Take A Look Inside. Terahertz Technologies. A Passion for Precision.

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1 Take A Look Inside Terahertz Technologies A Passion for Precision.

2 A Passion for Precision. InTroducTIon 3 8 Terahertz Waves 4 Terahertz Applications 5-6 Time-domain Terahertz Generation 7 Frequency-domain Terahertz Generation 8 TIme-domAIn TerAherTz 9-16 Time-domain Terahertz 9-10 FemtoFiber pro Ir / IrS 11 FemtoFiber pro nir 12 FemtoFerb TeraFlash Frequency-domAIn Standard Package 850 / TeraBeam high Power extension 21 Phase modulation extension 22 Photomixers Spectroscopy extension 25 customized Solutions 26 TeraScan 850 /

3 Terahertz Waves The Final Frontier of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Between radio waves & infrared The terahertz range refers to electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 100 GHz and 10 THz, or wavelengths between 3 mm and 30 μm. Light between radio waves and infrared has some unique properties. Terahertz waves can look inside plastics and textiles, paper and cardboard. Many biomolecules, proteins, explosives and narcotics also feature characteristic absorption lines so-called spectral fingerprints at terahertz frequencies. Unlike X-rays, terahertz waves do not have any ionizing effect and are generally considered biologically innocuous. Closing the terahertz gap For a long time, it has been difficult to generate intensive, directional terahertz radiation, and the terahertz range was considered the final frontier of the electromagnetic spectrum. Now, frequencies between 0.5 and 10 THz have become the domain of laser-based techniques. Optoelectronic approaches use either femtosecond lasers or tunable diode lasers. Photomixers, photoconductive switches or nonlinear crystals convert the near-infrared laser light into terahertz waves, either broadband or spectrally resolved. The terahertz gap is bridged at last. The complete portfolio TOPTICA has been cooperating with researchers in the terahertz arena from day one. As a result, TOPTICA is now the only company in the world that serves scientists and engineers working with the two most important optoelectronic approaches pulsed and continuouswave (cw) terahertz generation. Our FemtoFiber TM lasers form the basis of the TeraFlash TM system, a complete time-domain spectroscopy platform. On the other hand, our tunable DFB diode lasers are the perfect match for GaAs or InGaAs photomixers, as used in our TeraScan TM frequency-domain systems.

4 (c) SynView GmbH Terahertz Applications Wavenumber (1/cm) ε 1 ε Frequency (THz) Spectroscopy Various applications of terahertz spectroscopy exist, as many gas molecules and organic solids, including chemical agents and explosives, exhibit fingerprints at terahertz frequencies. A spectrum can be acquired using either pulsed or cw terahertz radiation, and yields information on the complex refractive index of the sample. A time-domain (pulsed) measurement demonstrates an absorption signature with a decrease of the amplitude and a delay of the terahertz pulse. In a frequency-domain (cw) experiment, the signature presents an attenuated signal and a phase shift of the terahertz wave. Since terahertz rays penetrate opaque materials such as paper, and are hardly attenuated by aerosols, spectroscopy can aid in observing inaccessible settings (e.g., through sealed envelopes or black smoke). Real part ε 1 (black, left axis) and imaginary part ε 2 (blue, right axis) of the dielectric constant of α-lactose monohydrate, measured with cw-thz spectroscopy. (M. Grüninger, University of Cologne, Germany) 4

5 Ceramic knife hidden behind black denim. (TeraView Ltd.) Homeland security Security-related applications benefit from both the chemical sensitivity and the imaging potential of terahertz radiation. Terahertz-sensing can detect trace amounts of illicit drugs within paper envelopes or can determine the compounds of a gas mixture. A powerful application implemented with this method involves monitoring air quality in public buildings, where potentially threatening chemicals must be identified in a cluttered background of cleaning agents, perfumes, glues and paint. Terahertz imaging also allows the visualization of concealed weapons in parcels or shoes. The image contrast originates from the different refractive indices of the object and its surroundings. Terahertz imaging even reveals non-metallic objects, which present a challenge for traditional detection techniques. y (mm) x (mm) Terahertz imaging of a plant leaf. Darker areas indicate a higher water content. (m. Koch, university of marburg, Germany) Humidity and hydration monitoring Water vapor strongly attenuates terahertz waves, and liquid water has an even stronger effect. On the other hand, water also provides a stark contrast in reflection-mode terahertz imaging. Measuring a sample s transmission or reflection properties yields quantitative information on its water content. A new application emerging in the field of industrial process control assesses paper humidity in paper production lines. here, terahertz-based measurements provide the long-sought-after alternative to radioactive emitters used to date. The high sensitivity of water-contrast terahertz imaging also allows in-situ measurements of the water content of plant leaves. This helps to avoid drought stress and to optimize irrigation strategies (e.g., for agricultural crops grown in arid regions). Terahertz image of Kevlar body armor, with a bullet hole. (SynView Gmbh) Non-destructive testing many plastic compounds and synthetics appear transparent in terahertz light, a property successfully used for non-contact analysis and imaging of hidden objects. Via timeof-flight techniques, pulsed terahertz radiation provides information on an object s thickness, its absorption coefficient and refractive index, even in multi-layered samples. Scanning the sample with the help of a terahertz beam pinpoints sub-surface cracks, voids and delaminations. The availability of non-destructive testing routines will benefit a wide range of applications. For example, terahertz imaging of a polymeric airbag cover facilitates the extraction of the break line thickness with sub-millimeter resolution. In windmill blades, aircraft wings or bullet-proof body armor, likewise, hidden defects can be localized.

