CHAPTER 6 DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CHAPTER 6 DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS"

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 6 DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS 1

2 LECTURE CONTENTS 6.1 Logic Gates 6.2 Digital Instruments 6.3 Analog to Digital Converter 6.4 Electronic Counter 6.6 Digital Multimeters 2

3 6.1 Logic Gates 3

4 AND Gate The AND operation is the basic Boolean Operation. The truth table in Figure 6.1 shows what happen when two logic inputs A and B combined using the AND operation to produce output x. The table shows that x is a logic 1 only when both A and B are at the logic level 1. For any case where one of the inputs is 0, the output is 0. The Boolean expression for the AND operation is X = A.B 4

5 A B AND GATE (a) x=ab Figure 6.1: AND Gate AND A B x=ab (b) 5

6 OR Gate The OR operation is also the basic Boolean Operation. The truth table in Figure 6.2 shows what happen when two logic inputs A and B are combined using OR operation to produce the output x. The table shows that x is logic 1 for every combination of input levels where one or more input are 1. The only case where x is 0 is when both inputs are 0. The Boolean expression for the OR operation is X = A + B 6

7 A B OR GATE (a) x=ab OR A B x=a+b (b) Figure 6.2: OR Gate 7

8 NOT Gate The NOT operation is unlike the OR and AND operations in that it can be performed on a single input variable. For example, if the variable A is subjected to the NOT operation, the result x can be expressed as x A 8

9 A NOT Gate x=a NOT A x=a (a) (b) Figure 6.3 : NOT Gate 9

10 NOR and NAND gates Two other types of logic gates, NOR gates and NAND gates are used extensively in digital circuitry. These gates actually combine the basic operations AND, OR and NOT, which make it relatively easy to describe them using the Boolean algebra operations learned previously. 10

11 NOR gate The symbol for two input NOR gate is shown in Figure 6.4. It is the same as the OR gate symbol except that it has a small circle on the output. The small circle represents the inversion operation. Thus, the NOR gate operates like an OR gate followed by an INVERTER, so that the circuits is Figure 6.4 are equivalent, and the output expression for the NOR gate is x A B 11

12 A B A B OR GATE (a) x=a+b x=a+b OR A B A+B (b) NOR A+B Figure 6.4: NOR Gate 12

13 NAND Gate The symbol for a two input NAND gate is shown in Figure 6.5. It is the same as the AND gate symbol except for the small circle on its output. Once again this small circle denotes the inversion operation. Thus the NAND operates like an AND gate followed by the inverter, so that the circuits of Figure 6.5 are equivalent, and the output expression for the NAND gate is x AB 13

14 A B A B OR GATE x=ab x=ab AND A B A+B NAND A+B (a) (b) Figure 6.5: NAND Gate 14

15 6.2 Digital Instruments 15

16 Digital Instruments Digital instruments offer several very attractive advantages over analog instruments including 1) greater speed, 2) increased accuracy and resolution, 3) reduction in user errors and 4) the ability to provide automatic measurement in system applications. 16

17 Digital instruments versus digital readout instruments A digital readout instrument is one in which the measuring circuitry is of analog design while only the indicating device is of digital design - no more accurate than the same analog instrument with analog readout. A digital instrument is one in which the circuitry required to obtain a measurement is of digital design - unambiguous and can be read more 17 quickly.

18 Digital Display Analog to Digital Converter Digital Display Analog Input Signal Conditioning Analog Circuitry Digital Logic Circuitry Digital Readout Instrument Signal Conditioning Analog to Digital Converter Analog Input Digital Instrument Figure 6.6: Block Diagram of Digital Instrument and Digital Readout Instrument 18

19 Comparison of digital and analog meters Digital instruments use logic circuits and techniques to carry out measurements or to process data. Digital instruments may be viewed as an arrangement of logic gates that change states at very high speeds in the process of making a measurement. Because of the rapidly expanding use of digital techniques in measuring instruments, a comparison of factors affecting error in measurement when using analog and digital instruments is made. 19

20 Comparison of digital and analog meters 1. Readability digital meter easy to read. 2. Accuracy digital meter more accurate. 3. Resolution digital meter provide more resolution. 4. Sample Speed more faster to get stable reading. 5. Digits displayed and overranging allow the user to read beyond full scale. 20

21 6.3 Analog to Digital Converter 21

22 Analog to Digital Converter Digital instruments, particularly digital multimeters are used to measure analog parameter, therefore it is necessary to convert the analog signal to an equivalent digital signal. The three conversion techniques generally used are 1) single-slope, 2) dual-slope and 3) voltage-tofrequency conversion. Most of the laboratory-quality digital multimeters use dual-slope conversion 22

23 Single-slope converter Low cost instruments. To make a linear conversion of unknown voltage to time. Conversion to time is chosen because a digital counting circuit be used to display the time in digital format. 23

24 V C R t V C Constant Voltage Source C V C (a) R Constant Current Source C t V C (b) Figure 6.7: Voltage time relationship for a charging capacitor 24

25 Single-slope converter use an operational amplifier integrator circuit. C t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t 5 t 6 t 7 V in R V in - + V O 0 t (a) 0 t V 0 (b) Figure 6.8: Op amp Integrator and Associated Waveform: (a) Schematic, (b) Input Squarewave to Output with Linear Voltage Time Relationship 25

26 Single-slope converter S Driver Main Gate Control 1 C S Digital Readout V in R Integrator Comparator Binary Counter S Open S Closed 1 VX Clock V X 1 (a) Figure 6.9: Circuit and Timing Diagram for a Single Slope A to D Converter 0 0 (b)

27 Single-slope converter It can measure voltages of only one polarity. Additional circuitry is required for overrange conditions. The circuit is susceptible to oscillator frequency shift. The circuit is susceptible to drift in the constant current source. Accuracy depends on the stability of the capacitor. Accuracy depends on the stability of the different voltage that trips the comparator. The converter is very susceptible to noise on the analog voltage. 27

