Analog Electronics. Lecture. Op-amp Circuits and Active Filters. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

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1 Analog Electronics Lecture Op-amp Circuits and Active Filters Muhammad Amir Yousaf

2 Instrumentation Amplifiers An instrumentation amplifier (IA) amplifies the voltage difference between its terminals. It is optimized for amplifying small differential signals that may be riding on a large common mode voltages. o High input impedance o High CMMR o Low output offset o Low output impedance Input 1 Gain set + A1 R 1 R 2 R 3 A3 R 5 Output Gain set A2 R 4 + Input 2 + R 6

3 Instrumentation Amplifiers IC of instrumentation amplifier is made up of three op amps and several resistors. The gain is set by a single resistor that is supplied by the user. The output voltage is the closed loop gain set by R G multiplied by the voltage difference in the inputs. V in1 Input + V cm 1 + A1 Gain set R G Gain set R 1 R 2 R 4 R 3 R 5 A3 Output + A2 V out = A cl (V in2 - V in1 ) V in2 Input + V cm 2 + R 6

4 Instrumentation Amplifiers Applications: oused where a quantity is sensed by a remote sensor e.g. temperature, pressure transducer and sensed signal is sent over a long line. oelectrical noise produces common-mode voltages in the line. oia at the end of line amplifies only the small differential signal and reject the common mode signal

5 Example Instrumentation Amplifiers An IA that is based on the three op-amp design is the AD622. The formula for choosing R G is: R G 50.5 k A -1 v What value of R G will set the gain to 35? R G 50.5 k 50.5 k A v = 1.5 k +IN R G IN (3) (1) (8) (2) +V V (7) (4) AD622 (5) (6) Output REF (Output signal common)

6 The Logarithmic Amplifier A logarithmic (log) amplifier produces an output that is proportional to the logarithm of the input I D (ma) 8.0 I D (ma) V D (V) V D (V) Log and antilog amplifiers are used in applications that require: o Compression of analog input data o Linearization of transducers that have exponential outputs o Analog multiplication and division, etc

7 The Logarithmic Amplifier A semiconductor pn-junction in the form of either a diode or the baseemitter junction of a BJT provides a logarithmic characteristic. Voltage across the diode is proportional to the log of the current in the diode. Compare data for an actual diode on linear and logarithmic plots:

8 The Logarithmic Amplifier When a diode is placed in the feedback path of an inverting op-amp, the output voltage is proportional to the log of the input voltage. The gain decreases with increasing input voltage; therefore the amplifier is said to compress signals. I in I F V in R 1 0 V Op-amp + + V F V out Many sensors, particularly photosensors, have a very large dynamic range outputs. Current from photodiodes can range over 5 decades. A log amp will amplify the small current more than the larger current to effectively compress the data for further processing.

9 Example The Logarithmic Amplifier For the circuit shown, the equation for V out is V out Vin V ln (I I R R is a constant for a given diode.) R 1 What is V out? (Assume I R = 50 na.) V in RI in 1 I F V - out 11 V V ln 50 na 1.0 k V in +11 V 1.0 k R 1 0 V + V F Op-amp + V out out = -307 mv

10 The Logarithmic Amplifier BJT is also used in designing log amplifier V out - Vin V ln I R EBO 1 I in I C Log amplifiers are available in IC form with even better performance than the basic log amps shown here. For example, the MAX4206 operates over 5 decades and can measure current from 10 na to 1 ma. V in R 1 0 V + Op-amp + V BE V out

11 The Antilog Amplifier An antilog amplifier produces an output proportional to the input raised to a power. IC antilog amps are also available. For example, the Datel LA-8048 is a log amp and the Datel LA-8049 is its counterpart antilog amp. These ICs are specified for a six decade range.

12 Constant-current source A constant-current source delivers a load current that remains constant when the load resistance changes. I L = I i V IN + R i I i 0 V 0 A + R L If R L changes, I L remains constant as long as V in and R i are held constant. A basic circuit in which a stable voltage source (V in ) provides a constant current (I i ) through the input resistor (R i )

13 Current to Voltage Converter A current-to-voltage converter converts a variable input current to a proportional output voltage. A specific application of this circuit is where a photoconductive cell is used to sense changes in light level. As the amount of light changes, the cur-rent through the photoconductive cell varies because of the cell s change in resistance. This change in resistance produces a proportional change in the output voltage.

