERTER

FMC664CC FM BAND CONVERTER FMC664CC FM BAND CONVERTER INSTRUCTION BOOK IB6225/6226-01 COPYRIGHT 1995 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED OR UTILIZED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING

More information

SAMPLE. UEENEEH046B Solve fundamental problems in electronic communications systems. Learner Workbook. UEE07 Electrotechnology Training Package

SAMPLE. UEENEEH046B Solve fundamental problems in electronic communications systems. Learner Workbook. UEE07 Electrotechnology Training Package UEE07 Electrotechnology Training Package UEENEEH046B Solve fundamental problems in electronic communications systems Learner Workbook Version 1 Training and Education Support Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank

More information

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR FM BROADCAST STANDARDS

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR FM BROADCAST STANDARDS TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR FM BROADCAST STANDARDS Directorate of Technical Regulations February 2014 94, Kairaba Avenue, P. O. Box 4230 Bakau, The Gambia Tel. (220) 4399601 / 4399606 Fax: (220) 4399905 EMail:

More information

I Only to be used by a licensed radio amateur I

I Only to be used by a licensed radio amateur I MFJ-8708 High performance Mini 70cm, frequency agile Video-Audio ATV Transmitter I Only to be used by a licensed radio amateur I 70cmn Mini Video/Audio Transmitter Overview: The MFJ-8708 is a high quality

More information

Installation Guide & User Manual Sound Plus Infrared System, Model WIR 950

Installation Guide & User Manual Sound Plus Infrared System, Model WIR 950 Installation Guide & User Manual Sound Plus Infrared System, Model WIR 950 Sound Plus Williams Sound MAN 101B 1 OVERVIEW Thank you for purchasing the WIR 950 Infrared System from Williams Sound Corp. Anyone

More information

Series MICROWAVE LINKS DIGITAL & ANALOG - FIXED & MOBILE. The high quality, professional and cost-effective solution

Series MICROWAVE LINKS DIGITAL & ANALOG - FIXED & MOBILE. The high quality, professional and cost-effective solution MICROWAVE LINKS DIGITAL & ANALOG - FIXED & MOBILE Series PM The high quality, professional and cost-effective solution In 1982 ABE Elettronica introduced The Microwave Link line which was immediately successful,

More information

FMR622S DUAL NARROW BAND SLIDING DE-EMPHASIS DEMODULATOR INSTRUCTION BOOK IB

FMR622S DUAL NARROW BAND SLIDING DE-EMPHASIS DEMODULATOR INSTRUCTION BOOK IB FMR622S DUAL NARROW BAND SLIDING DE-EMPHASIS DEMODULATOR INSTRUCTION BOOK IB 1222-22 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 INSTALLATION & OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 3.0 SPECIFICATIONS 4.0 FUNCTIONAL

More information

Signals and Systems Lecture 9 Communication Systems Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Frequency Modulation (FM)

Signals and Systems Lecture 9 Communication Systems Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Frequency Modulation (FM) Signals and Systems Lecture 9 Communication Systems Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Frequency Modulation (FM) April 11, 2008 Today s Topics 1. Frequency-division multiplexing 2. Frequency modulation

More information

ALM473 DUAL MONO \ STEREO AUDIO LEVEL MASTER OPERATION MANUAL IB

ALM473 DUAL MONO \ STEREO AUDIO LEVEL MASTER OPERATION MANUAL IB ALM473 DUAL MONO \ STEREO AUDIO LEVEL MASTER OPERATION MANUAL IB6408-01 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2 INSTALLATION 2,3,4 CONNECTION AND SETUP 4,5,6,7 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION 8,9 MAINTENANCE 9

More information

Systems for Audio and Video Broadcasting (part 2 of 2)

Systems for Audio and Video Broadcasting (part 2 of 2) Systems for Audio and Video Broadcasting (part 2 of 2) Ing. Karel Ulovec, Ph.D. CTU in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering xulovec@fel.cvut.cz Only for study purposes for students of the! 1/30 Systems

More information

Lecture 6. Angle Modulation and Demodulation

Lecture 6. Angle Modulation and Demodulation Lecture 6 and Demodulation Agenda Introduction to and Demodulation Frequency and Phase Modulation Angle Demodulation FM Applications Introduction The other two parameters (frequency and phase) of the carrier

More information

Communication Engineering Prof. Surendra Prasad Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