28 Dual-slope A/D Converter Overcome most of the limitations of single-slope converters in particular, improved long term accuracy. Also uses a capacitor charged by a constant current source to provide a voltage to time conversion. This charge/discharge cycle tends to reduce significantly the long term drift and stability problems associated with single-slope converter. 28

29 Dual-slope A/D Converter Logic Control CIrcuit S 2 C V ref B A V in S 1 R - + Integrator Counter V i Clock Figure 6.10: Basic Dual- Slope A/D Converter 29

30 Dual-slope A/D Converter When switch S1 at the position A, the integrator is connected to the input and the voltage of the output integrator is; V A 1/( RC) V dt With S1 in position B, the reference voltage Vref is connected to the input of the integrator, which cause the integrator capacitor C to discharge at the constant rate. During the period of discharge from t 2 to t 3 the voltage VA at the output of the comparator is given by; V A 1/( RC) i V ref dt 30

31 Dual-slope A/D Converter Integrator Output t 1 t 2 t 3 Comparator Output Figure 6.11: Integrator and Comparator Output Waveform for the Circuit in Figure

32 Dual-slope A/D Converter When the output of the integrator reaches zero at t 3, the comparator changes states setting its output low which disables the counter. The count registered by the counter at this time is directly proportional to the ratio of the input voltage to the reference voltage. This proportional relationship can be developed mathematically; V A 1/( RC) V dt i If the capacitor charges linearly, can be written as, V A V i ( T / RC) V ( t t )/( RC) i

33 Dual-slope A/D Converter If the capacitor discharge at a linear rate then equation (6.2) can be expressed as; V A V ref ( T / RC) V ( t t )/( RC) ref 3 2 Since the right sides of the both equation (6.4) and (6.5) are equal to VA they can be set equal to each other. Thus V Hence, ( i 2 t t )/( RC) V ( t t )/( RC) 2 1 ref 3 t t ( t t ) V i / V ref 33

34 Example 6.1 An integrator contains 100kΩ resistor and a 1μF capacitor. If the voltage applied to the integrator input is 1V, what voltage will be present at the output of the integrator after 1 sec? Solution Using equation (6.4), compute the integrator output as V V A A V i ( t 2 t 1 ) /( RC) sec/ F V 1V 10 34

35 Example 6.2 If the reference voltage applied to the integrator at time t 2 in Example 1 is 5V in amplitude, what is the time interval form t 2 to t 3? Solution Using equation (6.7), the time interval can be computed as t 3 t 2 ( t 2 t 1 ) V i / V ref t 3 t 2 1sec 1V / 5V 0.2 sec 35

36 Voltage to Frequency Converters A voltage to frequency converters converts an input voltage to a periodic waveform whose frequency is directly proportional to the input voltage. Voltage to frequency converter is very linear, wide range and voltage controller oscillator (VCO). The basic concept of voltage to frequency conversion is demonstrated in Figure The output signal from the VCO is applied to one input of a two AND gate. The second input to the AND gate is identical to the VCO output. If there is linear relationship between the VCO input voltage and output frequency, the AND gate output can be applied to a digital counter to provide an indication of the VCO input voltage. 36

37 Voltage to Frequency Converters V i VCO Gating Pulses To digital counter Gate Pulse Generator Figure 6.12: Block Diagram of a Basic Voltage to Frequency Converter 37

38 Example 6.3 The relationship between the input voltage V i and the output frequency f for the VCO in figure 7 is given as V i = f /50 If 530 pulses are passes by the AND gate during a 0.1 sec gating pulse, what is the amplitude of V i? Solution The VCO output frequency is f = pulse/gate duration = 530 pulses/0.1 sec = 5300 Hz the voltage is, V i = f/50 = 106 V 38

39 Voltage to Frequency Converters The basic circuit of Figure 6.12 has limited usefulness primarily because of the nonlinearly of the VCO. The block diagram show in Figure 6.13 is more useful voltage to frequency converter. This basic circuit consists of an integrator, a voltage comparator, a pulse generator and voltage reference source. When the unknown voltage is applied to the integrator, its output voltage begins to increase at a rate proportional to the magnitude of the input voltage. When the amplitude of the voltage of the integrator exceeds to the amplitude of the reference voltage the comparator output change states. 39

40 Voltage to Frequency Converters This voltage change at the output of the comparator causes a pulse out of the pulse generator and will discharge the integrator capacitor and resets the comparator, after which a new ramp is initiated. A short duration pulse appears at the comparator output which appears at the frequency that is proportional at the input signal level. The number of pulses per-unit of time can be counted with a digital counter, thereby completing the analog to digital conversion. 40

41 Voltage to Frequency Converters C Dc Volts In R + - Comparator To Counter R Reference Voltage Pulse Generator Figure 6.13: Voltage to Frequency Converter that Uses an Integrator 41

42 Voltage to Frequency Converters The primary advantages and limitations of the voltage to frequency converter are as follows; Advantages, 1) Good 50Hz noise rejection without noise filters, which would reduce sampling period. 2) Circuit is easily adapted to a digital counter. 3) Circuit requires no special overranging circuit. Limitations, Accuracy is limited by, 1) stability of the integrating time constant. 2) Stability and accuracy of the comparator switching point. 3) Stability and accuracy of the reference voltage source. 42

43 6.4 Electronic Counter 43

44 Electronic Counter Most of the commercial electronic counters are capable of performing the following measurement, totalize, frequency, period, ratio, time interval and averaging. Several mode of electronic counters, a) Totalizing mode b) Frequency mode c) Period Mode d) Ratio Mode e) Time interval mode f) Averaging Mode 44

45 a) Totalizing mode In the totalizing mode, input pulses are totalized (counted) by the decade counting units as long as switch S1 is closed (see Figure 6.14). If the pulse count exceeds the capability of the decade counters, the overflow indicator is activated and the counter starts counting again from zero. If the overflow indicator is on the indicated count is ignored since it is 45 incorrect.

