Diversity Performance of an Optimized Meander PIFA Array for MIMO Handsets

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1 Diversity Performance of an Optimized Meander PIFA Array for MIMO Handsets Qiong Wang *, Dirk Plettemeier *, Hui Zhang *, Klaus Wolf *, Eckhard Ohlmer + * Dresden University of Technology, Chair for RF and Photonics, 6 Dresden, Germany {qiong.wang, dirk.plettemeier, huizhang, wolfk}@ifn.et.tu-dresden.de + Dresden University of Technology, Vodafone Chair Mobile Communications Systems, 6 Dresden, Germany eckhard.ohlmer@ifn.et.tu-dresden.de Abstract This work proposes an antenna design based on a size optimized planar inverted-f antenna (PIFA) with meander structure for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) handset applications. Two elements orientations on half PCB, which cover different translations and rotations, are investigated in terms of diversity performance. A highly efficient parallel dualelement meander PIFA array prototype is implemented on a mobile handset PCB and diversity performance is evaluated in the statistical propagation environment. Neutralization line technique is also used to reveal the influence of S-parameters optimization on the diversity performance. I. INTRODUCTION Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems have been attracting much research interest as a diversity scheme in wireless mobile communications. It can enable higher data rate and improve robustness and reliability of wireless transmission in rich multipath environments. MIMO antennas for wireless handset applications require highly efficient antenna designs that provide sufficient spatial decorrelation, which contradicts with integrating several antennas in a small handset device []. High de-correlation is essentially required in order to achieve good diversity and multiplexing performance. An optimized planar inverted-f antenna (PIFA) at.6 GHz is proposed. Using a meander structure considerably reduces the antenna element dimension compared with the conventional PIFA. The x antenna array investigation starts from the elements orientations on half PCB. The diversity performance of different translations and rotations is evaluated and parallel corner positions on PCB are concluded as the best positions for the two Meander PIFA elements. Further, a neutralization line is applied on the parallel dualelement meander PIFA array to see the influence on the diversity performance. II. OPTIMIZED ANTENNA DESIGN The optimized PIFA applies the meander structure etched on the metallic patch of the traditional PIFA, as shown in Fig.. The optimized PIFA in this paper is named Meander PIFA. The Meander PIFA is shorted to the PCB by a metallic strip and fed by a standard 5Ω RG45 coaxial cable. The Meander PIFA is mounted on a FR PCB (x4 mm) substrate of handset. The distance between the patch and the PCB is 5mm. The optimized patch size is 4.6mm (L) x 7mm (W), which significantly reduces the length of the patch. A traditional patch PIFA would have dimensions of approximately mm (L) x 7mm (W). As it can be seen, the length of the patch has been improved by 3%, which is an advantage as far as the limited PCB volume is concerned. Fig. gives the simulated (solid curve) and measured (dotted curve) return losses which show good agreement in the - 3GHz frequency band. The centre resonant frequency is at the required.6 GHz. The simulated - db bandwidth ( MHz) is slightly broader than the measured one (8 MHz). Parallel dual-element Meander PIFA array has also been fabricated shown in Fig. 3. The two feeding coaxial lines are symmetrical and face towards the PCB margins. Both Meander PIFAs are placed.3 mm from the edge and 4.8 mm from the top of the PCB. The two Meander PIFAs have a separation of 3.4 mm. The measured S-parameters are shown in Fig. 3 and compared to the simulation results. S better than - db and S better than - db can be achieved in both simulation and measurement. Good S-parameters characteristic is very important for high antenna radiation efficiency. As shown in Fig. 4, the simulated radiation efficiencies for both antenna elements are as high as 95% and the measured efficiencies are 85% and 9%. Fig. Configuration view of the optimized Meander PIFA on the PCB Return Loss Fig. Meander PIFA prototype and the measured and simulated return losses mm simulation measurement -5