Communication Engineering Prof. Surendra Prasad Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Communication Engineering Prof. Surendra Prasad Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Lecture - 25 FM Receivers Pre Emphasis, De Emphasis And Stereo Broadcasting We

More information

Surround: The Current Technological Situation. David Griesinger Lexicon 3 Oak Park Bedford, MA

Surround: The Current Technological Situation. David Griesinger Lexicon 3 Oak Park Bedford, MA Surround: The Current Technological Situation David Griesinger Lexicon 3 Oak Park Bedford, MA 01730 www.world.std.com/~griesngr There are many open questions 1. What is surround sound 2. Who will listen

More information

FM TRANSMITTER 5kW-10kW

FM TRANSMITTER 5kW-10kW BLUE SERIES TOUCH SCREEN FM TRANSMITTER 5kW-10kW LATEST HIGH EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY Blue Series Technical Data The new Blue FM Transmitters Series sets ultimate features by the evolution of RF technologies.

More information

MULTI-CHANNEL CARS BAND DISTRIBUTION USING STANDARD FM MICROWAVE EQUIPMENT. Presented By

MULTI-CHANNEL CARS BAND DISTRIBUTION USING STANDARD FM MICROWAVE EQUIPMENT. Presented By 608 MULTI-CHANNEL CARS BAND DISTRIBUTION USING STANDARD FM MICROWAVE EQUIPMENT Presented By Terry R. Spearen, Manager of Systems Engineering Communication Equipment Division MICROWAVE ASSOCIATES, INC.

More information

70cm & Microwave Amateur TV Frequencies Jim Andrews, KH6HTV

70cm & Microwave Amateur TV Frequencies Jim Andrews, KH6HTV AppNote10a-TVfreqs.doc (kh6htv, 10/31/2014) p. 1 of 5 Application Note AN-10a copyright - Nov. 2011 rev. - Oct. 2014 70cm & Microwave Amateur TV Frequencies Jim Andrews, KH6HTV www.kh6htv.com Licensed

More information

Testing Motorola P25 Conventional Radios Using the R8000 Communications System Analyzer

Testing Motorola P25 Conventional Radios Using the R8000 Communications System Analyzer Testing Motorola P25 Conventional Radios Using the R8000 Communications System Analyzer Page 1 of 24 Motorola CPS and Tuner Software Motorola provides a CD containing software programming facilities for

More information

DSP-BASED FM STEREO GENERATOR FOR DIGITAL STUDIO -TO - TRANSMITTER LINK

DSP-BASED FM STEREO GENERATOR FOR DIGITAL STUDIO -TO - TRANSMITTER LINK DSP-BASED FM STEREO GENERATOR FOR DIGITAL STUDIO -TO - TRANSMITTER LINK Michael Antill and Eric Benjamin Dolby Laboratories Inc. San Francisco, Califomia 94103 ABSTRACT The design of a DSP-based composite

More information

Application Note: Testing P25 Conventional Radios Using the Freedom Communications System Analyzers

Application Note: Testing P25 Conventional Radios Using the Freedom Communications System Analyzers : Testing P25 Conventional Radios Using the Freedom Communications System Analyzers FCT-1007A Motorola CPS and Tuner Software Motorola provides a CD containing software programming facilities for the radio

More information

EBU UER. european broadcasting union. Listening conditions for the assessment of sound programme material. Supplement 1.

EBU UER. european broadcasting union. Listening conditions for the assessment of sound programme material. Supplement 1. EBU Tech 3276-E Listening conditions for the assessment of sound programme material Revised May 2004 Multichannel sound EBU UER european broadcasting union Geneva EBU - Listening conditions for the assessment

More information

Synthesized Base Station Transmitter

Synthesized Base Station Transmitter BST-75 OPERATOR S MANUAL (72-76 MHz) Synthesized Base Station Transmitter 357 West 2700 South Salt Lake City, Utah 84115 Phone: (800) 496-3463 Fax: (801) 484-6906 www.comtek.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...

More information

SOPA version 2. Revised July SOPA project. September 21, Introduction 2. 2 Basic concept 3. 3 Capturing spatial audio 4

SOPA version 2. Revised July SOPA project. September 21, Introduction 2. 2 Basic concept 3. 3 Capturing spatial audio 4 SOPA version 2 Revised July 7 2014 SOPA project September 21, 2014 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Basic concept 3 3 Capturing spatial audio 4 4 Sphere around your head 5 5 Reproduction 7 5.1 Binaural reproduction......................