46 a) Totalizing mode Input Signal Gate Pulse Generator VCO AND Gate S 1 E Figure 6.14: Block Diagram of the Totaling Mode of an Electronic Counter 46

47 b) Frequency mode If the time interval in which pulses are being totalized is accurately controlled, the counter is operating in the frequency mode. Accurate control of time interval is achieved by applying a rectangular pulse of known duration to the AND gate in Figure 6.14 in place of the dc voltage source. This technique is referred to as gating the counter. A block diagram of the electronic counter operating in the frequency mode is shown in Figure commercial electronic counters use a more stable clock than an astable multivibrator. 47

48 b) Frequency mode Gate Pulse 1μs AND Gate Decade Counter Digital Readout 10μs 100μs 1ms 10ms 1s 100ms Clock (Astable MV) f= 1MHz 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 Decade Dividers Figure 6.15: Block Diagram of the Frequency Mode of an Electronic Counter 48

49 c) Period Mode Measurement of period can easily be accomplished by using the input signal as a gating pulse and count the clock pulse as shown in Figure The period of the input signal is determined from the number of pulses of known frequency or known time duration, which are stored in the counter during one cycle of the input signal. 49

50 c) Period Mode T Flip Flop T Decade Counter Digital Readout AND Gate Clock f= 1 MHz Figure 6.16: Block Diagram of the Period Mode of an Electronic Counter 50

51 d) Ratio Mode The ratio mode of operation simply displays the numerical value of the ratio of the frequency of two signals. The lower frequency signal is used in place of the click to provide a gate pulse. The number of cycles of the higher frequency signal, which are stored in the decade counter during the presence of the externally generated gate pulse, is read directly as the ratio of the frequencies. A basic circuit for the ratio mode of operation is shown in Figure

52 d) Ratio Mode Input A Input B EXT AND Gate Decade Counter Digital Readout INT Clock Figure 6.17: Block Diagram of the Ratio Mode of an Electronic Counter 52

53 e) Time interval mode The time interval mode operation provides a measurement of elapsed time between two events. The measurement can be accomplished using circuit of Figure as can been seen in the circuit, the gate is controlled by two independent inputs which are the START input which open the gate and STOP input which close the gate. During the time interval between the START signal and STOP signal, clock pulses accumulate in the register thus providing an indication of the time interval between the start and completion of an event. 53

54 e) Time interval mode START STOP Decade Counter Digital Readout AND Gate Decade Dividers Clock Figure 6.18: Block Diagram of the Time Interval Mode of an Electronic Counter 54

55 f) Averaging Mode It is sometimes desirable when making measurements of frequency, period, or time interval to obtain average measurements over several cycles, periods or time intervals to increase accuracy and resolution. This is often referred to a simple period averaging. 55

56 f) Averaging Mode It is sometimes desirable when making measurements of frequency, period, or time interval to obtain average measurements over several cycles, periods or time intervals to increase accuracy and resolution. This is often referred to a simple period averaging. 56

57 Averaging The primary source of measurement error for an electronic counter are generally categorize as ± count error Time base error Trigger error Systematic error 57

58 6.7 Digital Multimeters 58

59 Digital Multimeters A basic digital multimeter (DMM) is made up of several types of analog to digital converters, including the three types described and circuitry for counting. Figure 6.19 shows a block diagram of a basic digital multimeter. 59

60 DCV ACV S 1B DCMA OHMS Attenuator DCV ACV A/D Converter S 1C OHMS DCMA Compensated Attenuator Rectifier Decade Counter DCV Test Probes S 1A ACV OHMS DCMA Current to Voltage Converter Digital Readout Constant Current Source Figure 6.19: Block Diagram of a Basic Digital Multimeter 60

61 61

62 GAME OVER 62

B.E. SEMESTER III (ELECTRICAL) SUBJECT CODE: X30902 Subject Name: Analog & Digital Electronics

B.E. SEMESTER III (ELECTRICAL) SUBJECT CODE: X30902 Subject Name: Analog & Digital Electronics B.E. SEMESTER III (ELECTRICAL) SUBJECT CODE: X30902 Subject Name: Analog & Digital Electronics Sr. No. Date TITLE To From Marks Sign 1 To verify the application of op-amp as an Inverting Amplifier 2 To

More information

Multivibrators. Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering

Multivibrators. Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering Multivibrators Multivibrators Multivibrator is an electronic circuit that generates square, rectangular, pulse waveforms. Also called as nonlinear oscillators or function generators. Multivibrator is basically

More information

Lab 2 Revisited Exercise

Lab 2 Revisited Exercise Lab 2 Revisited Exercise +15V 100k 1K 2N2222 Wire up led display Note the ground leads LED orientation 6.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 3 1 Comparator, Oscillator +5 +15 1k 2 V- 7 6 Vin 3 V+ 4 V o Notice that power

More information

1 Second Time Base From Crystal Oscillator

1 Second Time Base From Crystal Oscillator 1 Second Time Base From Crystal Oscillator The schematic below illustrates dividing a crystal oscillator signal by the crystal frequency to obtain an accurate (0.01%) 1 second time base. Two cascaded 12

More information

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 555 TIMER ASTABLE MULTIIBRATOR MONOSTABLE MULTIIBRATOR 555 TIMER PHYSICS (LAB MANUAL) PHYSICS (LAB MANUAL) 555 TIMER Introduction The 555 timer is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of

More information

EE283 Electrical Measurement Laboratory Laboratory Exercise #7: Digital Counter

EE283 Electrical Measurement Laboratory Laboratory Exercise #7: Digital Counter EE283 Electrical Measurement Laboratory Laboratory Exercise #7: al Counter Objectives: 1. To familiarize students with sequential digital circuits. 2. To show how digital devices can be used for measurement

More information

EEE312: Electrical measurement & instrumentation

EEE312: Electrical measurement & instrumentation University of Turkish Aeronautical Association Faculty of Engineering EEE department EEE312: Electrical measurement & instrumentation Digital Electronic meters BY Ankara March 2017 1 Introduction The digital

