Geometrical Optics Fiber optics
|
|
- Bertram Benson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Phys 322 Lecture 15 Chapter 5 Geometrical Optics Fiber optics
2 First optical commuicatio Alexader Graham Bell : photophoe 4 years after ivetig a telephoe!
3 Fiberoptics: first lightguide 1870: water as a light guide Joh Tydall
4 Fiber optics: commuicatios 1960: First laser 1966: couplig with fibers for commuicatio 1970: 1% of light trasmitted over 1 km (losses 20 db/km) Today: over 96% of power trasmitted over 1 km Why light? - frequecies ~10 15 Hz Theoretical badwidth limit: each oscillatio is 1 bit, badwidth is ~10 14 bytes/secod (100,000 GB/s) Speech ~3 kb/s: ca support ~10 billio phoe coectios over oe fiber simultaeously! DVD quality videophoe: ~10 millio chaels! Note: Moder fiber systems record 100 Tb/s
5 What is a Optical Fiber? A optical fiber is a waveguide for light cosists of : core claddig buffer jacket ier part where wave propagates outer part used to keep wave i core protective coatig outer protective shield
6 Desig of optical fibers Core: Thi glass ceter of the fiber that carries the light Claddig: Surrouds the core ad reflects the light back ito the core Buffer coatig: Plastic protective coatig core > claddig
7 Microstructure fiber I microstructure fiber, air holes act as the claddig surroudig a glass core. Such fibers have differet dispersio properties. Air holes Core Such fiber has may applicatios, from medical imagig to optical clocks.
8 Propagatio of light i a optical fiber Light travels through the core boucig from the reflective walls. The walls absorb very little light from the core allowig the light wave to travel large distaces. Some sigal degradatio occurs due to imperfectly costructed glass used i the cable. The best optical fibers show very little light loss -- less tha 10%/km at 1,550 m. Maximum light loss occurs at the poits of maximum curvature.
9 Fiberoptics: sigle core fiber losses Cosider large fiber: diameter D >> ca use geometric optics Path legth traveled by ray: l L / cos Number of reflectios: l N 1 D / si t t Example: L = 1 km, D = 50 m, f =1.6, i = 30 o N = 6,580,000 Note: frustrated iteral reflectio, irregularities losses! Usig Sell s Law for t : N D Lsi 2 f i si 2 1 i
10 Step Idex Fiber: TIR escapes core claddig t escapes core core i i stuck i core i i For total iteral reflectio eed c < f si t c ti i c for TIR i critical agle (pg 122)
11 Remider: Numerical Aperture A measure of a les size is the umerical aperture. It s the product of the medium refractive idex ad the margial ray agle. NA = si() f Why this defiitio? Because the magificatio ca be show to be the ratio of the NA o the two sides of the les. High-umerical-aperture leses are bigger.
12 Numerical Aperture NA si describes light gatherig capability for: leses microscope objectives (where may ot be 1) optical fibers NA photos gathered
13 Numerical aperture (NA) of a i Step Idex Fiber c f t 90- t Claddig - trasparet layer core of a fiber (reduces losses ad f/#) max must be > critical agle NA outside si max NA step f 2 i 2 c NA step f 2 2 c NA i air
14 Fiber ad f/# si max 2 f i 2 c Agle max defies the light gatherig efficiecy of the fiber, or umerical aperture NA: NA i si max 2 f 2 c Ad f/# is: 2NA f /# 1 Largest NA=1 Typical NA = 0.2 1
15 Budles Coheret budles: flexible image carriers Budles ca collect light from larger area ad be still flexible Flexible light carriers Fibers are arraged i a coheret fashio