6 Time-Domain Terahertz Generation Direct and indirect sources The spectroscopically relevant frequencies from THz prove difficult to access. electronic sources, such as voltagecontrolled oscillators with frequency multipliers, offer power levels in the mw range. However, they become inefficient at terahertz frequencies and provide rather limited frequency tuning. direct optical sources, like quantum cascade lasers, must operate at cryogenic temperatures and suffer from poor beam profiles and low spectral purity. optoelectronic terahertz generation, an expression for indirect methods, involves near-infrared laser light generating free charge carriers in a semiconductor or organic crystal. The charge carriers are accelerated by internal or external electric fields and the resulting photocurrent becomes the source of the terahertz wave. The ultrafast approach Pulsed terahertz radiation is generated with femtosecond lasers. In a typical timedomain setup, the laser pulse is split in two, with one part traveling to the terahertz emitter, and the second part traveling to the detector, after interacting with a sample. The ultrashort laser pulses produce a current transient in the emitter and as a result, electromagnetic wave packets with a broad spectrum in the terahertz range. The detector works in a pump and probe fashion: the incident terahertz pulse changes the properties of the material (e.g., conductivity or birefringence) and the laser pulse probes this very effect. A variable delay stage scans the terahertz wave packet with the much shorter probe pulse. A fast Fourier transform of the terahertz amplitude then produces the terahertz spectrum. AC Bias Terahertz pulse ~ Electric field amplitude (a.u.) Time (ps) fs laser Translation Stage TX RX Lock-in Detection Sample position 0.1 Spectrum (Fourier transform) Photoconductive switch fs Amplitude (a.u.) 1E-3 1E nm 1E Frequency (THz)

7 Frequency-Domain Terahertz Generation Give me a beat! Coherent signal detection continuous-wave (cw) terahertz radiation is obtained by optical heterodyning in high-bandwidth photoconductors: the output of two cw lasers converts into terahertz radiation, exactly at the difference frequency of the lasers. The core component is the photomixer, a microscopic metal-semiconductor-metal structure. near-infrared laser light irradiates this structure at two adjacent frequencies. Applying a bias voltage to the metal electrodes then generates a photocurrent that oscillates at the beat frequency. An antenna structure surrounding the photomixer translates the oscillating photocurrent into the terahertz wave. State-of-the-art photomixers are based on either GaAs or InGaAs/InP and require laser wavelengths below the semiconductor bandgap (i.e., around 850 nm or 1.5 μm, respectively). In a coherent detection scheme, a second photomixer serves as terahertz receiver. Similar to the pulsed scenario, both the terahertz wave and the original laser beat illuminate the receiver. The incoming terahertz wave generates a voltage in the antenna while the laser beat modulates the conductivity of the photomixer. The resulting photocurrent, typically in the nanoampère range, is proportional to the amplitude of the incident terahertz electric field. It further depends on the phase difference between the terahertz wave and the optical beat. Spectroscopic measurements commonly take advantage of both amplitude and phase data. coherent detection methods offer the advantage of a very high efficiency, and can attain a dynamic range in excess of 80 db and a noise-equivalent power of 10 pw/hz 1/2. λ 1 Laser #1 AC bias ~ TX THz wave Sample position Laser #2 Laser beat RX λ 2 Lock-in detection 80 Spectrum (Frequency scan) Dynamic range (db) Frequency (THz)

8 Time-Domain Terahertz ultrafast Lasers and a Versatile Spectroscopy System Photoconductive switches (GaAs or InGaAs/InP) and organic crystals (dast, dstms, oh1) represent the most common pulsed terahertz emitters. Their excitation wavelengths range from 750 nm to 1.6 μm, wavelengths easily accessible with erbium-doped femtosecond fiber lasers and optional second harmonic generation. TOPTICA s FemtoFiber pro Tm / FemtoFiber smart Tm lasers provide superior specifications that fit all common emitter types. owing to the use of robust saturable absorber mirror (SAm) technology for mode-locking, the lasers offer turnkey operation without any mechanical alignment. The versatile TeraFlash Tm platform combines FemtoFiber smart Tm laser technology with state-of-the-art InGaAs antennas. The all-fiber system attains a bandwidth above 4 Thz and an outstanding dynamic range. FemtoFiber pro IR Wavelength 1560 nm Power > 350 mw Pulse width < 100 fs FemtoFiber pro NIR Wavelength 780 nm Power > 140 mw Pulse width < 100 fs FemtoFiber pro IRS Wavelength 1570 nm Power > 180 mw Pulse width < 40 fs

9 Pick one: cw or Pulsed Terahertz? Highest bandwidth with time-domain systems Time-domain and frequency-domain techniques each have merit. Time-domain terahertz spectroscopy offers the advantage of a very broad bandwidth: spectra acquired with photoconductive switches extend to 4 Thz, and crystal emitters even achieve 10 Thz. measurement speed provides the second advantage. The acquisition of a spectrum typically takes seconds, depending on the number of traces averaged. Time-domain systems also lend themselves to the investigation of multi-layered samples, where depth information is retrieved via time-of-flight measurements. Best resolution with frequency-domain systems Frequency-domain spectroscopy is the preferred choice for applications requiring highest spectral resolution. While a pulsed spectrometer usually offers a resolution on the 10 Ghz level, cw systems allow frequency control with single-megahertz precision. cw systems also provide the highest dynamic ranges, with peak values greater than 80 db. Last but not least, frequency-domain spectroscopy enables spectrally-selective measurements. It is thus possible to zoom in on one spectral signature (e.g., to measure the strength of a single absorption line). Dynamic range of a frequency-domain system (left) and a time-domain system (right). The dips are absorption lines of water vapor. The circles highlight the same set of lines. Specifications cw terahertz systems Pulsed terahertz systems Bandwidth Thz, limited by lasers Thz, depending on emitter Peak dynamic range ~ 85 db ~ 75 db Frequency resolution 10 mhz Typ. 10 Ghz Spectral sensitivity yes no Acquisition time (complete spectrum) minutes to hours, depending on resolution and lock-in time milliseconds to seconds, depending on number of averages FemtoFErb 1560 Wavelength 1560 nm Power > 100 mw Pulse width < 100 fs InGaAs antennas Bandwidth > 4 THz 1 µw average power SM/PM fiber pigtail TeraFlash Bandwidth > 4 THz Peak dynamic range > 70 db Resolution GHz, selectable