More information

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this exercise is to design and build a pulse generator.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this exercise is to design and build a pulse generator. ELEC 4 Experiment 8 Pulse Generators OBJECTIVE The purpose of this exercise is to design and build a pulse generator. EQUIPMENT AND PARTS REQUIRED Protoboard LM555 Timer, AR resistors, rated 5%, /4 W,

More information

HIGH LOW Astable multivibrators HIGH LOW 1:1

HIGH LOW Astable multivibrators HIGH LOW 1:1 1. Multivibrators A multivibrator circuit oscillates between a HIGH state and a LOW state producing a continuous output. Astable multivibrators generally have an even 50% duty cycle, that is that 50% of

More information

4. Digital Measurement of Electrical Quantities

4. Digital Measurement of Electrical Quantities 4.1. Concept of Digital Systems Concept A digital system is a combination of devices designed for manipulating physical quantities or information represented in digital from, i.e. they can take only discrete

More information

hij Teacher Resource Bank GCE Electronics Exemplar Examination Questions ELEC2 Further Electronics

hij Teacher Resource Bank GCE Electronics Exemplar Examination Questions ELEC2 Further Electronics hij Teacher Resource Bank GCE Electronics Exemplar Examination Questions ELEC2 Further Electronics The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England

More information

Electronic Instrumentation & Automation. ET-7th semester. By : Rahul Sharma ET & TC Deptt. RCET, Bhilai

Electronic Instrumentation & Automation. ET-7th semester. By : Rahul Sharma ET & TC Deptt. RCET, Bhilai Electronic Instrumentation & Automation ET-7th semester By : Rahul Sharma ET & TC Deptt. RCET, Bhilai UNIT: III Voltage and Current Measurements Digital Voltmeters: Non-Integrating type, Integrating Type,

More information

Electronic Instrumentation

Electronic Instrumentation 5V 1 1 1 2 9 10 7 CL CLK LD TE PE CO 15 + 6 5 4 3 P4 P3 P2 P1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 11 12 13 14 2-14161 Electronic Instrumentation Experiment 7 Digital Logic Devices and the 555 Timer Part A: Basic Logic Gates Part

More information

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS 1 B.Tech III Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14 1 (a) Why is R e in an emitter-coupled differential amplifier replaced by a constant current source? (b)

More information

ANALOG TO DIGITAL (ADC) and DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS (DAC)

ANALOG TO DIGITAL (ADC) and DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS (DAC) COURSE / CODE DIGITAL SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS (ECE421) DIGITAL ELECTRONICS FUNDAMENTAL (ECE422) ANALOG TO DIGITAL (ADC) and DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS (DAC) Connecting digital circuitry to sensor devices

More information

Dedan Kimathi University of technology. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. EEE2406: Instrumentation. Lab 2

Dedan Kimathi University of technology. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. EEE2406: Instrumentation. Lab 2 Dedan Kimathi University of technology Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering EEE2406: Instrumentation Lab 2 Title: Analogue to Digital Conversion October 2, 2015 1 Analogue to Digital Conversion

More information

CHAPTER 4: 555 TIMER. Dr. Wan Mahani Hafizah binti Wan Mahmud

CHAPTER 4: 555 TIMER. Dr. Wan Mahani Hafizah binti Wan Mahmud CHAPTE 4: 555 TIME Dr. Wan Mahani Hafizah binti Wan Mahmud 555 TIME Introduction Pin configuration Basic architecture and operation Astable Operation Monostable Operation Timer in Triggering Circuits 555

More information

1.) If a 3 input NOR gate has eight input possibilities, how many of those possibilities result in a HIGH output? (a.) 1 (b.) 2 (c.) 3 (d.) 7 (e.

1.) If a 3 input NOR gate has eight input possibilities, how many of those possibilities result in a HIGH output? (a.) 1 (b.) 2 (c.) 3 (d.) 7 (e. Name: Multiple Choice 1.) If a 3 input NOR gate has eight input possibilities, how many of those possibilities result in a HIGH output? (a.) 1 (b.) 2 (c.) 3 (d.) 7 (e.) 8 2.) The output of an OR gate with

More information

EE 368 Electronics Lab. Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2)

EE 368 Electronics Lab. Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2) EE 368 Electronics Lab Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2) 1 Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2) Objectives To gain experience with Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp). To

More information

Number of Lessons:155 #14B (P) Electronics Technology with Digital and Microprocessor Laboratory Completion Time: 42 months

Number of Lessons:155 #14B (P) Electronics Technology with Digital and Microprocessor Laboratory Completion Time: 42 months PROGRESS RECORD Study your lessons in the order listed below. Number of Lessons:155 #14B (P) Electronics Technology with Digital and Microprocessor Laboratory Completion Time: 42 months 1 2330A Current

More information

555 Timer and Its Application

555 Timer and Its Application ANALOG ELECTRONICS (AE) 555 Timer and Its Application 1 Prepared by: BE-EE Amish J. Tankariya SEMESTER-III SUBJECT- ANALOG ELECTRONICS (AE) GTU Subject Code :- 210902 2 OBJECTIVES 555 timer; What is the

More information

EG572EX: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I 555 TIMERS

EG572EX: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I 555 TIMERS EG572EX: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I 555 TIMERS Prepared By: Ajay Kumar Kadel, Kathmandu Engineering College 1) PIN DESCRIPTIONS Fig.1 555 timer Pin Configurations Pin 1 (Ground):- All voltages are measured

More information

Digital Logic Circuits

Digital Logic Circuits Digital Logic Circuits Let s look at the essential features of digital logic circuits, which are at the heart of digital computers. Learning Objectives Understand the concepts of analog and digital signals

More information

2 Logic Gates THE INVERTER. A logic gate is an electronic circuit which makes logic decisions. It has one output and one or more inputs.