14 Peak Detector The circuit is used to detect the peak of the input voltage and store that peak voltage on a capacitor. R i V in + R 1 V out C The circuit can be used to detect and store the maximum value of a voltage surge.

15 Charge Sensitive Amplifier It is used in Radiation detection Charge on a photon is accumulated in the capacitor

16 Active Filters

17 Basic filter Responses A filter is a circuit that passes certain frequencies and rejects all others. The passband is the range of frequencies allowed through the filter. The critical frequency defines the end (or ends) of the passband and is normally specified at the point where the response drops -3dB (70.7%) from the passband response. Following the passband is a region called the transition region that leads into a region called the stopband. Gain Gain Gain Gain f f f f Low-pass High-pass Band-pass Band-stop

18 The Basic Low-Pass Filter The low-pass filter allows frequencies below the critical frequency to pass and rejects other. The simplest low-pass filter is a passive RC circuit with the output taken across C. BW = f c Gain (normalized to 1) 3 db 0 db Passband Actual response of a single-pole RC filter 20 db Transition region R V out 40 db 60 db BW Stopband region 20 db/decade f V s C 0.01 f c 0.1 f c f c 10 f c 100 f c 1000 f c

19 The Basic Low-Pass Filter o The ideal response is not attainable by any practical filter. o Actual filter responses depend on the number of poles, o Pole, a term used with filters to describe the number of RC circuits contained in the filter. o This basic RC filter has a single pole, and it rolls off at -20db/decade beyond the critical frequency. o20db/decade means that at a frequency of 10f c the output will be - 20dB(10%) of the input. o This roll-off allows too much unwanted frequencies through the filter

20 The Basic Low-Pass Filter o Actual filters do not have a perfectly flat response up to the cutoff frequency. o More steeper response cannot be added by simply cascading the basic stages due to loading effect. o With combination of op-amps, the filters can be designed with higher roll-offs o In general, the more poles the filter uses, the steeper its transition region will be. The exact response depends on the type of filter and the number of pole.

21 The Basic High-Pass Filter The high-pass filter passes all frequencies above a critical frequency and rejects all others. The simplest high-pass filter is a passive RC circuit with the output taken across R. Gain (normalized to 1) 3 db 0 db 20 db 40 db Actual response of a single-pole RC filter 20 db/decade Passband V s C V out R 60 db f c 0.01 f c 0.1 f c f c 10 f c 100 f c f

22 The Band-Pass Filter A band-pass filter passes all frequencies between two critical frequencies. The bandwidth is defined as the difference between the two critical frequencies f c1 and f c2. The simplest band-pass filter is an RLC circuit. Bandwidth B.W= f c2 f c1 Center frequency f o = f c1 f c2 R V out V s C L Quality Factor: In band pass filters it is ratio of center frequency to its bandwidth. Q = f o /B.W V out (normalized to 1) BW f c1 f 0 f c2 f

23 The Band-Stop Filter A band-stop filter rejects frequencies between two critical frequencies; the bandwidth is measured between the critical frequencies. The simplest band-stop filter is an RLC circuit. Gain (db) 0 3 L C V out V s R f c1 f 0 f c2 f BW

24 Ideal vs Real Filters In comparison to ideal low pass filters, the real RC or RLC filters lack the following characteristics: V out (normalized to 1) o Flat passband o Sharp transition region olinear phase response BW f c1 f 0 f c2 f Gain (db) 0 3 f c1 f 0 f c2 f BW

25 Active Filters Active filters include one or more op-amps in the design. One of the three characteristic can be achieved with active filters: o Flat band pass with Butterworth A v Chebyshev: rapid roll-off characteristic osharp roll-off rate with Chebyshev olinear phase response. Butterworth: flat amplitude response Bessel: linear phase response f

26 Active Filters General Active Filters A single pole active filters The number of filter poles can be increases with cascading

27 Active Filters General Active Filters A single pole active filters The number of filter poles can be increases with cascading

28 Active Filters General Active Filters A single pole active filters The number of filter poles can be increases with cascading

29 Active Filters Two poles filters Sallen-Key Configuration The Sallen-Key is one of the most common configurations for a secondorder (two-pole)filter. There are two RC circuits that provides a roll-off of -40 db /decade (Butterworth) For R A = R B = R and C A = C B = C

30 Active Filters Two poles filters Sallen-Key Configuration

31 Active Filters Two poles filters Multiple feedback

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