10 FemtoFiber pro IR / IRS high-power Infrared Femtosecond Fiber Lasers The FemtoFiber pro Ir is the base unit of ToPTIcA s FemtoFiber pro series. It comprises a robust, SAM mode-locked oscillator and a power amplifier, and provides an industry-record average power of > 350 mw. The pulse duration is below 100 fs. The short-pulse version FemtoFiber pro IRS features an additional non-linear fiber to generate pulses of less than 40 fs. The pulse width can be controlled by an automated feedback loop. Both lasers are realized in an alignment-free, polarization-maintaining all-fiber setup, and require neither water nor air cooling. Pulse durations and power levels are wellsuited for terahertz generation in organic crystals or InGaAs antennas. Key features erbium fiber lasers with SAm modelocked oscillator and amplifier FemtoFiber pro IR: Pulse duration < 100 fs, average power > 350 mw FemtoFiber pro IRS: Pulse duration < 40 fs, average power > 180 mw Specifications FemtoFiber pro IR FemtoFiber pro IRS Fundamental wavelength 1560 nm 1570 nm Laser output power > 350 mw > 180mW Pulse width < 100 fs < 40 fs Repetition rate 80 mhz (optional: 40 mhz) 80 mhz Beam shape Tem 00 M² < 1.2 Applications Terahertz generation in organic crystals (dast, dstms, oh1) Terahertz generation in InGaAs photoconductive switches Beam divergence < 2 mrad < 1 mrad Linear polarization > 95%, horizontal > 95%, vertical Output coupling Free space 8 8 Autocorrelation intensity Autocorrelation intensity Time delay (ps) Time delay (ps) Autocorrelation pulse width of FemtoFiber pro IR: < 100 fs at 1560 nm. Autocorrelation pulse width of FemtoFiber pro IRS: < 30 fs at 1560 nm. order information FemtoFiber pro IR FemtoFiber pro IRS M40 High-power ultrafast Erbium fiber laser, 1560 nm Erbium fiber laser with pulse compression (< 40 fs) repetition rate 40 identical average power (only for FemtoFiber pro Ir)

11 FemtoFiber pro NIR near-infrared Femtosecond Fiber Laser The FemtoFiber pro NIR includes an Erbium fiber laser with a SAM mode-locked oscillator, a power amplifier, and a second harmonic generation (SHG) stage. It offers both the fundamental and the frequency-doubled output, and the user selects the wavelength with a manual switch. In a customized design, the laser emits both beams simultaneously from separate output ports. A motorized prism compressor optimizes the pulse characteristics at either wavelength, attaining pulse durations below 100 fs. The FemtoFiber pro nir provides an ideal laser source for terahertz generation via GaAs-based photoconductive switches or for hybrid systems with an organic emitter (dast, dstms) and a GaAs detector. Specifications FemtoFiber pro NIR Wavelength 1560 nm 780 nm Laser output power > 350 mw > 140 mw Pulse width < 100 fs Repetition rate 80 mhz (optional: 40 mhz) Key features SAm mode-locked oscillator, amplifier and ShG stage Pulse duration < 100 fs, average power > nm Free-beam output, switchable between 780 nm and 1560 nm Beam shape Tem 00 M² < 1.2 Beam divergence < 2 mrad < 1 mrad Linear polarization > 95%, horizontal Output coupling Free space Wavelength selection manual slide bar (optional: 2-color output) Applications Terahertz generation in GaAs photoconductive switches hybrid systems (e.g., with dast emitter and GaAs detector) 0.1 Autocorrelation intensity Amplitude (a.u.) E-3 1E-4 Time delay (ps) 1E Frequency (THz) Autocorrelation pulse width of FemtoFiber pro NIR: < 100 fs at 780 nm. THz spectrum, acquired with the FemtoFiber pro NIR and GaAs antennas. (otsuka electronics) order information FemtoFiber pro NIR M40 Two-color output Frequency-doubled ultrafast Erbium fiber laser, 1560 nm and 780 nm repetition rate 40 mhz Simultaneous availability of the fundamental and frequency-doubled wavelength (2 output ports)

12 FemtoFErb 1560 compact ultrafast Laser with optional Fiber delivery ToPTIcA s FemtoFerb 1560, the most compact ultrafast laser on the market, comprises a robust, SAM mode-locked fiber oscillator and a power amplifier. It generates pulses with more than 100 mw average power and pulse durations well below 100 fs. The setup includes only polarization-maintaining fiber components. By default, the laser features a 20 cm fiber patchcord which delivers the short pulses. One or two SM/PM fiber extensions of 5 m length can be added on demand to replace complex beam delivery setups by flexible fiber solutions. The FemtoFerb provides an ideal match for InGaAs antennas and organic terahertz emitters alike, and also functions in ToPTIcA s TeraFlash spectroscopy platform. Key features most compact ultrafast erbium fiber laser Pulse duration < 100 fs (typ. 70 fs), average power > 100 mw optional: Sm/Pm fiber delivery, 5 m fiber length Autocorrelation intensity autocorrelation sech-fit Amplitude (a.u.) Applications Terahertz generation in InGaAs photoconductive switches Terahertz generation in organic crystals (dast, dstms, oh1) Time delay (ps) Autocorrelation pulse width of FemtoFErb 1560: typically 70 fs Frequency (THz) Terahertz amplitude spectrum, acquired with the FemtoFErb 1560 and a DSTMS crystal. (rainbow Photonics) Specifications FemtoFErb 1560 Fundamental wavelength Laser output power Pulse width Spectral width Time-bandwidth product Repetition rate Output coupling Power supply 1560 nm > 100 mw, fixed power < 100 fs (70 fs typ.) 40 nm typ. 0.5 typ. 100 mhz SM/PM fiber pigtail, 20 cm standard 12 V dc Fiber Delivery Option Laser output power Fd5-Pm > 60 mw, or 2x > 30 mw* Pulse width < 120 fs Fiber 5 m SM/PM fiber with FC/APC connector or: 2 x 5 m SM/PM fiber with FC/APC connectors order information 12 FemtoFErb 1560 FD5-PM* Compact femtosecond Erbium fiber laser, with fiber output (20 cm pigtail) & integrated electronics Fiber delivery, 5 m SM/PM fiber *For two fiber outputs, please order the FD5-PM option twice.