16 Data trasfer limitatios 1. Distace is limited by losses i a fiber. Losses are measured i decibels (db) per km of fiber (db/km), i.e. i logarithmic scale: 10 L log Po P i Po P Example: P o /P i over 1 km 10 db 1:10 20 db 1: db 1:1000 i 10 L /10 P o - output power P i - iput power L - fiber legth Workaroud: use light amplifiers to boost ad relay the sigal 2. Badwidth is limited by pulse broadeig i fiber ad processig electroics
17 Atteuatio Rayleigh Scatterig page 297 IR absorptio absorptio ad scatterig i fiber i the IR: low-oh versus high-oh
18 Pulse broadeig Dispersio: The Basics Light propagates at a fiite speed fastest ray slowest ray fastest ray: oe travelig dow middle ( axial mode ) slowest ray: oe eterig at highest agle ( high order mode) will be a differece i time for these two rays
19 Types of Dispersio i Fibers modal material waveguide o-liear time delay from path legth differeces usually the biggest culprit i step-idex () : differet times to cross fiber (ote: smallest effect ~ 1.3 m) chages i field distributio (importat for SM) ca become itesity-depedet NOTE: GRIN fibers ted to have less modal dispersio because the ray paths are shorter
20 Effect of Dispersio iitial pulse farther dow farther still time time time modal example: step idex ~ 24 s km -1 GRIN ~ 122 ps km -1
21 Fibers carry modes of light umber of modes D 0 NA 2 a mode is : a solutio to the wave equatio a give path/distributio of light (pg 196) higher # modes gives more light, which is ot always desirable
22 Example of # of 850m Silica step-idex fiber has f = 1.452, c = (NA = 0.205) SELFOC graded idex fiber with same NA diameter (micros) # step-idex modes # GRIN modes E3 37 E3 230 E E3 46 E E3 high # modes implies classical optics
23 NA ad # of Modes killed ray propagated ray large NA small NA
24 Pulse broadeig Multimode fiber: there are may rays (modes) with differet OPLs ad iitially short pulses will be broadeed (itermodal dispersio) For ray alog axis: t mi L v f L 2 For ray eterig at max : t l v L c max The iitially short pulse will be broadeed by: Makig c close to f reduces the effect! L f f t tmax tmi 1 c c f f f c c
25 Pulse broadeig: example f = 1.5 c =1.489 Estimate the badwidth limit for 1000 km trasmissio. Solutio: L f t c f c s Eve the shortest pulse will become ~37 s log Badwidth ~ s 27 kbps Multimode fibers are ot used for commuicatio! 5 s 37s kilobits per secod = ONLY 3.3 kbytes/s
26 Graded Idex Fiber c varies quadratically f c like a restorig force!
27 Types of fibers c c f c c f c c f GRIN step-idex siglemode step-idex multimode
28 Sigle mode fiber To avoid broadeig eed to have oly oe path, or mode Sigle mode fiber: there is oly oe path, all other rays escape from the fiber clad core jacket Geometric optics does ot work aymore: eed wave optics. Sigle mode fiber core is usually oly 2-7 micro i diameter
29 Sigle mode fiber: broadeig clad core jacket Trasform limited pulse product of spectral full width at half maximum (fwhm) by time duratio fwhm: ft 0.2 Problem: shorter the pulse, broader the spectrum. refractio idex depeds o wavelegth A 10 fs pulse at 800 m is ~40 m wide spectrally If secod derivative of is ot zero this pulse will broade i fiber rapidly Solitos: special pulse shapes that do ot chage while propagatig
30 Critical Bed radius
31 A example: I eed a fiber that will coduct NIR light. I have to keep a tight pulse patter. It must couple ito a LED. What do I do?
32 Puttig It All together (a) I eeded a fiber that will coduct NIR light. get a low OH fiber (b) I had to keep a tight pulse patter. you wat low dispersio: SM or a GRIN fiber, low diameter, low NA (c) It must couple ito a LED. The LED has a high divergece agle; better get a bright oe. A laser might be better, ad use a GRIN les to couple. These are desig cosideratios, as well as cost!