More information

Parameters for international exchange of multi-channel sound recordings with or without accompanying picture

Parameters for international exchange of multi-channel sound recordings with or without accompanying picture Recommendation ITU-R BR.1384-2 (03/2011) Parameters for international exchange of multi-channel sound recordings with or without accompanying picture BR Series Recording for production, archival and play-out;

More information

COMM 704: Communication Systems

COMM 704: Communication Systems COMM 704: Communication Lecture 1: Introduction Dr. Mohamed Abd El Ghany, Mohamed.abdel-ghany@guc.edu.eg Course Objective Give an introduction to the basic concepts of electronic communication systems

More information

Restoration Performance Report

Restoration Performance Report Restoration Performance Report Report Date: July 15, 2015 Manufacturer: Fisher Model: 500-C Receiver Special Notes: Full Gold Level Restoration service completed. Chassis ultrasonically cleaned. All coupling

More information

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. Lecture 1- Introduction Elements, Modulation, Demodulation, Frequency Spectrum

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. Lecture 1- Introduction Elements, Modulation, Demodulation, Frequency Spectrum PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Lecture 1- Introduction Elements, Modulation, Demodulation, Frequency Spectrum Topic covered Introduction to subject Elements of Communication system Modulation General

More information

(Refer Slide Time: 2:23)

(Refer Slide Time: 2:23) Data Communications Prof. A. Pal Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture-11B Multiplexing (Contd.) Hello and welcome to today s lecture on multiplexing

More information

A Compatible Double Sideband/Single Sideband/Constant Bandwidth FM Telemetry System for Wideband Data

A Compatible Double Sideband/Single Sideband/Constant Bandwidth FM Telemetry System for Wideband Data A Compatible Double Sideband/Single Sideband/Constant Bandwidth FM Telemetry System for Wideband Data Item Type text; Proceedings Authors Frost, W. O.; Emens, F. H.; Williams, R. Publisher International

More information

Sound recording & playback

Sound recording & playback Sound recording & playback Dynamic microphone Condenser microphone Carbon microphone Frequency response curves Sound recording Amplifiers Loudspeakers Sound recording & playback - 1 Dynamic microphone

More information

Agilent 8644A-2 Air Navigation Receiver Testing with the Agilent 8644A

Agilent 8644A-2 Air Navigation Receiver Testing with the Agilent 8644A Agilent 8644A-2 Air Navigation Receiver Testing with the Agilent 8644A Application Note This application note describes the synthesized internal audio source used in the Agilent Technologies 8645A, 8665A,

More information

CS307 Data Communication

CS307 Data Communication CS307 Data Communication Course Objectives Build an understanding of the fundamental concepts of data transmission. Familiarize the student with the basics of encoding of analog and digital data Preparing

More information

FM stereo multiplex (MPX) generation, including RDS data

FM stereo multiplex (MPX) generation, including RDS data dscope Series III Application Note FM stereo multiplex (MPX) generation, including RDS data Introduction This application note describes how dscope s versatile signal generator can be programmed to produce

More information

SPECIFICATIONS: Subcarrier Frequency 5.5MHz adjustable, FM Modulated +/- 50KHz. 2nd 11MHz >40dB down from 5.5MHz

SPECIFICATIONS: Subcarrier Frequency 5.5MHz adjustable, FM Modulated +/- 50KHz. 2nd 11MHz >40dB down from 5.5MHz Mini-kits AUDIO / SUBCARRIER KIT EME75 Version4 SPECIFICATIONS: Subcarrier Frequency 5.5MHz adjustable, FM Modulated +/- 50KHz Subcarrier Output 1.5v p-p Output @ 5.5MHz DESCRIPTION & FEATURES: The Notes

More information

Frequency Modulation

Frequency Modulation Frequency Modulation transferred to the microwave carrier by means of FM. Instead of being done in one step, this modulation usually takes place at an intermediate frequency. signal is then frequency multiplied

More information

RULEBOOK on the tecnical and exploatation conditions for the frequency modulated emissions of the broadcasting stations

RULEBOOK on the tecnical and exploatation conditions for the frequency modulated emissions of the broadcasting stations AGENCY FOR ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS AND POSTAL SERVICES RULEBOOK on the tecnical and exploatation conditions for the frequency modulated emissions of the broadcasting stations Podgorica, April 2010 Further