2 - Simulated S -3 Measured S Simulated S Measured S Fig. 3 Parallel dual-element Meander PIFA array prototype and the measured and simulated S-parameters Efficiency % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% % % S-parameters % Fig. 4 Measured and simulated radiation efficiency of the parallel dualelement Meander PIFA array The radiation patterns of the parallel dual-element Meander PIFA array (Fig. 3) were measured in an anechoic chamber with a double edged horn transmitter antenna. Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show the measured and simulated radiation patterns for antenna at the resonance frequency of.6 GHz. The radiation patterns are obtained by applying an ideal voltage source to antenna while antenna is terminated with the characteristic impedance and vice versa. Fig. 5 shows the patterns on the XY-plane. Cross-polarized radiations in the front of the PCB (i.e., between to 8 degrees) is stronger than in the back (i.e., between to -8 degrees), which is like the radiation patterns of traditional PIFAs. Besides, there are two notches for the cross-polarized component along the negative Y-direction in the back of PCB (i.e., between to - 8 degrees) due to the influence of the PCB ground. Fig. 6 plots the measured and simulated patterns on the XZ-plane, which are close to omni-directional patterns. The ripples in the measured patterns are mainly due to the coaxial feeding cable effect. The patterns of antenna and antenna are symmetrical to each other along the XY-plane when both antennas are mounted on the PCB. Such kind of complementary patterns produce a good pattern diversity characteristic. III. ANTENNA ORIENTATION AND DIVERSITY PERFORMANCE For handset applications, the MIMO antenna should be kept as far as possible from other circuits and battery on the PCB in - measured antenna measured antenna simulated antenna/ -9 (a) Fig. 5 Measured (circle dashed) and simulated (triangle solid) radiation patterns of antenna on the XY-plane for (a) and (b) (a) X y 6 9 X y 6 Fig. 6 Measured (circle dashed) and simulated (triangle solid) radiation patterns of antenna on the XZ-plane for (a) E and (b) E order to avoid adverse influence. Meanwhile, the x MIMO elements should also be in a kind of orientation which can provide good diversity performance. In this section, the classical diversity parameters and statistical propagation models are first briefly addressed and the diversity performance is then evaluated based on different dual-element orientations on half PCB. A. Diversity Parameters Diversity performance is the critical merit of the multielement antenna system. A number of typical parameters have been widely used to describe the diversity performance of a multi-element antenna system in a mobile environment. These parameters are mean effective gain (MEG) of the antenna elements, envelope correlation coefficient () of the received signals and effective diversity gain () under the maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme []. The MEG is defined as the ratio between the mean received power of the antenna and the total mean incident power. The antenna branch power ratio / is used to measure the difference in signal power levels delivered by the antennas. In a good diversity system, the power levels of the signals received by the two antennas have to be similar. The correlation coefficient of the received signals is characterized by the. The is also related with the propagation environment and the radiated far field characteristics. If there Z - Z (b) -8 (b)

3 is no correlation between the signals received, then the is zero. However, for a mobile handset application, it is impossible to have a zero correlation because of limited antenna spacing on the PCB. Both the MEG and are based on spherical power gain patterns and propagation characteristics in the mobile communication environment. It contains the mutual effect of the antenna radiation characteristics and the propagation environment. In the multi-path wireless propagation environment, the assumption of a uniform distribution of the angles of arrival (incident radio waves towards the mobile terminal antennas) in the azimuth direction is reasonable. In elevation direction, Gaussian and Laplacian distribution are typically used []. The two distributions have different statistical parameters for the incident waves in indoor and outdoor propagation environments. The is a parameter combing both the MEG and, which is defined as the received power improvement by the combined signal compared with the power received by an ideal antenna operating in the same environment. Mathematically, it can be derived as the difference between the combined cumulative distribution function (CDF) and ideal single antenna CDF at a certain CDF-level, normally %. The derivation of dual-element antenna system, for maximum ratio combining (MRC) scheme with 99% CDF level, which we will base