A Novel Low-profile, Dual-polarization, Multi-band Base-station Antenna Element The Fourpoint Antenna
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1 A Novel Low-profile, Dul-polrition, Multi-nd Bse-sttion enn Element The Fourpoint enn Seong-Youp Suh, Wrren Stutmn, Willim Dvis, Aln Wltho, Kirk Ske, nd Jeffre Schiffer Rdio Communictions L Intel Corportion Snt Clr, CA, USA {seong-oup.suh, ln.e.wltho, kirk.w.ske, jeffre.schiffer}@intel.com Virgini Tech enn Group ECE Deprtment Virgini Poltechnic Institute nd Stte Universit Blcksurg, VA, USA {stutmn, wdvis}@vt.edu Astrct A low-profile, dul-polried, nd multi-nd ntenn element clled the Fourpoint ntenn ws proposed nd tested using oth eperiment nd simultion. The Fourpoint ntenn is composed of four identicl point shped elements nd tuning plte etched ottom of printed circuit ord. The ntenn sie is out.3λ L.3λ L.7λ L t the lower operting frequenc. The Fourpoint ntenn provides 9% (.7:) ndwidth nd high gin, uni-directionl pttern with 8 ~ 9 dbi pek gin. Cross-polrition level is thn -7 db nd -8 db t the lower nd upper ends of the operting nd respectivel. Kewords - Polrition diversit; rodnd ntenn, sesttion ntenn I. INTRODUCTION The demnd for high chnnel cpcit for wireless communiction is rpidl incresing due to the need to support more users nd to provide more informtion. Dul-polrition diversit is promising technolog for enhncing the wireless chnnel cpcit without incresing the sie of wireless device. Severl ppers hve reported tht slnt ±45 configurtion gives gin of out db more thn the verticl/horiontl configurtion, resulting from more lnced men powers etween chnnels [-3]. Another desirle feture of the wide ndwidth is the simultneous coverge of multiple frequenc nds of interest. A dul-polried nd multi-nd ntenn is essentil for providing the wireless communiction with high chnnel cpcit nd compct geometr. Low-profile ntenn geometr is lso recommended to fcilitte construction. The three most desirle fetures of low-profile, dul-polrition, nd multi-nd re chieved in novel ntenn structure, the Fourpoint ntenn [4-5] tht is shown in Figure. II. ANTENNA STRUCTURE The Fourpoint ntenn evolved from the Foursqure ntenn [4, 6] ut offering roder ndwidth, while mintining dul-polrition in compct nd low-profile geometr. The proposed Fourpoint ntenn is composed of top rditing element, tuning plte nd ground plne with dul coil cles s shown in Figure. The ntenn sie is out.3λ L.3λ L.7λ L t lower operting frequenc. The detiled ntenn dimensions re listed in Tle I. A. The Rditing Element Figure () shows the rditing element of the Fourpoint ntenn printed, which is composed of four identicl pointshped, flt metl pieces ( points ) etched on top of printed circuit ord (see Figure (c)) hving dielectric constnt of.33. The opposing metl pieces form rditing pir nd the two pirs provide orthogonll polried rditors, usull configured for ±45 polrition diversit. The rditing pirs re connected to ech center conductor of dul-coil cles with 8 out-of-phse. The indenttion etween the four points cretes tpered slots enhnces impednce performnce t upper nd of operting frequenc. The rditing element is plced ove lrge ground plne (.5λ L.5λ L ) with height of.7λ L t the frequenc of 8 MH. The outer electricl sie of the rditing element is out.3λ L.3λ L t the lower operting frequenc. The detiled ntenn dimensions re listed in Tle I. B. The Tuning Plte A squre-shped tuning plte is etched on ottom of the printed circuit ord s shown in Figure () nd (c). The tuning plte