Lower Hybrid. Ron Parker Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting January January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 1
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1 Lower Hybrid Ron Parker Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting January January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 1
2 Goal of Lower Hybrid Current Drive Experiments Use Lower Hybrid Current Drive to supplement the bootstrap current in order to develop attractive steady-state regimes with: - high bootstrap fraction ( 70%) -high β n ( 3) - good confinement (H ITER89P ~ 2.5) Demonstrate such regimes can be sustained for several resistive diffusion times. If successful, the results should provide a basis for advanced tokamak operation of ITER and for attractive tokamak reactors January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 2
3 The Main Tools Are 8 MW ICRF and 3 4 MW LHRF RF Source Power ICRF Heating LH Heating and Current Drive Phase I Present Capability D- and E- Antennas Phase II J-Antenna J- and E- Antennas Frequency 80 MHz MHz J: MHz E: 80 MHz Power 2 MW each 4 MW 4 MW each Antenna 2 Straps each 4 Straps 4 Straps each Phase I Present Capability Phase II Frequency 4.6 GHz 4.6 GHz Power 3 MW 4 MW Antenna N (Variable) 4X22 Waveguide Grill (1) 4X24 Waveguide Grills (2) LH Phase II is an upgrade that is planned to begin with design in Second LH antenna would be fabricated in FY 07 and installed in FY 08. Power upgrade requires incremental funding for FY 08 commissioning January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 3
4 Early Modeling Using Accome Code 1 Showed Potential of LHCD to Access AT Regimes in C-Mod 1 P. T. Bonoli, R. R. Parker, M. Porkolab, et. al., Nucl. Fusion 40 (2000) 1251 Ideal MHD stable reversed-shear regimes could be found with f BS =0.74, f LH =0.24 and f FW = January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 4
5 Penetration and Absorption of LH Waves is Sensitive to n... n 0 =2.33 φ = 90 φfagha dj = 90 n 0 =3.09 φ = January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 5
6 ..as is the Deposition of the Driven Current N = 2.33 N = 3.09 N = 2.33 N = 3.09 P grill = 2.0 MW 202 ka 120 ka Self-consistent modeling using GENRAY and CQL3D Liptac, Bonoli, Harvey, APS January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 6
7 Amplitude and Phase of Each Klystron Drive Controls Phase Progression Along Grill and Therefore n 1 low power phase shifter 9 10 Antenna structure or grill ~ KLYSTRON #5 Common RF Oscillator high power phase shifter 3 db splitter January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 7
8 The Control System Sets Amplitude and Phase in Each Pair of Waveguide Columns with 1 ms Time Response Each coupler and probe has 2 diodes and data channels: ~ 500 signals! January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 8
9 Power From 12 Klystrons ( GHz) in C-Mod Cell is Transported via Waveguides to the LH Launcher January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 9
10 The Launcher Divides RF Power From the 12 Klystrons into 96 Waveguides Couplers (4) Front Waveguide Assembly Rear Waveguide Assembly O-ring Seal Microwave Windows RF Gaskets 3 db Power Splitters E plane Transformers 22 to 5.5 mm January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 10
11 The LH Grill is Composed of Four Rows of Waveguides Moly limiters Probes The LH antenna is composed of four rows of waveguides. The variation of the RF amplitude and phase along each row is the same. Probes mounted in the face of the grill record the density at the grill mouth. These data are used to compare coupling efficiency with code calculations January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 11
12 The Spectra in Each Waveguide Row are Nearly Identical Fourier transform of E-field measured at mouth of rear waveguide assembly These curves are derived from amplitudes and phases measured at the end of the Rear Waveguide Assembly relative to the input to the splitter network. The measurements have recently been extended to include the Forward Waveguide Assembly and give nearly identical results. The high power phase shifter was assumed to be fixed at 90. The spectra indicate the range of n achievable with ~ 1 ms time response January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 12