More information

ANALOG COMMUNICATION

ANALOG COMMUNICATION ANALOG COMMUNICATION TRAINING LAB Analog Communication Training Lab consists of six kits, one each for Modulation (ACL-01), Demodulation (ACL-02), Modulation (ACL-03), Demodulation (ACL-04), Noise power

More information

PPA 377. Personal PA FM Listening System FM SPECIFICATION DATA. System Includes:

PPA 377. Personal PA FM Listening System FM SPECIFICATION DATA. System Includes: FM SPECIFICATION DATA Churches Schools Auditoriums Conference Rooms Theaters PPA 377 Personal PA FM Listening System The PPA 377 features the T35 high performance transmitter: powerful microprocessor,

More information

FMU623CA STEREO AUDIO PROCESSOR NARROW-BAND MONO SUBCARRIER INPUT FM STEREO BAND OUTPUT INSTRUCTION BOOK IB

FMU623CA STEREO AUDIO PROCESSOR NARROW-BAND MONO SUBCARRIER INPUT FM STEREO BAND OUTPUT INSTRUCTION BOOK IB FMU623CA STEREO AUDIO PROCESSOR NARROW-BAND MONO SUBCARRIER INPUT FM STEREO BAND OUTPUT INSTRUCTION BOOK IB 1222-03 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 INSTALLATION & OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

More information

Nautel Limited FM 3.5 kw, 5 kw, 8 kw Totally Solid State FM Broadcast Transmitters

Nautel Limited FM 3.5 kw, 5 kw, 8 kw Totally Solid State FM Broadcast Transmitters RUGGED SOLID STATE MODULAR DESIGN No tubes to replace No routine tuning or adjustments 65% typical overall efficiency NAUTEL PATENTED COMBINING TECHNIQUE Failure isolation between PA's Multiple power amplifier

More information

TS9050/60. microgen. electronics TM FM Modulation and Spectrum Analyser

TS9050/60. microgen. electronics TM FM Modulation and Spectrum Analyser TS9050/60 FM Modulation and Spectrum Analyser Introducing the TS9050 and TS9060, new and updated versions of the TS9000 NAB2004 Radio World Cool Stuff and The Radio Magazine Pick Hit award winner TS9050

More information

MUS 302 ENGINEERING SECTION

MUS 302 ENGINEERING SECTION MUS 302 ENGINEERING SECTION Wiley Ross: Recording Studio Coordinator Email =>ross@email.arizona.edu Twitter=> https://twitter.com/ssor Web page => http://www.arts.arizona.edu/studio Youtube Channel=>http://www.youtube.com/user/wileyross

More information

FMR611S SUBCARRIER DEMODULATOR

FMR611S SUBCARRIER DEMODULATOR ALL ENGINEERING DESIGNS, DRAWINGS AND DATA CONTAINED HEREIN ARE PROPRIETARY AND MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED, COPIED OR OTHERWISE USED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION FMR611S SUBCARRIER DEMODULATOR INSTRUCTION

More information

Method of measuring the maximum frequency deviation of FM broadcast emissions at monitoring stations

Method of measuring the maximum frequency deviation of FM broadcast emissions at monitoring stations Recommendation ITU-R SM.1268-2 (02/2011) Method of measuring the maximum frequency deviation of FM broadcast emissions at monitoring stations SM Series Spectrum management ii Rec. ITU-R SM.1268-2 Foreword

More information

Design for Analog SFN. Chuck Kelly - Nautel Hans Van Zuphen Thimeo / Telos Alliance Geoff Steadman Telos Alliance

Design for Analog SFN. Chuck Kelly - Nautel Hans Van Zuphen Thimeo / Telos Alliance Geoff Steadman Telos Alliance Design for Analog SFN Chuck Kelly - Nautel Hans Van Zuphen Thimeo / Telos Alliance Geoff Steadman Telos Alliance Presentation Overview 1. FM Analog Single Frequency Networks Basics 2. System metrics 3.

More information

A DSP IMPLEMENTED DIGITAL FM MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM

A DSP IMPLEMENTED DIGITAL FM MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM A DSP IMPLEMENTED DIGITAL FM MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM Item Type text; Proceedings Authors Rosenthal, Glenn K. Publisher International Foundation for Telemetering Journal International Telemetering Conference

More information

Interoperability of FM Composite Multiplex Signals in an IP based STL

Interoperability of FM Composite Multiplex Signals in an IP based STL Interoperability of FM Composite Multiplex Signals in an IP based STL Junius Kim and Keyur Parikh GatesAir Mason, Ohio Abstract - The emergence of high bandwidth IP network connections is an enabler for

More information

MP3P, MP3 phone, GPS, CD changer, notebook PC, car TV, electronic dictionary, portable DVD and portable multimedia players(pmp), etc.