13 Photoconductive Switches Fiber-coupled InGaAs Antennas Pulsed terahertz generation made easy: fiber-pigtailed InGaAs antennas provide an ideal match for our turnkey, telecom-band femtosecond lasers. The photoconductive switches, developed by the Fraunhofer heinrich-hertz Institute (hhi, Berlin/Germany), use a multi-stack design of InGaAs absorber layers and InAlAs trapping layers to reduce the dark conductivity of the semiconductor and maximize the efficiency of the device. The emitter and detector modules feature a strip-line and a dipole antenna, respectively, and are packaged with a Silicon lens and SM/PM fiber. Their bandwidth spans more than 4 Thz. Together with the FemtoFerb 1560, these modules make up the core components of the TeraFlash platform. InAlAs (8 nm) InGaAs:Be (12 nm) Key features Electric field amplitude (a.u) Semi-insulating InP substrate 100 periods compact modules with Sm/Pm fiber pigtail and Silicon lens high terahertz power: 1 μw average Large bandwidth > 4 Thz Time (ps) Pulse trace of an InGaAs photoconductive switch. Multi-layer structure of the emitter/ receiver modules. Applications high-bandwidth spectroscopy (e.g., explosives or liquid crystals) Industrial process control Specifications Semiconductor material Wavelength Emitter Receiver Emitter / receiver bandwidth Average terahertz power (typ.) Package Recommended operating conditions #EK / #EK multi-layer structure of InGaAs and InAlAs on InP 1560 nm Photoconductive switch with 25 μm strip-line antenna Photoconductive switch with 25 μm dipole antenna, 10 μm gap > 4 Thz 1 20 mw laser power cylindrical, Ø 30 mm, integrated Si lens and SM/PM fiber pigtail Laser power 20 mw average max. bias ± 20 V (emitter), ± 3 V (receiver, only for testing) order information #EK #EK InGaAs/InP Thz emitter: Photoconductive switch with strip-line antenna and SM/PM fiber pigtail InGaAs/InP Thz receiver: Photoconductive switch with dipole antenna and SM/PM fiber pigtail 13 note: The photoconductive switches are only available in combination with one of ToPTIcA s femtosecond lasers (FemtoFerb 1560, FemtoFiber pro Ir or FemtoFiber pro IrS).

14 TeraFlash TM Time-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy Platform The new TeraFlash system combines TOPTICA s established FemtoFErb laser and state-of-the-art InGaAs photoconductive switches into a table-top terahertz platform, based on mature 1.5 µm technology. Owing to a highly precise mechanical delay stage, the TeraFlash achieves a peak dynamic range of more than 70 db. In precise scan mode, the system attains a bandwidth of 4 THz and a resolution better than 10 GHz. Alternatively, in fast scan mode, the system acquires a pulse trace in only 50 ms. Equipped with SM/PM fiber pigtails, the antenna modules can be flexibly arranged according to the requirements of the experiment in question. Key features Versatile time-domain terahertz platform Fiber-coupled InGaAs photoconductive switches High bandwidth > 4 THz, peak dynamic range > 70 db Voice coil + position sensor free space collimators fibers Path length compensation to emitter bias voltage FemtoFErb fiber delivery to detector SM/PM FC/APC SMB SM/PM FC/APC Applications High-bandwidth spectroscopy (e.g., explosives or liquid crystals) Industrial process control Real-time data processing board SMA detector signal PC Schematic diagram of the TeraFlash platform. Blue lines depict electric signals, red lines the optical signals. Amplitude (a.u) Electric field amplitude (a.u.) 20 Reference 10 α-lactose Time (ps) 1E-10 1E-11 1E Frequency (THz) Pulse trace and absorption spectrum of α-lactose monohydrate (blue) and an air reference (black) Precise timekeeping A fast Fourier transform converts the time trace of the terahertz field amplitude into the corresponding spectrum. The dynamic range of the spectrum (i.e., the ratio of the peak signal to the noise level) depends on the timing accuracy with which the terahertz pulse is sampled, which in turn is determined by the length jitter of the delay stage used. To achieve a dynamic range above 70 db, the delay length, given by the momentary position of the moveable retro-reflector, must be known with submicron accuracy. The TeraFlash uses a voice-coil delay with a timing resolution of 1.2 fs, thus measuring the delay length to better than 400 nm the secret behind the superb dynamic range of the instrument. Flexible scan speed Fourier theory determines not only the dynamic range, but also the frequency resolution of a time-domain terahertz spectrum: the longer the delay stage scan (i.e., the sampling time of the pulse), the better the resolution. The maximum scan range of the TeraFlash is 200 ps, which translates into a resolution better than 5 GHz. In addition, the user can choose to average a number of traces in order to exploit the maximum dynamic range. If, however, the measurement speed matters most, then the scan time can be reduced to 25 ps, and 20 pulse traces per second can be acquired still at a peak dynamic range of 55 db. The control software can flexibly adjust the scan time and the number of averages. Dipole antenna with mesa structure (Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz Institute, Berlin / Germany) 14

15 Specifications Components TeraFlash FemtoFErb 1560, 2x SM/PM fiber delivery, mechanical delay stage, 2 InGaAs photoconductive switches, complete electronics for data acquisition Laser FemtoFerb 1560 Laser wavelength Laser output power (fiber output) Laser pulse width 1560 nm 2x 30 mw < 120 fs Electric field amplitude (a.u.) Reference Polypropylene Time (ps) Pulse shift introduced by a 2 mm polypropylene slab. Laser repetition rate 100 mhz Fiber delivery Terahertz emitter Terahertz receiver Terahertz spectral range Average terahertz power (typ.) Peak dynamic range Included: 2x FD5-PM, SM/PM fibers #ek , InGaAs photoconductive switch with 25 μm strip-line antenna, 1 m fiber pigtail #ek , InGaAs photoconductive switch with 25 μm dipole antenna, 10 µm gap, 1 m fiber pigtail Thz 1 μw > 70 db (75 db typ.) Electric field amplitude (a.u.) Reference (air) LC fast axis LC slow axis Time (ps) Pulse traces of a birefringent liquid crystal polymer (Ticona A950) and a reference trace in air. Delay stage Scan range Frequency resolution Acquisition rate mechanical delay + fast voice coil ps < ps scan range < ps scan range Precise scan: 20 s/spectrum, 100 ps delay, bandwidth 4 Thz, peak dynamic range > 70 db, 100 traces averaged; Fast scan: 50 ms/trace, 25 ps delay, bandwidth 3 Thz, peak dynamic range > 55 db, no averaging; Intermediate settings possible Dynamic range (db) Frequency (THz) Antenna package Terahertz path length Computer interface Computer software cylindrical, Ø 30 mm, Integrated Si lens and SM/PM fiber pigtail cm, adjustable via stationary delay ethernet LabView control program, included Terahertz spectrum of air with water vapor absorption lines. The peak dynamic range is 75 db. order information TeraFlash Pulsed terahertz spectroscopy platform, with Femto- FErb 1560, 2x SM/PM fiber delivery, delay stage, two InGaAs photoconductive switches, laptop + software