enhnces the impednce performnce drmticll t the upper nd of operting frequenc. The tuning plte is printed on the ck center of the ord. The thickness of the ord is onl.57 mm (3 mils) so there is strong coupling etween the tuning plte nd rditing element [7]. Even though onl the squre-shped tuning plte is presented, other geometries of the tuning plte lso led to cceptle performnce such s circulr, str, or other polgonl geometries [5]. Generll, the sie of the tuning plte is smller thn tht of the rditing element so tht it tunes the impednce t the high end of the operting nd. In ddition to the shpe of the tuning plte, the orienttion of the tuning plte is 5
2 criticl fctor in determining the ntenn impednce. The est performnce ws chieved with the tuning plte rotted 45 from the rditing element vertices, s illustrted in Figure (). The tuning plte is connected to the outer conductors of the dul coil cles. elements of the rditing element operte s prsitic element in this prototpe, ut dul-polrition diversit cn e chieved feeding the orthogonl elements simultneousl. Also circulr polrition could e chieved using 9 phse difference etween for ech port. H-plne C () Top rditing element of the Fourpoint ntenn. Outer conductor of coil cle Solder F B A W ( /) Dielectric sustrte E-plne Metllition Dielectric sustrte () Tuning plte etched ottom of the printed circuit ord. Center conductor of coil cle Metllition TABLE I. DIMENSIONS OF THE FOURPOINT ANTENNA IN FIGURE. Description Smol Sie Element side length A 4.3 mm Length B B 95.5 mm Sustrte side length C 7 mm Tuning plte sie 4.64 mm Tuning plte sie.3 mm Gp width W.3 mm Sustrte thickness t s.57mm Fom thickness t d 6.48 mm Element height h 64.6 mm Feed distnce F 5.3 mm III. MEASURED RESULTS The Fourpoint ntenn ws eperimentll chrcteried in Virgini Tech enn Group nechoic chmer using HP 85B vector network nler. The mesured dt re compred with simultion results computed using commercil FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domin) code, Fidelit elnd, Inc. Dielectric sustrte Tuning plte Solder Metllition Fom t s td h A. Two-port Impednce Mesurement Technique Input impednce of the Fourpoint ntenn ws mesured using the two-port impednce mesurement technique [8], which uses mesured two-port S-prmeters of dul coil trnsmission lines. The two-port circuit model is illustrted in Figure, where is the input impednce to the ntenn nd c represents the coupling etween two ports. Ground plne (c) Side view of the Fourpoint ntenn. Figure The Fourpoint ntenn structure. C. The enn Feed nd Ground Plne Coil feed The rditing element nd tuning plte re plced.7λ L t 8 MH ove the lrge ground plne (out.5λ L.5λ L ) s shown in Figure (c). The printed circuit ord is supported with fom to mintin constnt height. Opposing metl pieces re fed 8 out of phse from coil cle through printed circuit ord nd ground plne. Top of the coil cle should e soldered properl s shown in Figure (c). The orthogonl / / Port Port c Figure Two-port circuit model of the Fourpoint ntenn. 6