MP3P, MP3 phone, GPS, CD changer, notebook PC, car TV, electronic dictionary, portable DVD and portable multimedia players(pmp), etc. DESCRIPTION The is a high performance FM transmitter designed for portable multimedia systems. It includes stereo modulator and FM transmitter incorporated with oscillator circuits. This device employs

More information

Twelve voice signals, each band-limited to 3 khz, are frequency -multiplexed using 1 khz guard bands between channels and between the main carrier

Twelve voice signals, each band-limited to 3 khz, are frequency -multiplexed using 1 khz guard bands between channels and between the main carrier Twelve voice signals, each band-limited to 3 khz, are frequency -multiplexed using 1 khz guard bands between channels and between the main carrier and the first channel. The modulation of the main carrier

More information

Standard Grade Physics Telecommunications Ink Exercise G1

Standard Grade Physics Telecommunications Ink Exercise G1 Standard Grade Physics Telecommunications Ink Exercise G1 1. A pupil whistles a note into a microphone connected to an oscilloscope and the pattern observed is shown in the diagram below Without changing

More information

List of Figures. Sr. no.

List of Figures. Sr. no. List of Figures Sr. no. Topic No. Topic 1 1.3.1 Angle Modulation Graphs 11 2 2.1 Resistor 13 3 3.1 Block Diagram of The FM Transmitter 15 4 4.2 Basic Diagram of FM Transmitter 17 5 4.3 Circuit Diagram

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BR.1384 *, ** Parameters for international exchange of multi-channel sound recordings ***

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BR.1384 *, ** Parameters for international exchange of multi-channel sound recordings *** Rec. ITU-R BR.1384 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BR.1384 *, ** Parameters for international exchange of multi-channel sound recordings *** (Question ITU-R 215/10) (1998) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering

More information

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS -I

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS -I COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS -I Communication : It is the act of transmission of information. ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM TRANSMITTER MEDIUM/CHANNEL: The physical medium that connects transmitter to receiver

More information

Pulse Code Modulation

Pulse Code Modulation Pulse Code Modulation Modulation is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous values of the message signal. The message signal is the signal

More information

Cupertino ARES Training

Cupertino ARES Training Date: Session: Speaker: Summary: 2-Mar-00, General CARES Meeting Emergency Communications with the Red Cross Scott Hensley KB6UOO, David Barr, Red Cross, Santa Clara Valley Orientation of comms procedures

More information

Agilent 101: An Introduction to Electronic Measurement

Agilent 101: An Introduction to Electronic Measurement Agilent 101: An Introduction to Electronic Measurement By Jim Hollenhorst In order to explain electronic measurement, I need to talk about radios. Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard started their company because

More information

ERC Recommendation 54-01

ERC Recommendation 54-01 ERC Recommendation 54-01 Method of measuring the maximum frequency deviation of FM broadcast emissions in the band 87.5 to 108 MHz at monitoring stations Approved May 1998 Amended 13 February 2015 Amended

More information

MODULATION AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

MODULATION AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 1 MODULATION AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES Networks and Communication Department Dr. Marwah Ahmed Outlines 2 Introduction Digital Transmission Digital Modulation Digital Transmission of Analog Signal

More information

Fundamentals of Digital Audio *

Fundamentals of Digital Audio * Digital Media The material in this handout is excerpted from Digital Media Curriculum Primer a work written by Dr. Yue-Ling Wong (ylwong@wfu.edu), Department of Computer Science and Department of Art,

More information

C/I = log δ 3 log (i/10)

C/I = log δ 3 log (i/10) Rec. ITU-R S.61-3 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.61-3 NECESSARY PROTECTION RATIOS FOR NARROW-BAND SINGLE CHANNEL-PER-CARRIER TRANSMISSIONS INTERFERED WITH BY ANALOGUE TELEVISION CARRIERS (Question ITU-R 50/4)

More information

TELEVISION TRANSMITTERS

TELEVISION TRANSMITTERS TELEVISION TRANSMITTERS 1KW - 50KW High Efficiency UHF L.D.M.O.S SUPER LINEAR CAN BE UPGRADED TO DIGITAL BY CHANGING MODULATOR/EXCITER The prices are subject to change.please request a written quotation