16 Frequency-Domain Terahertz Modular Product Packages TOPTICA offers a set of modular product packages for frequency-domain terahertz spectroscopy. The Standard Package 850 and the TeraBeam 1550 consist of two widely-tunable DFB diode lasers with low-noise driver electronics, FPGA-based frequency control and a fiber-optic beam combiner. The High Power Extension includes a semiconductor or fiber amplifier, increasing the optical power to > 300 mw. The Phase Modulation Extension features two fiber stretchers for fast and accurate scanning of the terahertz phase. Last but not least, the Spectroscopy Extension employs latest GaAs or InGaAs photomixer technology and optional terahertz optomechanics. All of these packages are available both at 850 nm and at 1550 nm. The packages can be combined and upgraded depending on the requirements of the experiment. Tunable DFB lasers Near-infrared distributed feedback (DFB) diodes are the lasers of choice to generate cw terahertz radiation. They unite high output power, narrow linewidth and mode-hop-free tuning up to 1000 GHz per diode. Responding to customer requirements, TOPTICA can select a pair of diodes with a frequency difference tunable from 0 to 2 THz or from 1 to 3 THz. DFB lasers are available at the excitation wavelengths of both GaAs and InGaAs-based photomixers. The resolution of a cw terahertz spectrometer is only limited by the frequency stability of the lasers. In the case of DFB systems, the difference frequency can be controlled with single-megahertz or even sub-megahertz precision. Consequently, cw terahertz techniques are ideally suited for high-resolution spectroscopy (e.g., trace gas detection at low pressure). 16

17 Standard Package High Power Extension Phase Mod. Extension Basic & Complete Spectroscopy Extension AC Bias ~ DFB laser #1 TX Amplifier sample position DFB laser #2 RX Lock-in Detection Includes Includes Includes Includes Includes 2 DFB diode lasers, Semiconductor Twin fiber 2 GaAs All components 850 nm or 1550 nm or fiber amplifier stretcher, or InGaAs of Basic Complete driver electronics Fiber coupling at input SM/PM fibers photomixers Spectroscopy FPGA-based frequency control and output HV driver Photocurrent Extension Fiber-optic beam combination SM/PM fiber splitter, amplifier 2 parabolic 50:50 % Software mirrors and interface mirror mounts Precision alignment stages for photomixers Digital lock-in amplifier The terahertz signal the photocurrent in the receiver resides in the pico- to nanoampère range. Recovering this faint signal requires lock-in detection: The terahertz beam is periodically chopped and the readout circuit looks at the signal modulation at the chopping frequency. The faster the chopping, the more efficient the detection becomes. An elegant way to achieve khz-rate chopping is to modulate the bias voltage of the terahertz transmitter. In all of TOPTICA s cw terahertz systems, the TeraControl unit acts as a digital lock-in amplifier for the terahertz signal. The FPGA-based module feeds an AC bias to the transmitter and de-modulates the receiver photocurrent. In addition, the TeraControl tunes the terahertz frequency by precisely adjusting the temperatures of both DFB lasers. TeraControl digital lock-in module with USB interface.

18 Standard Package 850 / TeraBeam 1550 DFB Lasers for cw Terahertz Generation The Standard Package offers the essential laser equipment for difference frequency generation in the terahertz range. It comprises two distributed feedback (DFB) lasers with built-in optical isolators, fiber-optic beam combination and low-noise driver electronics. TOPTICA carefully selects the laser diodes with respect to their mode-hop-free tuning range. Available at 850 nm and 1550 nm, the Standard Package matches the excitation wavelengths of GaAs and InGaAs terahertz emitters, respectively. The TeraControl unit complements the package with computerized frequency tuning and lock-in detection of the terahertz photocurrent. A graphical interface conveniently sets or scans the terahertz frequency. Key features Two DFB diode lasers with FPGAbased frequency control Available wavelengths: 850 nm and 1550 nm Frequency accuracy 2 GHz absolute, 10 MHz relative The workhorse for photomixing In recent years, DFB diodes have developed into the workhorses for photomixing. DFB lasers offer robust mono-mode operation, wide continuous tuning and convenient frequency control. The absence of alignment-sensitive components results in a superior stability of output power and frequency. DFB lasers can be produced at virtually any near-infrared wavelength. The additional advantage of telecom-band diodes is their availability in highly integrated butterfly packages with miniaturized optics and a fiber pigtail. TOPTICA s TeraBeam 1550 uses these diodes. Applications cw terahertz generation with GaAs photomixers (850 nm) cw terahertz generation with InGaAs/InP photodiodes (1550 nm) DFB laser #1 856 Laser #1 DFB laser #2 PM fiber array Wavelength (nm) 854 ν = 0 GHz ν = 2.1 THz Schematic of Standard Package. 852 Laser # Temperature ( C) 18 Temperature tuning of DFB lasers. The wavelengths of laser #1 and laser #2 match at temperatures of approximately 7 C and 45 C (shaded bar). By heating laser #1 and cooling laser #2, the difference frequency increases up to 2.1 THz. The TeraControl calculates the precise temperature settings for any desired difference frequency.