on in the diversity analysis, is given in [3]. B. Antenna Orientation We focus on half PCB volume 5x4 mm for possible dual-element Meander PIFA array orientation as shown in Fig. 7. We have fixed the location of antenna at the origin. The black solid dot represents the coaxial feeding point. The antenna moves parallel to the x and y-axis with steps of 3mm and will not overlap with antenna. Variable rotation configurations of antenna are designed as shown in Fig. 7, which are, 45 and 9 configuration. Ideal antenna orientation is supposed to provide large MEG value for each element, similar MEG values for dual elements, low value as well as high value (a) (b) 45 (c) 9 Fig. 7 Dual-element Meander PIFA orientation configurations on half PCB: antenna fixed, antenna moved and rotated by, 45 and Gaussian outdoor propagation environment is used here as the typical diversity evaluation environment. The radiation patterns of antenna and antenna are rotated in the whole sphere in order to simulate different handset spatial orientations in the real situation. As an example, Fig. 8 shows a 3D plot of the diversity parameters vs. electrical length of the configuration at.6 GHz. Maximal and minimal values of MEG, MEG and are plotted while only maximums are plotted for since the minimums are insignificant. Both MEG and MEG range from db to db. Fig. 8 (c) shows parallel orientation at two corners of the PCB (electrical length: y=.3 and x=) can give the lowest value (around.3). And the smaller the separation distance, the worse the result. The result illustrates that small limited separation distance (electrical length: y<. and x<.) will give a bad result. Similar conclusions can also be drawn for both 45 and 9 configurations. The diversity results for all of the three rotation configurations of antenna are summarized in Table I. The minimal, maximal and mean values for MEG, and in Table I were based on different antenna orientations on the PCB as well as different handset orientations in the whole space. The 9 configuration has relatively high MEG mean values and it also has the largest MEG difference for the two elements. The mean of 9 configuration is.38 which is the worst compared with and 45 configurations. The mean s of the three configurations have little difference although the 9 configuration gives the relatively largest result. The 45 configuration shows moderate diversity results compared with and 9 configurations. In summary, the difference of mean diversity results between different rotation configurations is small. Table II shows the diversity performance for parallel arrangement configuration (Fig. 3) in Gaussian outdoor propagation environment. The minimal, maximal and mean values in Table II, which differ from those in Table I, were derived only based on different handset spatial orientations in the whole space. The difference of the mean MEG values between the two parallel arranged antenna elements is. db. The mean value is.7. These similar MEG values and low value are ideal to achieve a high diversity gain. The mean value is 8. db which shows good diversity performance. TABLE I DIVERSITY PARAMETERS IN GAUSSIAN OUTDOOR PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT FOR DIFFERENT ANTENNA ROTATION ORIENTATIONS Orientations MEG MEG Min Mean Max Min Mean Max Min Mean Max

4 MEG MEG (a) MEG (b) MEG (c) _max (d) Fig. 8 Diversity results in Gaussian outdoor propagation environment for configuration on half PCB TABLE II DIVERSITY PARAMETERS RESULTS IN GAUSSIAN OUTDOOR PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT FOR PARALLEL DUAL-ELEMENT MEANDER PIFA ARRAY PROTOTYPE Values MEG MEG Min Mean Max IV. NEUTRALIZATION LINE TECHNIQUE AND DIVERSITY PERFORMANCE Neutralization line technique is one of the methods which can be used to increase the port-to-port isolation. A neutralization line is added between two feeding strips of the conventional PIFAs for S optimization [4]. We also applied this technique in the parallel dual-element Meander PIFA array to reveal the influence of the neutralization line on the diversity performance. The proposed structure is shown in Fig. 9, in which a neutralization line is added between two shorting strips of the Meander PIFAs. Fig. shows the simulated S- parameters comparison with and without neutralization line. It can be seen that with the neutralization line the S is optimized from -4 db to -38 db (by 4 db) while S/S is deteriorated a bit from -9 db to -7dB (by db). The significant improvement of isolation is reasonable since the length of the neutralization line is around λ/4 at the centre frequency.6ghz which gives rise to a countervailing