2 Logic Gates THE INVERTER. A logic gate is an electronic circuit which makes logic decisions. It has one output and one or more inputs. 2 Logic Gates A logic gate is an electronic circuit which makes logic decisions. It has one output and one or more inputs. THE INVERTER The inverter (NOT circuit) performs the operation called inversion

More information

Chapter 2 Signal Conditioning, Propagation, and Conversion

Chapter 2 Signal Conditioning, Propagation, and Conversion 09/0 PHY 4330 Instrumentation I Chapter Signal Conditioning, Propagation, and Conversion. Amplification (Review of Op-amps) Reference: D. A. Bell, Operational Amplifiers Applications, Troubleshooting,

More information

Linear Integrated Circuits

Linear Integrated Circuits Linear Integrated Circuits Single Slope ADC Comparator checks input voltage with integrated reference voltage, V REF At the same time the number of clock cycles is being counted. When the integrator output

More information

EE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND INSTRUMENTATION

EE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND INSTRUMENTATION EE6352 - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND INSTRUMENTATION UNIT V ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS Digital Voltmeter (DVM) It is a device used for measuring the magnitude of DC voltages. AC voltages can be measured

More information

Draw in the space below a possible arrangement for the resistor and capacitor. encapsulated components

Draw in the space below a possible arrangement for the resistor and capacitor. encapsulated components 1). An encapsulated component is known to consist of a resistor and a capacitor. It has two input terminals and two output terminals. A 5V, 1kHz square wave signal is connected to the input terminals and

More information

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB WORK EE301 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB WORK EE301 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB WORK EE301 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS EXPERIMENT : 4 TITLE : 555 TIMERS OUTCOME : Upon completion of this unit, the student should be able to: 1. gain experience with

More information

Difference between BJTs and FETs. Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET)

Difference between BJTs and FETs. Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET) Difference between BJTs and FETs Transistors can be categorized according to their structure, and two of the more commonly known transistor structures, are the BJT and FET. The comparison between BJTs

More information

This Figure here illustrates the operation for a 2-input OR gate for all four possible input combinations.

This Figure here illustrates the operation for a 2-input OR gate for all four possible input combinations. Course: B.Sc. Applied Physical Science (Computer Science) Year & Sem.: IInd Year, Sem - IIIrd Subject: Computer Science Paper No.: IX Paper Title: Computer System Architecture Lecture No.: 5 Lecture Title:

More information

ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS

ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS Digital Voltmeter (DVM) Used to measure the ac and dc voltages and displays the result in digital form. Types: Ramp type DVM Integrating type DVM Potentiometric type DVM

More information

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER PREPARED BY, PROF. CHIRAG H. RAVAL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR NIRMA UNIVRSITY

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER PREPARED BY, PROF. CHIRAG H. RAVAL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR NIRMA UNIVRSITY OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER PREPARED BY, PROF. CHIRAG H. RAVAL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR NIRMA UNIVRSITY INTRODUCTION Op-Amp means Operational Amplifier. Operational stands for mathematical operation like addition,

More information

CHAPTER ELEVEN - Interfacing With the Analog World

CHAPTER ELEVEN - Interfacing With the Analog World CHAPTER ELEVEN - Interfacing With the Analog World 11.1 (a) Analog output = (K) x (digital input) (b) Smallest change that can occur in the analog output as a result of a change in the digital input. (c)

More information

Lab 7: DELTA AND SIGMA-DELTA A/D CONVERTERS

Lab 7: DELTA AND SIGMA-DELTA A/D CONVERTERS ANALOG & TELECOMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS LABORATORY EXERCISE 6 Lab 7: DELTA AND SIGMA-DELTA A/D CONVERTERS Goal The goals of this experiment are: - Verify the operation of a differential ADC; - Find the

More information

1. LINEAR WAVE SHAPING

1. LINEAR WAVE SHAPING Aim: 1. LINEAR WAVE SHAPING i) To design a low pass RC circuit for the given cutoff frequency and obtain its frequency response. ii) To observe the response of the designed low pass RC circuit for the

More information

A Simplified Test Set for Op Amp Characterization

A Simplified Test Set for Op Amp Characterization A Simplified Test Set for Op Amp Characterization INTRODUCTION The test set described in this paper allows complete quantitative characterization of all dc operational amplifier parameters quickly and

More information

Electronic Counters. Sistemi Virtuali di Acquisizione Dati Prof. Alessandro Pesatori

Electronic Counters. Sistemi Virtuali di Acquisizione Dati Prof. Alessandro Pesatori Electronic Counters 1 Electronic counters Frequency measurement Period measurement Frequency ratio measurement Time interval measurement Total measurements between two signals 2 Electronic counters Frequency

More information

Analytical Chemistry II

Analytical Chemistry II Analytical Chemistry II L3: Signal processing (selected slides) Semiconductor devices Apart from resistors and capacitors, electronic circuits often contain nonlinear devices: transistors and diodes. The

More information

ENGR 210 Lab 12: Analog to Digital Conversion

ENGR 210 Lab 12: Analog to Digital Conversion ENGR 210 Lab 12: Analog to Digital Conversion In this lab you will investigate the operation and quantization effects of an A/D and D/A converter. A. BACKGROUND 1. LED Displays We have been using LEDs

More information

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION MARCH-2013 SCHEME OF VALUATION

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION MARCH-2013 SCHEME OF VALUATION GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION MARCH-03 SCHEME OF VALUATION Subject Code: 0 Subject: PART - A 0. What does the arrow mark indicate

More information

Number system: the system used to count discrete units is called number. Decimal system: the number system that contains 10 distinguished

Number system: the system used to count discrete units is called number. Decimal system: the number system that contains 10 distinguished Number system: the system used to count discrete units is called number system Decimal system: the number system that contains 10 distinguished symbols that is 0-9 or digits is called decimal system. As

More information

ML4818 Phase Modulation/Soft Switching Controller

ML4818 Phase Modulation/Soft Switching Controller Phase Modulation/Soft Switching Controller www.fairchildsemi.com Features Full bridge phase modulation zero voltage switching circuit with programmable ZV transition times Constant frequency operation

More information

MODULE TITLE : OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS TOPIC TITLE : OSCILLATORS LESSON 2 : RELAXATION OSCILLATORS

MODULE TITLE : OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS TOPIC TITLE : OSCILLATORS LESSON 2 : RELAXATION OSCILLATORS MODULE ILE : OPEAIONAL AMPLIFIES OPIC ILE : OSCILLAOS LESSON : ELAXAION OSCILLAOS OA - - eesside University INODUCION he '555' timer is a very popular and 'user friendly' I.C. used to produce 'single shot'

More information

Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET REV. NO. : REV.

Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET REV. NO. : REV. Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: July 200 REV. NO. : REV.

More information

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (Regulation 2013) EE 6311 LINEAR AND DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB MANUAL 1 SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES: Working Practice in simulators / CAD Tools / Experiment

More information

PRECISION INTEGRATING ANALOG PROCESSOR

PRECISION INTEGRATING ANALOG PROCESSOR ADVANCED LINEAR DEVICES, INC. ALD500AU/ALD500A/ALD500 PRECISION INTEGRATING ANALOG PROCESSOR APPLICATIONS 4 1/2 digits to 5 1/2 digits plus sign measurements Precision analog signal processor Precision

More information

ENGR-2300 Electronic Instrumentation Quiz 3 Spring Name: Solution Please write you name on each page. Section: 1 or 2

ENGR-2300 Electronic Instrumentation Quiz 3 Spring Name: Solution Please write you name on each page. Section: 1 or 2 ENGR-2300 Electronic Instrumentation Quiz 3 Spring 2018 Name: Solution Please write you name on each page Section: 1 or 2 4 Questions Sets, 20 Points Each LMS Portion, 20 Points Question Set 1) Question

More information

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER Final Project ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER As preparation for the laboratory, examine the final circuit diagram at the end of these notes and write a brief plan for the project, including a list of the

More information

St.MARTIN S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

St.MARTIN S ENGINEERING COLLEGE St.MARTIN S ENGINEERING COLLEGE Dhulapally, Kompally, Secunderabad-500014. Branch Year&Sem Subject Name : Electrical and Electronics Engineering : III B. Tech I Semester : IC Applications OBJECTIVES QUESTION

More information

PHYS 536 The Golden Rules of Op Amps. Characteristics of an Ideal Op Amp

PHYS 536 The Golden Rules of Op Amps. Characteristics of an Ideal Op Amp PHYS 536 The Golden Rules of Op Amps Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to illustrate the golden rules of negative feedback for a variety of circuits. These concepts permit you to create and

More information

Entry Level Assessment Blueprint Electronics Technology

Entry Level Assessment Blueprint Electronics Technology Blueprint Test Code: 4135 / Version: 01 Specific Competencies and Skills Tested in this Assessment: Safety Practices Demonstrate safe working procedures Explain the purpose of OSHA and how it promotes

More information

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Q.1 The breakdown mechanism in a lightly doped p-n junction under reverse biased condition is called (A) avalanche breakdown. (B) zener breakdown. (C) breakdown by tunnelling.

More information

DLVP A OPERATOR S MANUAL

DLVP A OPERATOR S MANUAL DLVP-50-300-3000A OPERATOR S MANUAL DYNALOAD DIVISION 36 NEWBURGH RD. HACKETTSTOWN, NJ 07840 PHONE (908) 850-5088 FAX (908) 908-0679 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...3 SPECIFICATIONS...5 MODE SELECTOR

More information

Lecture 6: Digital/Analog Techniques

Lecture 6: Digital/Analog Techniques Lecture 6: Digital/Analog Techniques The electronics signals that we ve looked at so far have been analog that means the information is continuous. A voltage of 5.3V represents different information that

More information

Digital Applications of the Operational Amplifier

Digital Applications of the Operational Amplifier Lab Procedure 1. Objective This project will show the versatile operation of an operational amplifier in a voltage comparator (Schmitt Trigger) circuit and a sample and hold circuit. 2. Components Qty

More information

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS LAB MANUAL

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS LAB MANUAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS LAB MANUAL V SEMESTER Department of Electronics and communication Engineering Government Engineering College, Dahod-389151 http://www.gecdahod.ac.in/ L A B M A N U

More information

Distributed by: www.jameco.com -800-8- The content and copyrights of the attached material are the property of its owner. NE SA - SE GENERAL PURPOSE SINGLE BIPOLAR TIMERS LOW TURN OFF TIME MAXIMUM OPERATING

More information

0 0 Q Q Q Q

0 0 Q Q Q Q Question 1) Flip Flops and Counters (15 points) a) Fill in the truth table for a JK flip flop. Use Q or Q to denote the previous value of Q and Q. (6 pts) J K CLK Q Q Q Q 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q Q b) In Figure 1a

More information

UNIT I LINEAR WAVESHAPING

UNIT I LINEAR WAVESHAPING UNIT I LINEAR WAVESHAPING. High pass, low pass RC circuits, their response for sinusoidal, step, pulse, square and ramp inputs. RC network as differentiator and integrator, attenuators, its applications

More information

State Machine Oscillators

State Machine Oscillators by Kenneth A. Kuhn March 22, 2009, rev. March 31, 2013 Introduction State machine oscillators are based on periodic charging and discharging a capacitor to specific voltages using one or more voltage comparators

More information

ADC Bit A/D Converter

ADC Bit A/D Converter ADC0800 8-Bit A/D Converter General Description The ADC0800 is an 8-bit monolithic A/D converter using P-channel ion-implanted MOS technology. It contains a high input impedance comparator, 256 series

More information

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION JULY-2012 SCHEME OF VALUATION

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION JULY-2012 SCHEME OF VALUATION GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION JULY-0 SCHEME OF VALUATION Subject Code: 40 Subject: PART - A 0. Which region of the transistor

More information

1. The decimal number 62 is represented in hexadecimal (base 16) and binary (base 2) respectively as

1. The decimal number 62 is represented in hexadecimal (base 16) and binary (base 2) respectively as BioE 1310 - Review 5 - Digital 1/16/2017 Instructions: On the Answer Sheet, enter your 2-digit ID number (with a leading 0 if needed) in the boxes of the ID section. Fill in the corresponding numbered