More information

Test & Calibration Benefits from a New Precision RF/Microwave Calibrator

Test & Calibration Benefits from a New Precision RF/Microwave Calibrator Test & Calibration Benefits from a New Precision RF/Microwave Calibrator Topics: RF & Microwave calibration signal requirements Design philosophy and architecture of the new RF Calibrator. Spectrum analyzer

More information

PCS Electronics

PCS Electronics PCS Electronics www.pcs-electronics.com info@pcs-electronics.com µmax ST-1 High Performance Stereo Encoder With Easy RDS Upgrade Option µmax ST-1 stereo encoder with XLR balanced audio inputs This is our

More information

MICROWAVE RADIO SYSTEMS GAIN. PENTel.Com Engr. Josephine Bagay, Ece faculty

MICROWAVE RADIO SYSTEMS GAIN. PENTel.Com Engr. Josephine Bagay, Ece faculty MICROWAVE RADIO SYSTEMS GAIN PENTel.Com Engr. Josephine Bagay, Ece faculty SYSTEM GAIN G s is the difference between the nominal output power of a transmitter (P t ) and the minimum input power to a receiver

More information

TECHNICAL NOTES MT-4 Radio Systems TN182 Battery Level Reporting and Remote P25 Test Tone

TECHNICAL NOTES MT-4 Radio Systems TN182 Battery Level Reporting and Remote P25 Test Tone Battery Level Reporting is a method of activating a repeater remotely to have it transmit a signal that reports the battery voltage level over RF. The Remote P25 Test Tone is a remotely activated Standard

More information

10 Speech and Audio Signals

10 Speech and Audio Signals 0 Speech and Audio Signals Introduction Speech and audio signals are normally converted into PCM, which can be stored or transmitted as a PCM code, or compressed to reduce the number of bits used to code

More information

Calculation of the maximum power density (averaged over 4 khz or 1 MHz) of angle-modulated and digital carriers

Calculation of the maximum power density (averaged over 4 khz or 1 MHz) of angle-modulated and digital carriers Recommendation ITU-R SF.675-4 (01/2012) Calculation of the maximum power density (averaged over 4 khz or 1 MHz) of angle-modulated and digital carriers SF Series Frequency sharing and coordination between

More information

LT-800 Stationary FM Transmitter

LT-800 Stationary FM Transmitter LT-800 Stationary FM Transmitter Thanks to its outstanding audio quality, the Listen LT-800 Stationary Transmitter can be used in a variety of applications. The LT-800 is connected to your main audio system,

More information

How Radio Works by Marshall Brain

How Radio Works by Marshall Brain How Radio Works by Marshall Brain "Radio waves" transmit music, conversations, pictures and data invisibly through the air, often over millions of miles -- it happens every day in thousands of different

More information

Method of measuring the maximum frequency deviation of FM broadcast emissions at monitoring stations. Recommendation ITU-R SM.

Method of measuring the maximum frequency deviation of FM broadcast emissions at monitoring stations. Recommendation ITU-R SM. Recommendation ITU-R SM.1268-4 (11/217) Method of measuring the maximum frequency deviation of FM broadcast emissions at monitoring stations SM Series Spectrum management ii Rec. ITU-R SM.1268-4 Foreword

More information

LT-800 Stationary Transmitter

LT-800 Stationary Transmitter LT-800 Stationary Transmitter Configuration Stationary FM Transmitter (72 MHz) Stationary FM Transmitter (216 MHz) Stationary FM Transmitter (863 MHz) Thanks to its outstanding audio quality, the Listen

More information

Frequency standard distribution via a microwave communication system

Frequency standard distribution via a microwave communication system standard distribution via a microwave A. (RTV Slovenija) Original language: English Manuscript received 9/11/95. 1. Introduction The frequency ranges assigned to terrestrial television are becoming more

More information

Technical Equipment Specification

Technical Equipment Specification STATE OF CALIFORNIA Office of the State Chief Information Officer Public Safety Communications Division Technical Equipment Specification Equipment Type: Transmitter/Receiver Mobile Relay/Base/Control

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.655-7

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.655-7 Rec. ITU-R BT.655-7 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.655-7 Radio-frequency protection ratios for AM vestigial sideband terrestrial television systems interfered with by unwanted analogue vision signals and their

More information