3 The reltionship etween the trnsmitted nd reflected wves cn e simplified using the 8 out-of-phse condition etween two input ports s follows: S ( S S ) nd ( S S ). S + S + S Return loss is computed using Γ Γ L L or + S S S + S where is the chrcteristic impednce of 5 Ω. B comining two equivlent equtions in (), ntenn input impednce cn e otined from the mesured two-port S-prmeters s follows: ( S S ) e ( S S ) e () () + (3) where e represents reference phse shift from the vector network nler to the rditing element. B. enn Impednce nd VSWR The mesured nd computed input impednce of the Fourpoint ntenn shown in Figure 3 () re in good greement over the rod ndwidth. The computed dt re from commercil FDTD code, Fidelit elnd Inc. Dulresonnces re oserved t the low (9 MH) nd upper (9 MH) nd of the operting nd, leding to constnt impednce level close to 5 Ω for the resistnce nd Ω for the rectnce. Figure 3 () shows the voltge stnding wve rtio (VSWR) referenced to 5 Ω. The ndwidth of the Fourpoint ntenn is out 9% (.7:) for VSWR. Note tht the ntenn covers the frequenc rnge of 8~ MH instntneousl. Therefore, the Fourpoint ntenn element is le to cover severl wireless communiction services such s AMPS (84~894 MH), GSM (89~96 MH), DCS (7 ~88 MH), nd PCS (85 ~99 MH) services. The Fourpoint ntenn proposed in this pper hs significntl enhnced ndwidth otined emploing the tuning plte ddition on the predecessor ntenns presented in [4]. The ndwidths re 37% for the Foursqure nd 67% for the Fourpoint ntenn. The Fourpoint ntenn hs smmetric structure long the feed plne (E-plne) so tht identicl impednce vlues re otined for the orthogonl feed configurtion. When oth pirs of the rditing elements re fed simultneousl, the Fourpoint ntenn provides dulpolrition diversit without incresing ntenn sie. The rodnd opertion in the low-profile, compct, nd smmetric structure mkes it suitle for n element of dulpolried multi-nd se-sttion ntenn rrs. Impednce, Ω R(Simultion) X(Simultion) R(Mesurement) X(Mesurement) Frequenc, MH () Computed (solid nd dshed curves) nd mesured (circles nd crosses curves) ntenn impednce. VSWR Simultion Mesurement Frequenc, MH () Computed (solid curve) nd mesured (circles) VSWR referenced to 5 Ω. Figure 3 Computed nd mesured ntenn impednce nd VSWR (referenced to 5 Ω) for the Fourpoint ntenn of Figure with the dimensions listed in the Tle I. C. Rdition Ptterns Rdition ptterns were mesured t severl frequencies in the nechoic chmer using ner-field scnner operting in sphericl mode. Both E- nd H-plne ptterns were mesured t severl different frequencies such s 9 MH, 95 MH, 8 MH, nd 9 MH s shown in Figure 4. The E-plne pttern is the rdition pttern mesured in plne contining feed; see Figure (). The H-plne pttern is the rdition pttern in plne orthogonl to the E-plne. The hve similr rdition ptterns over the ndwidth, which is idel for rodnd ntenn pplictions. Ecellent uni-directionl ptterns re chieved t lower end of the nd (9 MH nd 95 MH) ut dip is oserved on ore-sight t upper end of the nd (8 MH nd 9 MH). The dip is generted 7
4 from the wve cncelltion etween direct nd reflect wves from ground plne. At high frequencies, the two wves hve lrge phse difference due to incresed electricl height, so signl cncelltion occurs in the ore-sight direction [9]. The dip cn e eliminted optimiing the ntenn height or emploing few lers of frequenc selective surfce (FSS) mterils etween the rditing element nd ground plne [5, ]. Cross-polrition is less thn -7 db nd -8 db t lower nd upper nds, respectivel. Low cross-polrition is ver desirle for dul-polrition ntenn pplictions. The hlfpower emwidth of the Fourpoint ntenn is summried in Tle II in oth E- nd H-plnes t lower nd upper ends of the operting nd, respectivel. The Fourpoint ntenn hs out 8~9 dbi pek gin. The performnce of the Fourpoint ntenn is summried in Tle II (c) Mesured rdition ptterns t 8 MH () Mesured rdition ptterns t 9 MH (d) Mesured rdition ptterns t 9 MH Figure 4 Mesured rdition ptterns for the Fourpoint ntenn with