More information

Fig 1: The symbol for a comparator

Fig 1: The symbol for a comparator INTRODUCTION A comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and switches its output to indicate which is larger. They are commonly used in devices such as They are commonly used in devices

More information

Electronics. Digital Electronics

Electronics. Digital Electronics Electronics Digital Electronics Introduction Unlike a linear, or analogue circuit which contains signals that are constantly changing from one value to another, such as amplitude or frequency, digital

More information

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION MARCH-2012 SCHEME OF VALUATION

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION MARCH-2012 SCHEME OF VALUATION GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION MARCH-0 SCHEME OF VALUATION Subject Code: 0 Subject: Qn. PART - A 0. Which is the largest of three

More information

ALD500RAU/ALD500RA/ALD500R PRECISION INTEGRATING ANALOG PROCESSOR WITH PRECISION VOLTAGE REFERENCE

ALD500RAU/ALD500RA/ALD500R PRECISION INTEGRATING ANALOG PROCESSOR WITH PRECISION VOLTAGE REFERENCE ADVANCED LINEAR DEVICES, INC. ALD500RAU/ALD500RA/ALD500R PRECISION INTEGRATING ANALOG PROCESSOR WITH PRECISION VOLTAGE REFERENCE APPLICATIONS 4 1/2 digits to 5 1/2 digits plus sign measurements Precision

More information

Scheme I Sample Question Paper

Scheme I Sample Question Paper Sample Question Paper Marks : 70 Time: 3 Hrs. Q.1) Attempt any FIVE of the following. 10 Marks a) Classify configuration of differential amplifier. b) Draw equivalent circuit of an OPAMP c) Suggest and

More information

LM2900 LM3900 LM3301 Quad Amplifiers

LM2900 LM3900 LM3301 Quad Amplifiers LM2900 LM3900 LM3301 Quad Amplifiers General Description The LM2900 series consists of four independent dual input internally compensated amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate off of a

More information

To design/build monostable multivibrators using 555 IC and verify their operation using measurements by observing waveforms.

To design/build monostable multivibrators using 555 IC and verify their operation using measurements by observing waveforms. AIM: SUBJECT: ANALOG ELECTRONICS (2130902) EXPERIMENT NO. 09 DATE : TITLE: TO DESIGN/BUILD MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS USING 555 IC AND VERIFY THEIR OPERATION USING MEASUREMENTS BY OBSERVING WAVEFORMS. DOC.

More information

ENGR-4300 Fall 2006 Project 3 Project 3 Build a 555-Timer

ENGR-4300 Fall 2006 Project 3 Project 3 Build a 555-Timer ENGR-43 Fall 26 Project 3 Project 3 Build a 555-Timer For this project, each team, (do this as team of 4,) will simulate and build an astable multivibrator. However, instead of using the 555 timer chip,

More information

EXPERIMENT 1 PRELIMINARY MATERIAL

EXPERIMENT 1 PRELIMINARY MATERIAL EXPERIMENT 1 PRELIMINARY MATERIAL BREADBOARD A solderless breadboard, like the basic model in Figure 1, consists of a series of square holes, and those columns of holes are connected to each other via

More information

Process Components. Process component

Process Components. Process component What are PROCESS COMPONENTS? Input Transducer Process component Output Transducer The input transducer circuits are connected to PROCESS COMPONENTS. These components control the action of the OUTPUT components

More information

Experiment EB2: IC Multivibrator Circuits

Experiment EB2: IC Multivibrator Circuits EEE1026 Electronics II: Experiment Instruction Learning Outcomes Experiment EB2: IC Multivibrator Circuits LO1: Explain the principles and operation of amplifiers and switching circuits LO2: Analyze high

More information

DIGITAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS ASSIGNMENTS 1 SOLUTIONS

DIGITAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS ASSIGNMENTS 1 SOLUTIONS DIGITAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS ASSIGNMENTS 1 SOLUTIONS 1. Analog signal varies continuously between two amplitudes over the given interval of time. Between these limits of amplitude and time, the signal

More information

ELECTRONICS ADVANCED SUPPLEMENTARY LEVEL

ELECTRONICS ADVANCED SUPPLEMENTARY LEVEL ELECTRONICS ADVANCED SUPPLEMENTARY LEVEL AIMS The general aims of the subject are : 1. to foster an interest in and an enjoyment of electronics as a practical and intellectual discipline; 2. to develop

More information

Electronic Circuits EE359A

Electronic Circuits EE359A Electronic Circuits EE359A Bruce McNair B206 bmcnair@stevens.edu 201-216-5549 1 Memory and Advanced Digital Circuits - 2 Chapter 11 2 Figure 11.1 (a) Basic latch. (b) The latch with the feedback loop opened.

More information

The SOL-20 Computer s Cassette interface.

The SOL-20 Computer s Cassette interface. The SOL-20 Computer s Cassette interface. ( H. Holden. Dec. 2018 ) Introduction: The Cassette interface designed by Processor Technology (PT) for their SOL-20 was made to be compatible with the Kansas

More information

Homework Assignment 03

Homework Assignment 03 Homework Assignment 03 Question 1 (Short Takes), 2 points each unless otherwise noted. 1. Two 0.68 μf capacitors are connected in series across a 10 khz sine wave signal source. The total capacitive reactance

More information

GATE: Electronics MCQs (Practice Test 1 of 13)

GATE: Electronics MCQs (Practice Test 1 of 13) GATE: Electronics MCQs (Practice Test 1 of 13) 1. Removing bypass capacitor across the emitter leg resistor in a CE amplifier causes a. increase in current gain b. decrease in current gain c. increase

More information

IES Digital Mock Test

IES Digital Mock Test . The circuit given below work as IES Digital Mock Test - 4 Logic A B C x y z (a) Binary to Gray code converter (c) Binary to ECESS- converter (b) Gray code to Binary converter (d) ECESS- To Gray code

More information

EUP V/12V Synchronous Buck PWM Controller DESCRIPTION FEATURES APPLICATIONS. Typical Application Circuit. 1