Geometrical Optics Fiber optics The eye
Phys 322 Lecture 16 Chapter 5 Geometrical Optics Fiber optics The eye First optical communication Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922 1880: photophone 4 years after inventing a telephone! Fiberoptics: first
More informationTO DETERMINE THE NUMERICAL APERTURE OF A GIVEN OPTICAL FIBER. 2. Sunil Kumar 3. Varun Sharma 4. Jaswinder Singh
TO DETERMINE THE NUMERICAL APERTURE OF A GIVEN OPTICAL FIBER Submitted to: Mr. Rohit Verma Submitted By:. Rajesh Kumar. Suil Kumar 3. Varu Sharma 4. Jaswider Sigh INDRODUCTION TO AN OPTICAL FIBER Optical
More informationLAB 7: Refractive index, geodesic lenses and leaky wave antennas
EI400 Applied Atea Theory LAB7: Refractive idex ad leaky wave ateas LAB 7: Refractive idex, geodesic leses ad leaky wave ateas. Purpose: The mai goal of this laboratory how to characterize the effective
More informationSPECTROSCOPY and. spectrometers
Observatioal Astroomy SPECTROSCOPY ad spectrometers Kitchi, pp. 310-370 Chromey, pp. 362-415 28 March 2018 1 Spectroscopic methods Differet purposes require differet istrumets Mai spectroscopic methods:
More informationOptical fibres A thi flexible ad trasparet wire prepared for light propagatio is called optical fibre. The optical fibre has bee costructed for the followig reasos: The light wave caot traverse log distace
More informationPhysics 41 Exam 2 Spring 2012
Physics 4 Exam 2 Sprig 202 Name: Coceptual Questios ad Short P (2 Poits Each) Circle the BEST aswer!. A les produces a sharply-focused, iverted image o a scree as show. What will you see o the scree if
More informationGENERALIZED SCATTERING MATRIX FOR OPTICAL STRUCTURES. Sunit Mehrotra,Reena Kumbhare and Girish P. Saraph
GENERALIZED SCATTERING MATRIX FOR OPTICAL STRUCTURES Suit Mehrotra,Reea umbhare ad Girish P. Saraph Dept. of Electrical Egieerig Idia Istitute of Techology Bombay Mumbai 476 suit,shaku,girishs@ee.iitb.ac.i
More informationIntroduction to Wireless Communication Systems ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 Winter 2003
troductio to Wireless Commuicatio ystems ECE 476/ECE 501C/C 513 Witer 2003 eview for Exam #1 March 4, 2003 Exam Details Must follow seatig chart - Posted 30 miutes before exam. Cheatig will be treated
More informationChapter 2: Sample Questions, Problems and Solutions Bölüm 2: Örnek Sorular, Problemler ve Çözümleri
Chapter : Sample Questios, Problems ad Solutios Bölüm : Örek Sorular, Problemler ve Çözümleri Örek Sorular (Sample Questios): Fourier series What is a badwidth? What is a voice-grade? Nyquist theorem Shao
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS
APPLICATION NOTE AN95091 INTRODUCTION UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS Toy Girard, Sigatec, Desig ad Applicatios Egieer Oe criteria ofte used to evaluate a Aalog to Digital Coverter (ADC) or data acquisitio
More informationLecture 4: Frequency Reuse Concepts
EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Commuicatios (8) Lecture 4: Frequecy euse Cocepts Distace betwee Co-Chael Cell Ceters Kowig the relatio betwee,, ad, we ca easily fid distace betwee the ceter poits of two co
More informationEncode Decode Sample Quantize [ ] [ ]
Referece Audio Sigal Processig I Shyh-Kag Jeg Departmet of Electrical Egieerig/ Graduate Istitute of Commuicatio Egieerig M. Bosi ad R. E. Goldberg, Itroductio to Digital Audio Codig ad Stadards, Kluwer
More information), separating three materials of index of refraction n 1
Thi Leses A les is a otical device cosistig of two refractig surfaces The simlest les has two sherical surfaces close eough together that we ca eglect the distace betwee the surfaces (i.e., thi) Cosider
