Multi-Sensor Measurements for the Detection of Buried Targets
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1 Multi-Sensor Measurements for the Detection of Buried Targets Waymond R. Scott, Jr. and James McClellan School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA Outline Introduction Three Sensor Experiment Multi-static Radar Accomplishments/Plans MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech
2 Multi-Sensor Cooperation/Adaptation GPR Feedback Imaging Features Frequency Bandwidth Array Elements Used Measurement Spacing Controls EMI Controls SigProc Features Decision Process Frequency Bandwidth Measurement Spacing Controls Seismic Controls Imaging Features Exploit Correlation & Sensitivity Frequency Bandwidth Focusing Remote Imaging Measurement Spacing Controls Controls Feedback MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 3 Experimental Test Bed Develop a set of experiments to investigate the potential of multi-modal processing Landmine (Three sensors/six modes) EMI GPR Bi-Static Multi-Static Seismic Unfocused Focused Remote Detection Buried Structure (Two sensors/four modes) GPR Bi-Static Multi-Static Seismic Bi-Static Multi-Static MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech
3 Outline Introduction Three-Sensor Experiment Multi-static Radar Accomplishments/Plans MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 5 Diagram of the Laboratory Model MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech
4 Three Sensor Experiment MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 7 Three Sensor Experiment Experimental Scenario #1 Mines > Clutter objects Relatively uniform distribution Experimental Scenario # 7 Mines > 5 Clutter objects Non-uniform distribution Experimental Scenario #3 Non-uniform distribution of 7 Mines ( AT, 5 AP) and 57 clutter objects Rock field surrounding AP mine and can AP mines and clutter objects grouped around and on top of AT mines MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech
5 Seismic Sources MINES VS-. (7cm deep) TS (1.5cm deep) w/ Nail M-1 (.5cm deep) VS (1cm deep) PFM-1 (1.5 cm deep) VS-1. (.5cm deep) Burial Scenario #1 1.m by 1.m Scan Region Assorted Metal Clutter ( to cm deep) Shells (cm deep) Threaded Rod (3.5cm deep) Dry Sand (5cm deep) Penny (5.5cm deep) Rocks (3 and cm deep) Nails (cm deep) Cans (3 and.5 cm deep) Ball Bearing (3.5cm deep) Shells MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech (5.5cm deep) 9 Comparison of Images EMI Sensor Image ( 9 db scale) GPR Sensor Energy Image of Migrated Data (5 db scale) Seismic Sensor Image 3 db Scale MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 1
6 Outline Introduction Three-Sensor Experiment Multi-static Radar Accomplishments/Plans MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 11 Antenna & Array Assembly Port- Out Port-1 Port-1 Out In Port- In Heat-sealable plastic sheet switch Tx- Tx-1 Rx-1 Rx- Rx-3 Rx- Absorber Styrofoam cm FR- Resistively- Double-Y Support MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech Loaded Vee balun Panel 1
7 GPR Array We can obtain 19cm-wide synthetic array aperture by using reciprocity and synthesizing the scans at positions synthetic array at y = Receiving antenna Transmitting antenna y = +cm y = y = -1cm y = -cm y = -3cm Physical array y = -cm MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 13 3D Experiments Free Space (calibration) Spheres, Mines, Shapes, and No target Buried targets (with clean surface and with surface covered by rocks) No Targets Grid of spheres (calibration) Grid of mines and clutter Buried structure MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 1
8 Free Space Target Measurements - Setup 73 cm 3.5cm x y MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 15 Free Space Target Measurements - Targets VS 1. GT Plywood (3.5 x.5 x 1. cm) 11cm Shotput 1 Metal Sphere TS MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 1
9 Free Space Target Measurements - Results H-Plane Cut at x = cm; 11cm Metal Sphere at 5.5cm from Radar R1 T1 R T1 R3 T1 R T1 rel. max. db R1 T R T R3 T R T rel. max. db MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 17 - Free Space Target Measurements - Results Comparison of the R1 T1 Responses from Targets - H-Plane Cut at x = cm 11cm Shotput 1 Metal Sphere VS 1. db TS GT Plywood No Target db MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 1-9
10 VS 1. Mine s11 s Coherent Sum of All TR Pairs s31 s s1 s s3 s MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 19 3D Experiments Free Space (calibration) Spheres, Mines, Shapes, and No target Buried targets (with clean surface and with surface covered by rocks) No Targets Grid of spheres (calibration) Grid of mines and clutter Buried structure MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech
11 Buried Target Measurements - Setup Clean Scan With-Rock Scan Antenna height = 1cm from the surface of the ground Scan region: 1cm x 1cm square Rock coverage: cm x 3cm MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 1 Metal Spheres Target Locations & Depths MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech
12 Landmines Target Locations & Depths D-plane cuts for the display of the results MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 3 Landmines x = cm-cut Clean Scan R1 T1 R3 T1 R T R T rel. max. db With-Rock Scan R1 T1 R3 T1 R T R T rel. max. db MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech -
13 Buried Structure Target Location & Depth MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 5 Buried Structure x = cm-cut Clean Scan R1 T1 R3 T1 R T R T rel. max. db With-Rock Scan R1 T1 R3 T1 R T R T rel. max. db MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech -
14 Buried Structure (Rocks) R1T1 RT Energy Sum of All TR Pairs 5 R3T1 5 RT R1T -1 RT R3T 5 RT Raw Data Energy Images for TR pairs MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 7 Accomplishments Developed three sensor experiment to study multimodal processing Developed new metal detector and a radar Investigated three burial scenarios Showed responses for all the sensors over a variety of targets Demonstrated possible feature for multimodal/cooperative processing Developed new 3D quadtree strategy for GPR data Developed seismic experiments, models, and processing Improved experimental measurement by incorporating a Wiener filter Demonstrated reverse-time focusing and corresponding enhancement of mine signature Demonstrated imaging on numerical and experimental data from a clean and a cluttered environment Modified time-reverse imaging algorithms to include near field DOA and range estimates. The algorithms are verified for both numerical and experimental data with and without clutter. Modified wideband RELAX and CLEAN algorithms for the case of passive buried targets. The algorithms are verified for both numerical and experimental data with and without clutter. Used RELAX imaging to locate targets with cumulative maneuvering receivers. Developed a vector signal modeling algorithm based on IQML (Iterative Quadratic maximum Likelihood) to estimate the two-dimensional ω-k spectrum for multi-channel seismic data. Developed multi-static radar Demonstrated radar operation with and without clutter objects for four scenarios Buried structures Developed numerical model for a buried structure Demonstrated two possible configurations for a sensor Made measurement using multi-static radar MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech
15 Plans Three sensor experiment (Landmine) Incorporate reverse-time focusing and imaging Incorporate multi-static radar More burial scenarios based on inputs from the signal processors More/Stronger clutter Distribution of targets and clutter Close proximity between clutter and targets Look for more connections between the sensor responses that can be exploited for multimodal/cooperative imaging/inversion/detection algorithms Imaging/inversion/detection algorithms Extend 3-D quadtree algorithm to multi-static GPR data. Investigate the use of reverse-time ideas to characterize the inhomogeneity of the ground Investigate the time reverse imaging algorithm for multi-static GPR data. Investigate the CLEAN and RELAX algorithms for target imaging from reflected data in the presence of forward waves with limited number of receivers. Investigate joint imaging algorithms for GPR and seismic data. Buried Structures Experiments with multi-static radar Develop joint seismic/radar experiment Signal Processing MURI Review 1-13 Scott/McClellan, Georgia Tech 9
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