squre-shped tuning plte shown in Figure with the dimensions listed Tle I () Mesured rdition ptterns t 95 MH. IV. CONCLUSIONS A novel rodnd ntenn element, the Fourpoint ntenn hs een proposed nd investigted. The ntenn provides the most desirle ntenn chrcteristics such s dul-polrition nd multi-nd in compct nd low-profile geometr. The ntenn sie is less thn.3λ L.3λ L.7λ L t lower end of the operting nd. When oth pirs of the rditing elements re fed simultneousl, the Fourpoint ntenn provides dul-polrition diversit without incresing ntenn sie. The preliminr mesured dt of the Fourpoint element demonstrte its gret possiilit for use in multi-nd, dulpolrition se-sttion ntenn rr covering AMPS, GSM, DCS nd PCS nds simultneousl. The multi-nd nd dulpolrition chrcteristics of the Fourpoint ntenn permit reduction of the se-sttion ntenn sie nd the numer of ntenns on tower. Moreover, the dul-polrition feture enhnces the ntenn performnce through polrition 8
5 diversit without incresing the ntenn sie. Finll, the lowprofile geometr of the Fourpoint fcilittes construction of the ntenn elements on single plnr dielectric sustrte. The prominent fetures of the Fourpoint ntenn meet the mostdesired ojectives for commercil se-sttion ntenns. ACKNOWLEDGMENT S. Y. Suh, W. L. Stutmn, nd W. A. Dvis would like to thnks to Office of Nvl Reserch for finncil support, nd to Mr. Rndll Nel of the Virgini Tech for his help in ntenn construction nd mesurement. TABLE II. MEASURED AND COMPUTED PERFORMANCE FOR THE FOURPOINT ANTENNA WITH A SQUARE-SHAPED TUNING PLATE HAVING THE DIMENSIONS IN FIGURE AND TABLE I. Description Smol Mesured Performnce Simulted Lower frequenc f L (VSWR) 85 MH 85 MH Upper frequenc f U (VSWR) 9 MH MH Percent ndwidth B p 9.5 % 9.9 % Rtio ndwidth B r.7:.73: Element sie, λ L A.36 λ L.36 λ L Sustrte sie, λ L C.34 λ L.34 λ L Height h, λ L h.7 λ L.7 λ L Bem width in E- plne t f L Bem width in H- plne t f L Bem width in E- plne t f U Bem width in H- plne t f U HP E t f L 5 5 HP H t f L HP E t f U 8 8 HP H t f U 5 5 REFERENCES [] F. Lotse, J-E. Berg, U. Forssen, nd P. Idhl, Bse sttion polrition diversit reception in mcrocellulr sstems t 8 MH, IEEE VTC 46 th Vehiculr Technolog Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, pp , April 8-M, 996. [] B. S. Collins, Plorition diversit ntenns for compct se sttions, Microwve Journl, pp , Jnur. [3] C. Beckmn nd U. Whlerg, enn sstems for polrition diversit, Microwve Journl, pp , M 997. [4] S. Y. Suh, W. L. Stutmn, nd W. A. Dvis, Low-profile, dulpolried rodnd ntennes, IEEE enns nd propgtion Int. Smp, Columus, OH, June 3, Vol., pp [5] S.-Y. Suh, A Comprehensive Investigtion of New Plnr Widend enns, Ph.D. Disserttion, Virgini Poltechnic Institute nd Stte Universit, Blcksurg, VA, USA, Jul. [6] J. R. Nel, Foursqure enn Rditing Element, U.S. Ptent No. 5,96,37, Jul, 999 [7] S. A. Bokhri, Jen-Frncois ϋrcher, Jun R. Mosig, Fred E. Grdiol, A smll Microstrip Ptch enn with Convenient Tuning Option, IEEE Trns. enns Propgtion., vol. 44, No., pp. 5-58, Nov. 996 [8] W. A. Dvis, J. R. Nel, G. F. Richrdi, nd W. L. Stutmn, Technique for the mesurement of the impednce of widend lnced ntenns, Proceedings of the enn Mesurement Techniques Assocition Smposium, Willimsurg, VA, Nov. 995, pp [9] W. L. Stutmn nd G.A. Thiele, enn Theor nd Design nd edition, John Wile & Sons, New York, 998. [] Snders, R. Gilert, et l. Structull-Integrted Opticll- Reconfigurle enn Arr, Proc. of enn Applictions Smposium, Sept
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