19 Wide frequency tuning The Standard Package contains thermally-tuned dfb diodes. The accessible frequency range depends on the tuning coefficient ( nm, or nm) and the frequency offset between the two diodes. responding to customer requirements, ToPTIcA provides special solutions when needed. For example, the scan range of the Standard Package 850 is 0 2 Thz by default, but can be changed to 1 3 Thz if higher frequencies are preferred. Similarly, the scan range of the TeraBeam 1550 is Thz, or Thz with customized diodes GHz 200 GHz and precise frequency control For each laser diode used in the Standard Package or TeraBeam, ToPTIcA records precise tuning curves (wavelength vs. temperature), which are stored in a lookup table. To tune to a desired terahertz frequency, the Teracontrol addresses the thermo-electric coolers of both dfb lasers, employing two cascaded digital-analog converters with 21-bit resolution per channel. The system achieves a 1 Ghz absolute accuracy of the difference frequency and a resolution better than 10 mhz. The minimum frequency step then corresponds to a temperature change of only 200 μk! Spectral density (db) Wavelength (nm) Emission spectrum of the TeraBeam 1550, at difference frequencies of 200 GHz and 1 THz. Specifications SYST THz STD / 850 TeraBeam 1550 Lasers 2 x dl dfb To3 TeraBeam (2 butterfly-packaged DFBs) Laser power (fiber output) 2 x 50 mw 2 x 30 mw Laser wavelength* nm nm Scan range per laser diode ± 1.3 nm ± 2.2 nm THz scan range Typ Ghz Typ Ghz Tuning speed up to 100 Ghz/s Frequency accuracy 2 Ghz absolute, < 10 mhz relative Frequency stability (per laser)** Typ. 20 mhz rms, 100 mhz 5 hrs Frequency control external Pc + Teracontrol Tc 110 (included) Optical isolation Included, 60 db per laser Included, 80 db per laser Fiber coupling Included, 2x2 fiber array Operating temperature c Driver electronics SyS dc 110 Twin dl Lock-in amplifier Teracontrol Tc 110 Computer interface usb Computer software control program with GuI, included Wavelength calibration files Provided for both lasers * other ranges on request ** At constant environmental conditions order information SYST THz STD / 850 TeraBeam 1550 Two-color dfb laser with driver electronics and FPGA-based frequency control, nm compact two-color dfb laser, including driver electronics and FPGA-based frequency control, nm

20 High Power Extension Laser Amplifier with Fiber Input / Output The High Power Extension is the recommended tool for researchers who need extra laser photons to drive large-area terahertz emitters or to compensate for power losses in additional modules (e.g., Phase Modulation Extension, or fiber taps). At 850 nm, the package comprises a BoosTA semiconductor amplifier with a fiber input port and a 50:50 % fiber-splitter on the output side. The BoosTA amplifies the two-color output of the Standard Package to more than 300 mw, while avoiding any cross-talk between the two lines. All of the spectral properties of the Standard Package remain unchanged. A 1550 nm version of the High Power Extension is also available, employing an Erbiumdoped fiber as gain medium. Key features BoosTA: Semiconductor amplifier with two SM/PM fiber outputs 150 mw per 850 nm 1550 nm Erbium fiber amplifier available on request Specifications THz High Power / 850 THz High Power / 1550 Amplifier Wavelength Semiconductor amplifier (BoosTA 850 L) nm, defined by Standard Package** Erbium fiber amplifier* Range nm, defined by TeraBeam Applications Laser source for large-area terahertz emitters or emitter arrays Recommended for systems with Phase Modulation Extension Difference frequency tuning Difference frequency resolution Fiber output power Cf. Standard Package or TeraBeam Cf. Standard Package or TeraBeam 2 x 150 mw 250 mw mw (different models) Optical isolation Included, 60 db Included Fiber coupling Included, input + output Output fiber SM/PM splitter, 50:50 % DFB laser #1 Tapered Amplifier Electronics Integrated into amplifier, + external supply Integrated * Not required for Spectroscopy Extension / 1550 ** Customized wavelength ranges on request DFB laser #2 10 ν = 1.35 THz 0 Schematic of Standard Package (green) with High Power Extension (blue). Output spectrum of the BoosTA 850, as used in the High Power Extension. Spectral density (db) Wavelength (nm) Order information THz High Power / 850 BoosTA amplifier with fiber input and fiber output 1550 nm Erbium fiber amplifiers Please inquire for details Note: The High Power Extension requires a set of seed lasers (e.g., the Standard Package SYST THz STD / 850, or the TeraBeam 1550).

21 Phase Modulation Extension Twin Fiber Stretcher with HV Driver cw terahertz spectroscopy based on photomixing offers the attractive feature of detecting both amplitude and phase of the terahertz wave. Determining the phase requires a modulation of the optical path length, or of the terahertz frequency. The Phase Modulation Extension provides a fast and accurate technique to scan the terahertz phase by using a symmetric setup with two fiber stretchers wound around piezo actuators. The twin-fiber concept not only doubles the modulation amplitude, but also increases the thermal stability of the setup. The Phase Modulation Extension is available at 850 nm and 1550 nm. It perfectly fits the Standard Package 850 / TeraBeam 1550, and the Spectroscopy Extensions. Specifications THz Phase Mod / 850 THz Phase Mod / 1550 Concept Wavelength Difference frequency tuning Difference frequency resolution Fibers Twin fiber stretcher with piezo actuators nm, defined by Standard Package* nm, defined by TeraBeam Cf. Standard Package or TeraBeam Cf. Standard Package or TeraBeam, Complete amplitude + phase information at maximum resolution 2 x 60 m, SM/PM fibers Key features Fast and accurate modulation of the terahertz phase Twin fiber stretcher with piezo actuators and HV driver Path length modulation up to 3 1 khz Applications High-resolution frequency-domain spectroscopy Phase-sensitive terahertz measurements at fixed frequency (e.g., for imaging) Max. path length modulation HV driver 3 1 khz Included Software Included, part of control program DFB laser #1 * Customized wavelength ranges on request Normalized photocurrent Delay stage Fiber stretcher Path length change (mm) Terahertz photocurrent, measured with fiber stretchers (red circles) or a mechanical delay stage in the terahertz path (black squares). The delay-stage scan deviates from a cosine fit due to standing waves. The fiber-stretcher scan yields a perfect cosine curve. DFB laser #2 Schematic of Standard Package (green) with Phase Modulation Extension (red). Order information THz Phase Mod / 850 THz Phase Mod / 1550 Twin fiber stretcher for terahertz phase modulation, 850 nm Twin fiber stretcher for terahertz phase modulation, 1550 nm Note: The Phase Modulation Extension requires a set of seed lasers (e.g., the Standard Package SYST THz STD / 850, or the TeraBeam 1550). Combination with the High Power Extension is recommended. 21