EUP V/12V Synchronous Buck PWM Controller DESCRIPTION FEATURES APPLICATIONS. Typical Application Circuit. 1 5V/12V Synchronous Buck PWM Controller DESCRIPTION The is a high efficiency, fixed 300kHz frequency, voltage mode, synchronous PWM controller. The device drives two low cost N-channel MOSFETs and is designed

More information

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS WAVE SHAPING AND PULSE CIRCUITS. September 2012

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS WAVE SHAPING AND PULSE CIRCUITS. September 2012 AM 5-403 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS WAVE SHAPING AND PULSE CIRCUITS September 2012 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY MILITARY AUXILIARY RADIO

More information

Associate In Applied Science In Electronics Engineering Technology Expiration Date:

Associate In Applied Science In Electronics Engineering Technology Expiration Date: PROGRESS RECORD Study your lessons in the order listed below. Associate In Applied Science In Electronics Engineering Technology Expiration Date: 1 2330A Current and Voltage 2 2330B Controlling Current

More information

Introduction to IC-555. Compiled By: Chanakya Bhatt EE, IT-NU

Introduction to IC-555. Compiled By: Chanakya Bhatt EE, IT-NU Introduction to IC-555 Compiled By: Chanakya Bhatt EE, IT-NU Introduction SE/NE 555 is a Timer IC introduced by Signetics Corporation in 1970 s. It is basically a monolithic timing circuit that produces

More information

PHYSICS 536 Experiment 14: Basic Logic Circuits

PHYSICS 536 Experiment 14: Basic Logic Circuits PHYSICS 5 Experiment 4: Basic Logic Circuits Several T 2 L ICs will be used to illustrate basic logic functions. Their pin connections are shown in the following sketch, which is a top view. 4 2 9 8 +5V

More information

LIC & COMMUNICATION LAB MANUAL

LIC & COMMUNICATION LAB MANUAL LIC & Communication Lab Manual LIC & COMMUNICATION LAB MANUAL FOR V SEMESTER B.E (E& ( E&C) (For private circulation only) NAME: DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION SRI SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

More information

SUMMER 13 EXAMINATION Subject Code: Model Answer Page No: / N

SUMMER 13 EXAMINATION Subject Code: Model Answer Page No: / N Important Instructions to examiners: 1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme. 2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate

More information

GCSE (9-1) WJEC Eduqas GCSE (9-1) in ELECTRONICS ACCREDITED BY OFQUAL DESIGNATED BY QUALIFICATIONS WALES SAMPLE ASSESSMENT MATERIALS

GCSE (9-1) WJEC Eduqas GCSE (9-1) in ELECTRONICS ACCREDITED BY OFQUAL DESIGNATED BY QUALIFICATIONS WALES SAMPLE ASSESSMENT MATERIALS GCSE (9-1) WJEC Eduqas GCSE (9-1) in ELECTRONICS ACCREDITED BY OFQUAL DESIGNATED BY QUALIFICATIONS WALES SAMPLE ASSESSMENT MATERIALS Teaching from 2017 For award from 2019 GCSE ELECTRONICS Sample Assessment

More information

UNIT 2. Q.1) Describe the functioning of standard signal generator. Ans. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation

UNIT 2. Q.1) Describe the functioning of standard signal generator. Ans.   Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation UNIT 2 Q.1) Describe the functioning of standard signal generator Ans. STANDARD SIGNAL GENERATOR A standard signal generator produces known and controllable voltages. It is used as power source for the

More information

tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq

tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer Instrumentation Device Components Semester 2 nd tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas

More information

Introductory Electronics for Scientists and Engineers

Introductory Electronics for Scientists and Engineers Introductory Electronics for Scientists and Engineers Second Edition ROBERT E. SIMPSON University of New Hampshire Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Boston London Sydney Toronto Contents Preface xiü 1 Direct Current

More information

Lab Experiments. Boost converter (Experiment 2) Control circuit (Experiment 1) Power diode. + V g. C Power MOSFET. Load.

Lab Experiments. Boost converter (Experiment 2) Control circuit (Experiment 1) Power diode. + V g. C Power MOSFET. Load. Lab Experiments L Power diode V g C Power MOSFET Load Boost converter (Experiment 2) V ref PWM chip UC3525A Gate driver TSC427 Control circuit (Experiment 1) Adjust duty cycle D The UC3525 PWM Control

More information

ME 365 EXPERIMENT 7 SIGNAL CONDITIONING AND LOADING

ME 365 EXPERIMENT 7 SIGNAL CONDITIONING AND LOADING ME 365 EXPERIMENT 7 SIGNAL CONDITIONING AND LOADING Objectives: To familiarize the student with the concepts of signal conditioning. At the end of the lab, the student should be able to: Understand the

More information

Winter 14 EXAMINATION Subject Code: Model Answer P a g e 1/28

Winter 14 EXAMINATION Subject Code: Model Answer P a g e 1/28 Subject Code: 17333 Model Answer P a g e 1/28 Important Instructions to examiners: 1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme. 2) The model

More information

Features. Applications

Features. Applications LM555 Timer General Description The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the

More information

Spec. Instructor: Center

Spec. Instructor: Center PDHonline Course E379 (5 PDH) Digital Logic Circuits Volume III Spec ial Logic Circuits Instructor: Lee Layton, P.E 2012 PDH Online PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estatess Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone &

More information

Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers Table of contents 1. Design 1.1. The Differential Amplifier 1.2. Level Shifter 1.3. Power Amplifier 2. Characteristics 3. The Opamp without NFB 4. Linear Amplifiers 4.1. The Non-Inverting

More information

Preface... iii. Chapter 1: Diodes and Circuits... 1

Preface... iii. Chapter 1: Diodes and Circuits... 1 Table of Contents Preface... iii Chapter 1: Diodes and Circuits... 1 1.1 Introduction... 1 1.2 Structure of an Atom... 2 1.3 Classification of Solid Materials on the Basis of Conductivity... 2 1.4 Atomic

More information