13 Progress Since the Last PAC Meeting LH System installation completed and commissioned at the level of ~ 200 kw. Two dedicated run days to measure coupling efficiency vs. phase and density at grills. Although waveguides showed signs of conditioning to higher power, observation of excessive dust in grill interrupted experiments. After removal of launcher, substantial erosion of Ti coupler was found. dust was identified to be TiD2 or TiH2. R&D program initiated to fabricate grills from 304L SS. Launcher reinstalled with SS grills in mid-january. Extensive calibrations of all diode detectors (vs. power) January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 13
14 Efficient Coupling Observed Over Wide Range of Phase (n ) Reflection Coefficient Reflection Coefficient vs Density Density (10 12 cm -3 ) 60 o 90 o 120 o 135 o 150 o 180 o Above: Measured reflection coeficient vs. phase and density. Right: Calculated reflection coefficients for dn/dx~6x10 12 cm -4 and no vacuum gap as functions of density and phase. Reflection Coefficient Ideal and Approximate Phasing Ideal Approx. n=3x10 12 cm -3 (~ 1mm gap to limiter) Phase (degrees) January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 14
15 After 3 months in Alcator C-Mod, the Ti Grills Had Been Substantially Eroded TiD 2 dust formed by interaction with plasma and/or D2 not RF. Note erosion on sides of couplers January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 15
16 Objectives for Upcoming Run Campaign Careful comparison of reflection coefficient with code predictions vs. density and phase at low to moderate power. Increase absorbed power to levels of at least 0.5 MW and hopefully higher, testing schemes for coupler protection. Produce and detect fast electrons, compare with theory regarding energy and spatial distribution HXRs, ECE. Look for indications of driven current e.g., from loop voltage changes, fast electrons, MSE, Alfvén cascades, sawtooth period, etc January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 16
17 Distribution Function Tail and HXR Spectra are Sensitive to n N = 2.33 N = 3.09 The low initial value of n for 90 o means that the wave is resonant with higher velocity electrons, increasing the bremsstrahlung emission in the higher energy channels relative to 120 o. J. Liptac, APS January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 17
18 An Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer Has Been Installed to Detect Fast Electron Bremsstrahlung (~ kev) C-Mod Cross section with pinhole camera B-port a c =5mm a d =5mm Spatial resolution: Estimation: r ~ 2a / #chords=1.4cm Geometry: r = (1 + D/d)a c ~ 1.7cm J. Liptac D=123cm d=40cm January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 18
19 Phase II of the LHCD System Will Add 1 MW Source Power and an Additional Coupler With two couplers, and 4 MW total source power, the grill power density would be reduced to levels achieved for long pulses in JET. Additional flexibility provided by a second grill permits exploitation of the advantages provided by compound spectra. Based on Phase I experience, simplified approaches to the launcher design will be investigated to facilitate window fabrication and reduce launcher losses an opportunity for developing and testing an ITER-relevant design. Phase II design will begin this year. Fabrication of antenna would be completed in FY 07 and installed in FY 08. Power upgrade requires incremental funding to come on line in FY January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 19
20 Phase II Power Flux in the Grill Will be Reduced to Levels Achieved in Long Pulses at JET kw/cm power flux in the waveguides breakdown * weak conditioning waveguide dimensions 6.0x0.55 cm MW net power (12 Klystrons - 24 kw/guide) 1.5 MW net power (8 Klystrons kw/guide) * JET 2 sec JET, TS long pulse PBX-M 0.5 sec f 2 b (GHz 2 cm) January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 20
21 Compound Spectra Permits Further Control of the Driven Current Profile P grill = 2.7 MW P grills = 2.7 MW 287 ka 159 ka 290 ka 252 ka 189 ka J. Liptac January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 21
22 Summary Lower Hybrid System has been commissioned and operated at ~ 200 kw level. High coupling efficiency was achieved. Experiments were interrupted due to strong interaction of Ti grills with H2/D2 and/or plasma. (Attempts to replicate interaction off-line so far unsuccessful.) Ti Grills have been replaced by SS grills and experiments will resume in the upcoming campaign. Near term goal is to raise power to at least 0.5 MW where non-thermal electron tails predicted to become detectable An upgrade is planned for a second antenna and an increase in source power to 4 MW important in lowering the grill power density and exploiting benefits of compound spectra in enhancing efficiency and control of J φ (r) January 2006 Alcator C-Mod PAC Meeting 22
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