22 Photomixers cw Terahertz Generation with Leading-Edge Technology Having teamed up with some of the world s leading terahertz research institutes, TOPTICA is the only company worldwide that is able to offer top-quality GaAs and InGaAs photomixers. Both material systems have their own merits. GaAs photomixers provide high bandwidths and a superior dynamic range when used in a coherent transmitter-receiver configuration. InGaAs emitters, on the other hand, generate power at record levels and take advantage of mature yet inexpensive 1.5 µm telecom technology. All of TOPTICA s photomixer modules come equipped with a Silicon lens, an electric connector and SM/PM fiber pigtail. The all-fiber design enables an easy and flexible integration into any terahertz assembly. Key features GaAs (850 nm) and InGaAs (1550 nm) photomixers Fully-packaged modules with SM/PM fiber pigtail Signal-to-noise ratio up to 80 db Applications High-resolution terahertz spectroscopy Combustion analysis, semiconductor studies, non-destructive testing Highest bandwidths with GaAs photomixers Based on a planar structure, GaAs photomixers comprise an interdigitated finger structure at the center and a surrounding broadband antenna. The bandgap of the semiconductor calls for excitation wavelengths below 870 nm. To efficiently generate terahertz radiation, the chip design relies on defect engineering techniques: Lowtemperature growth, the integration of ErAs nanoclusters or ion bombardment reduces the recombination times of the photoelectrons. TOPTICA s GaAs photomixers achieve an outstanding bandwidth of 3 THz and dynamic ranges as high as 80 db at 100 GHz, or 60 db at 1000 GHz. Terahertz power (µw) E-3 1E Frequency (GHz) 2µm light 300nm 20µm metal p-contact (i) absorber n-contact waveguide Output power of an InGaAs photodiode emitter. Cross-section of an InGaAs photodiode emitter with integrated waveguide. (Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz Institute, Berlin / Germany) Dynamic range (db) Integration time 300 ms Integration time 2.6 ms Frequency (GHz) V V+ Optical beat Metallization Active layer V+ V V+ V Semi-insulating substrate Photocurrent (ma) -2-4 Laser power -6 0 mw 10 mw mw 30 mw DC bias (V) Dynamic range of GaAs photomixers, used in a coherent emitter-receiver configuration. The dips are absorption lines of water vapor. Top view (left) and cross section (right) of a planar photomixer with interdigitated finger structure. V+ and V- denote the bias voltage. Photocurrent vs. bias voltage of an InGaAs photodiode emitter.

23 High power from InGaAs emitters InGaAs-based terahertz emitters comprise ultrafast p-i-n photodiodes, with an intrinsic layer embedded between p-doped and n-doped semiconductor layers. The laser light is coupled into the intrinsic layer from an underlying waveguide structure. In this design, the extended absorption length leads to highly-efficient terahertz generation. InGaAs has a semiconductor bandgap of 1.68 µm and telecom lasers at 1.5 µm are thus a perfect match. The combination of TOPTICA s TeraBeam laser and InGaAs emitter/detector modules presents a highly-compact terahertz platform, and achieves power levels up to 10 µw. Specifications #EK #EK / #EK Semiconductor material GaAs InGaAs on InP Wavelength nm nm Emitter Photomixer Waveguide-integrated p-i-n photodiode Receiver Photomixer Photomixer Antenna type Log-spiral Bow-tie Emitter / receiver bandwidth* > 3 THz > 2 THz Terahertz power (typ.) Terahertz dynamic range (@ 300 ms integration time) Package Recommended operating conditions GHz GHz GHz GHz Cylindrical, Ø 1, integrated Si lens & SM/PM fiber pigtail Laser power < 50 mw Bias ± 10 V GHz GHz GHz GHz Cylindrical, Ø 30 mm, integrated Si lens & SM/PM fiber pigtail Laser power 20 mw Bias 0 / -1.5 V Key advantages High bandwidth, high dynamic range Compact laser unit, low cost * Tuning range of lasers may differ Order information 850 nm #EK nm #EK #EK GaAs photomixer for cw terahertz generation and detection, with log-spiral antenna and SM/PM fiber pigtail InGaAs/InP based waveguide-integrated photodiode for cw terahertz generation, with bow-tie antenna and SM/PM fiber pigtail InGaAs/InP based photoconductor for cw terahertz detection,with bow-tie antenna and SM/PM fiber pigtail Note: The photomixers are available as individual modules or as part of the Spectroscopy Extension (p. 25). Operation requires a set of seed lasers (e.g., the Standard Package SYST THz STD / 850, or the TeraBeam 1550). 23

24 Spectroscopy Extension Basic and complete Version Key features Available for 850 nm (GaAs) and 1550 nm (InGaAs) technology Basic version: 2 photomixers with low-noise transimpedance amplifier complete version with additional optomechanics Applications high-resolution spectroscopy combustion analysis, semiconductor studies, non-destructive testing The Spectroscopy extension complements the laser packages and provides the essential equipment to start a frequency-domain terahertz experiment. employing the latest GaAs or InGaAs photomixer technology, the Spectroscopy extension has two versions with different levels of integration. The basic version, conceived for researchers who prefer to design their own terahertz beam path, features two fiberpigtailed photomixers and a transimpedance amplifier. The second, or complete version, additionally includes two positioning stages for the photomixers and two off-axis parabolic mirrors to collimate and refocus the terahertz beam. The entire system is conveniently controlled from a standard laptop or Pc. AC Bias ~ DFB laser #1 TX sample position DFB laser #2 RX Lock-in Detection Standard Package (green) with Basic (bright yellow) and Complete Spectroscopy Extensions (yellow). Basic Spectroscopy Extension Complete Spectroscopy Extension Specifications Spectroscopy Extension / Basic Spectroscopy Extension / Complete Photomixers Transmitter and receiver module included (GaAs: 2x #ek ; InGaAs: #ek #ek ) Lock-in amplifier Teracontrol, part of Standard Package 850 / TeraBeam 1550 Transimpedance amplifier PdA-S, included 2 xyz stages for photomixers -- Included 2 off-axis parabolic mirrors -- Included Manual delay stage -- Included Motorized delay stage no; please see Phase modulation extension Optical rails -- Included Computer software control program with GuI, included order information THz Spec Basic / 850 Spectroscopy extension, basic version, 850 nm THz Spec Compl / 850 Spectroscopy extension, complete version, 850 nm THz Spec Basic / 1550 Spectroscopy extension, basic version, 1550 nm THz Spec Compl / 1550 Spectroscopy extension, complete version, 1550 nm note: The Spectroscopy extension requires a set of seed lasers (e.g., the Standard Package SyST Thz STd / 850, or the TeraBeam 1550). It fits the Phase Modulation Extensions THz Phase Mod / 850 and THz Phase Mod /