wave propagation characteristic. Fig. shows a comparison of simulation and measurement results validating the improvement. In order to see the influence of the S-parameters on the diversity performance, we need to use the Diversity System Gain (DSG) since the is a relative measure and the antenna efficiency is not included []. The total efficiency can be obtained from the radiation efficiency by taking impedance-matching loss into account. Assuming that there is no loss in the material that the antenna is made of, then the total efficiency is () and the DSG can be derived based on [5] () The diversity comparison is shown in Table III by mean values for structures with and without neutralization line. The values do not show much difference since the MEG and

5 Fig. 9 Parallel dual-element Meander PIFA array configuration with neutralization line between two shorting strips S-parameters Fig. Comparison of the simulated S-parameters of the parallel dualelement Meander PIFA array configurations with and without neutralization line S-parameters Fig. Measured and simulated S-parameters of the parallel dual-element Meander PIFA array with neutralization line between two shorting strips TABLE III MEAN VALUES OF THE DIVERSITY PARAMETERS FOR THE PARALLEL DUAL- ELEMENT MEANDER PIFA ARRAY CONFIGURATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT NEUTRALIZATION LINE Structures Without neutral-line With neutral-line S/S with neutralization line S/S without neutralization line S with neutralization line S without neutralization line measured S simulated S measured S simulated S MEG MEG Frequency Frequency DSG values are similar. The radiation efficiencies for structures with and without neutralization line are -.9 db (98%) and -.3 db (94%) respectively, in which the enhancement is.4 db. The mean DSG with neutralization line is therefore 8.5 db which is.8 db higher than that of the structure without neutralization line. It can be seen that the DSG improvement is not so big even the S has been largely optimized by the neutralization line. In fact, when the S and S values can keep a high radiation efficiency, for example, S=-5 db and S=-5dB producing 94% (-.8 db) radiation efficiency, it has little significance to further improve the port isolation by neutralization line. When the radiation efficiency is low, it makes more sense to further optimize the S-parameter either by the neutralization line technique or by other methods [5]. In our case, the simulated radiation efficiency is already as high as 95% (Fig. 4), hence there is little room for further improvement. V. CONCLUSIONS An optimized planar inverted-f antenna (PIFA) design at.6 GHz has been studied for MIMO handset applications. Using meander structures etched on the PIFA, the dimension of the PIFA has been reduced by 3% compared with the conventional PIFA. A highly efficient parallel dual-element meander PIFA array has been designed, manufactured and implemented on a mobile handset PCB based on the antenna accommodation study on half PCB in terms of diversity performance. The neutralization line technique has been applied but only small significance has been concluded to further improve the port isolation for high radiation efficiency case. The improvement of the port isolation and radiation efficiency induced by the neutralization line technique makes more sense for low radiation efficiency case. ACKNOWLMENT The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Tyco Electronics, s-hertogenbosch, Netherlands. REFERENCES [] T. Taga, Analysis for mean effective gain of mobile antennas in land mobile radio environments, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 39, pp. 7 3, May 99. [] Z. Ying, T. Bolin, V. Plicanic, A. Derneryd, and G. Kristensson, Diversity antenna terminal evaluation, in IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Jul. 5, vol. A, pp [3] M. Karaboikis, V. Papamichael, C. Soras, and V. Makios, A Multiband Diversity Antenna System for Compact Mobile/Wireless Devices: Modeling and Performance Evaluation, International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Volume 8, Article ID [4] A. Diallo, P. Le Thuc, C. Luxey, R. Staraj, G. Kossiavas, M.Franzen and P. S. Kidal, Diversity characetization of Optimized Two-Antenna Systems for UMTS Handsets, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Volume 7, Article ID [5] A. Chebihi, C. Luxey, A. Diallo, P. Le Thuc and R. Staraj, A new method to increase the port-to-port isolation of a compact two-antenna UMTS system, 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, March 9, pp. 98.

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