Principles of Vibration Measurement and Analysis. Dr. Colin Novak, P.Eng July 29, 2015

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1 Principles of Vibration Measurement and Analysis Dr. Colin Novak, P.Eng July 29, 2015

2 Vibration Transducers and Signal Conditioning Types of Vibration Transducers The Piezoelectric Accelerometer Choosing an Accelerometer Using an Accelerometer Calibration Conditioning Amplifiers

3 The Measurement Chain Transducer Preamplifier Filter(s) Detector/ Averager Output

4 Early Methods of Vibration Measurements

5 Mechanical Lever Application: Obsolete, but still found in a few old power stations

6 Eddy Current Proximity Probes Applications: Relative motion Shaft eccentricity Oil film thickness Etc.

7 Velocity Pickup e = Blv Limited frequency range: 10 < f < 1000 Hz

8 Piezoelectric Accelerometer Principles of operation F F F V mv F Q pc F F V mv F Q pc F /2

9 Types of Piezoelectric Accelerometers Planar Shear P Centre-mounted Compression S ThetaShear M R B M P B M R P B Annular Shear E M P B Delta Shear P R M B OrthoShear P M R E B P: Piezoelectric Elements E: Built-in Electronics S: Spring R: Clamping Ring B: Base M: Seismic Mass

10 Operational Range of Vibration Transducers 10 8 :1 Relative Amplitud e 10 6 :1 Piezoelectric Acceleromete r :1 100: k 20kHz Frequency Velocity transducer Eddy current Proximity probe

11 Choosing an Accelerometer or General Purpose, medium weight and sensitivity Small, light and high frequency Acceleration ms ,000 20, , pc/ms -2 Weight: gram pc/ms -2 Weight: g Frequency ~0.1 ~ k 15-30k Hz

12 Useful Frequency Range Output ~ 10% Input Acc. ms -2 (pc) 0.3 f 0 ~ 35 db f 1 f 0 Frequency

13 Sensitivity and Frequency Range Sensitivity pc/ms khz

14 Accelerometer Mounting Fixed Thin double adhesive tape Cementing stud Stud Mounting Level db Beeswax Max.40 C k 2k 5k 10k 20k 30k 50 khz Frequency

15 Accelerometer Mounting Handheld Hand held probe Magnet Level db k 2k 5k 10k 20k 30k 50kHz Frequency

16 Choosing a Mounting Position B A D C

17 Loading the Test Object 0,1 pc/ms g M > 7 g 10 pc/ms g M > 600 g Dynamic Mass < 1 10 M M 1000 pc/ms g M > 5 kg

18 Transverse Sensitivity Axis of maximum sensitivity < 2.3 Accelerometer mounting axis Red dot 100 % < 4 % Max. transverse sensitivity < 4 %

19 Triboelectric Noise

20 Environmental Effects Base Strain Corrosive substances Humidity Magnetic fields Acoustic noise Nuclear radiation

21 Special Accelerometers Calibration Triaxial z High sensitivity (with built-in amplifier) x y High temperature 55 g 10 g Shock 316 mv/ms -2 T max. = 400 C a max. = 1000 km -2 a min. = ms -2

22 Handle the Accelerometer Carefully k k

23 The Calibration Chart

24 Force Transducer Force Transducer Piezoelectric material F1 a Force Transducer F

25 Overload Brüel & Kjær Conditioning Amplifier Vibration Transducers and Signal Conditioning (cont.) Laser Velocity Systems Accelerometer Calibration Conditioning Amplifiers NEXUS

26 Laser Velocity-Transducer Set- Ometron VH300+

27 Principle of Laser Velocity Transducer Object moving toward laser gives higher frequency Object moving away from laser gives lower frequency

28 Applications For vibration measurements on hot structures (engine exhausts) For non-contact measurement of vibration velocity and displacement For vibration measurements on light structures (e.g loudspeaker diaphragms) For lateral and axial vibration measurements on ro-tating components (e.g. on rotating machinery) For vibration measurements on small structures (e.g. on the tops of engine valves) For vibration measurements on delicate structures (e.g optical devices such as mirrors) For relative vibration measurements (e.g. on board ships, aircraft and cars) For vibration measurements on rubber and other soft materials

29 Example of Use: Loudspeaker Cone Vibration

30 Calibration Why calibrate To find the sensitivity Why recalibrate Legal obligation - QA requirement Good instrument practice Test for damage

31 Accelerometer Check In the field Sensitivity check Total system check In the lab Frequency Response Sensitivity Calibration Multianalyzer Frequency = Hz = 1000 rad/sec Acceleration = 10 ms -2 Power Amplifier Calibration Exciter with built-in or external reference accelerometer

32 Vibration Measurement and Analysis

33 Why Make a Frequency Analysis B C A Amplitude Time Amplitude A B C D E D E Vibration Frequency

34 Frequency Spectrum or Overall Level Transducer Preamplifier Filter(s) Detector/ Output Averager Overall Level Frequency Spectrum

35 Frequency Spectrum or Overall Level Vibration Frequency Spectrum Overall Level Fan Vibration Frequency Date Gearbox Hz Date

36 Presenting the Data Linear vs. Log Scaling Amplitude in db? Linear and Logarithmic Frequency Scales Decades Octaves

37 Linear vs Logarithmic Scales 0 1/2 1 Empty Full /10 1/5 1/2 1 Full

38 Linear vs Logarithmic Frequency Scales Vibration Level 120 Hz 50 Hz K 1,2K 1,4K 1,6K 1,8K 2K Hz Linear Frequency Vibration Level K 2K 5K 10K 20K Logarithmic Frequency

39 Bandpass Filters and Bandwidth 0 B Ideal filter Bandwidth = f 2 f 1 Centre Frequency = f 0 f 1 f 0 f 2 Frequency 0 Ripple Area = Area -3 db Real filter and definition of 3 db Bandwidth Real filter and definition of Noise Bandwidth f 1 f 0 f 2 Frequency f 1 f 0 f 2 Frequency

40 Linear vs Logarithmic Frequency Scales Vibration Level 120 Hz 50 Hz K 1,2K 1,4K 1,6K 1,8K 2K Hz Linear Frequency Vibration Level K 2K 5K 10K 20K Logarithmic Frequency

41 Selecting Bandwidth Filter width Vibration Level Frequency Spectrum Frequency Vibration Level Frequency Frequency Frequency

42 Linear scale Linear vs Logarithmic Amplitude Scales Linear Logarithmic amplitude amplitude Advantages of logarithmic amplitude scale Constant factor changes are equally displayed for all levels Optimal way of displaying a large dynamic range 3.16 Frequency Logarithmic scale

43 Real World Vibration Levels ms -2 db

44 Vibration Parameters Relative Amplitude k 10 khz Frequency Acceleration Velocity Displacement

45 Which Parameter to Choose Measurement A Acc. Vel. Disp. Measurement B Acc. Vel. Disp. Measurement C Acc. Vel. Disp. Choose Displacement Choose Velocity Choose Acceleration

46

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