25 Customized Solutions Innovative Answers to crazy Ideas Solutions from the specialists Terahertz science is a vibrant and exciting field of research. The number of applications is growing steadily, and so are the requirements on the utilized laser systems. Before long, a Standard Package may need to be modified if photomixers must be cooled to liquidhelium temperatures or terahertz frequencies outside the lasers tuning range are desired. A complete Spectroscopy extension might even call for further completion if the beam is to be focused onto a microscopic sample. ToPTIcA s product specialists have many years of hands-on experience with diode lasers, electronics and terahertz applications. They respond quickly and flexibly to your requirements. Tuning-range extensions The tuning range of the dfb lasers usually limits the frequency span of a cw terahertz spectrum. Adding a third diode laser greatly enhances the accessible frequency range. With carefully selected dfb laser wavelengths, ToPTIcA has pushed the bandwidth of a 1550 nm TeraBeam + Spectroscopy extension to beyond 2 Thz. other exotic applications might require seed wavelengths other than 850 nm or 1550 nm: for example, for research on novel photomixer materials, or for cryogenic experiments, where the temperature-induced change of the photomixers band-gap must be taken into account. These systems may require a fully customized laser solution, but we at ToPTIcA look forward to meeting the challenge! Megahertz resolution, focused beams ultimate spectral resolution is achieved by combining the dfb lasers of the Standard Package with ToPTIcA s patented iscan quadrature interferometer. The frequency of each laser is adjusted with an accuracy of 1 mhz. This translates directly into the resolution of the terahertz signal, making the cw terahertz platforms well-suited for even the most challenging measurement tasks in low-pressure gas spectroscopy. If highest spatial (rather than spectral) resolution is required, ToPTIcA provides customized optics assemblies with a focused terahertz beam. dedicated mechanics include a slide bar with kinematic mounts, allowing the user to switch between transmission and reflectionmode measurements. Wavelength (nm) sec 1.2 THz Time (s) Precise linear frequency scanning. Key features Flexible realization of customized designs Terahertz optics or 3-laser setups with extended tuning range Interferometric frequency control with single-mhz resolution Applications Precision spectroscopy (e.g., gas-sensing at low pressure) Transmission/reflection measurements with focused terahertz beam Slide bar Compact module for terahertz measurements in transmission (right beam path) and reflection mode (left beam path). Twin iscan for precise frequency control. 25

26 TeraScan 850 / 1550 ToPSellers for Frequency-domain Spectroscopy Key features Preconfigured systems with high-end GaAs or InGaAs photomixers highest bandwidth and best dynamic range: TeraScan 850 most compact and inexpensive spectroscopy platform: TeraScan1550 TOPTICA s TeraScan systems are TOPSeller configurations, designed for some of the most common frequency-domain terahertz applications. The TeraScan 850 consists of Standard Package Basic Spectroscopy extension 850. Based on GaAs photomixer technology, it offers an outstanding bandwidth and maximum dynamic range. The TeraScan 1550 unites the TeraBeam laser and the InGaAs terahertz emitters/receivers of the Basic Spectroscopy extension This assembly provides the most compact solution for cw terahertz spectroscopy. Both systems feature an intuitive software interface and ToPTIcA s proprietary Teracontrol module for computerized frequency tuning and terahertz data acquisition. Applications Well-established starter package for cw terahertz spectroscopy Base unit for system integrators Specifications TeraScan 850 TeraScan 1550 Components Lasers Standard Package 850 & Basic Spectroscopy extension x dl dfb To3 TeraBeam 1550 & Basic Spectroscopy extension 1550 TeraBeam, including 2 butterfly-packaged DFB diodes Wavelength nm nm Terahertz emitter GaAs photomixer InGaAs photodiode Terahertz receiver GaAs photomixer InGaAs photomixer Antenna type Log-spiral Bow-tie Antenna package cylindrical, Ø 1, SM/PM fiber pigtail cylindrical, Ø 30 mm, SM/PM fiber pigtail Terahertz power (typ.) Ghz Ghz Ghz Ghz DFB laser #1 AC Bias ~ TX Terahertz dynamic range (@ 300 ms lock-in time) Ghz Ghz Ghz Ghz THz scan range Typ Ghz Typ Ghz Tuning speed up to 100 Ghz/s DFB laser #2 Lock-in Detection RX Frequency accuracy Frequency control 2 Ghz absolute < 10 mhz relative external Pc + Teracontrol Tc 110 (included) TOPTICA s TeraScan systems consist of Standard Package (green) and Basic Spectroscopy Extension (bright yellow). order information TeraScan 850 TeraScan 1550 Two-color dfb laser, nm, with driver electronics, FPGA-based frequency control, and two GaAs photomixers compact two-color dfb laser (TeraBeam 1550), with driver electronics, FPGA-based frequency control, and two InGaAs photomixers 26

27 Take a Look Inside Terahertz radiation is unique in offering the ability to look into traditionally opaque materials, or to identify chemical substances by their spectroscopic fi ngerprint. Terahertz instrumentation is already found in homeland security, quality control, non-destructive testing and advanced research. And quite often you will fi nd TOPTICA s technology inside. TOPTICA Time-domain systems for high-bandwidth spectroscopy New: TeraFlash 4 THz bandwidth, 20 traces/sec Frequency-domain systems for high-resolution spectroscopy TOPSellers: TeraScan 850 and TeraScan MHz resolution, > 80 db SNR A Passion for Precision.

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