More informationDesign of FPGA- Based SPWM Single Phase Full-Bridge Inverter
Desig of FPGA- Based SPWM Sigle Phase Full-Bridge Iverter Afarulrazi Abu Bakar 1, *,Md Zarafi Ahmad 1 ad Farrah Salwai Abdullah 1 1 Faculty of Electrical ad Electroic Egieerig, UTHM *Email:afarul@uthm.edu.my
More informationLeaky optical waveguide for high-power lasers and amplifiers
Leaky optical waveguide or high-power lasers ad ampliiers Vipul Rastogi *a, Deepak Agarwal a, V. Tripathi a, K. S. Chiag b a Departmet o Physics, Idia Istitute o Techology, Roorkee 47 667, INDIA; b Departmet
More informationUNIT-II : SIGNAL DEGRADATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS
UNIT-II : SIGNAL DEGRADATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS The Signal Transmitting through the fiber is degraded by two mechanisms. i) Attenuation ii) Dispersion Both are important to determine the transmission characteristics
More informationE X P E R I M E N T 13
E X P E R I M E N T 13 Stadig Waves o a Strig Produced by the Physics Staff at Colli College Copyright Colli College Physics Departmet. All Rights Reserved. Uiversity Physics, Exp 13: Stadig Waves o a
More informationCHAPTER 5 A NEAR-LOSSLESS RUN-LENGTH CODER
95 CHAPTER 5 A NEAR-LOSSLESS RUN-LENGTH CODER 5.1 GENERAL Ru-legth codig is a lossless image compressio techique, which produces modest compressio ratios. Oe way of icreasig the compressio ratio of a ru-legth
More informationCOMPRESSION OF TRANSMULTIPLEXED ACOUSTIC SIGNALS
COMPRESSION OF TRANSMULTIPLEXED ACOUSTIC SIGNALS Mariusz Ziółko, Przemysław Sypka ad Bartosz Ziółko Departmet of Electroics, AGH Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology, al. Mickiewicza 3, 3-59 Kraków, Polad,
More informationGENERATE AND MEASURE STANDING SOUND WAVES IN KUNDT S TUBE.
Acoustics Wavelegth ad speed of soud Speed of Soud i Air GENERATE AND MEASURE STANDING SOUND WAVES IN KUNDT S TUBE. Geerate stadig waves i Kudt s tube with both eds closed off. Measure the fudametal frequecy
More informationProceedings of the 8th WSEAS Int. Conf. on ELECTRONICS, HARDWARE, WIRELESS and OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Aalysis of Low Noise ad Gai Flatteed Distributed Rama Amplifiers Usig Differet Fibers FARZIN EMAMI, AMIR H. JAFARI Opto-electroic Research Ceter, Electroic Departmet Shiraz Uiversity of Techology Airport
More informationThe absorption of the light may be intrinsic or extrinsic
Attenuation Fiber Attenuation Types 1- Material Absorption losses 2- Intrinsic Absorption 3- Extrinsic Absorption 4- Scattering losses (Linear and nonlinear) 5- Bending Losses (Micro & Macro) Material
More informationLINEAR-PHASE FIR FILTERS: THE WINDOWING METHOD
LINEAR-PHASE FIR FILTERS: THE WINDOWING ETHOD Prof. Siripog Potisuk FIR Filter Characteristics Completely specified by iput-output relatio: y[ ] b k0 x[ k] b k = filter coefficiets ad +1 = filter legth
More information信號與系統 Signals and Systems
Sprig 24 信號與系統 Sigals ad Systems Chapter SS- Sigals ad Systems Feg-Li Lia NTU-EE Feb4 Ju4 Figures ad images used i these lecture otes are adopted from Sigals & Systems by Ala V. Oppeheim ad Ala S. Willsky,
More informationBy: Pinank Shah. Date : 03/22/2006
By: Piak Shah Date : 03/22/2006 What is Strai? What is Strai Gauge? Operatio of Strai Gauge Grid Patters Strai Gauge Istallatio Wheatstoe bridge Istrumetatio Amplifier Embedded system ad Strai Gauge Strai
More informationHistory and Advancement of the Family of Log Periodic Toothed Planer Microstrip Antenna
Joural of Electromagetic Aalysis ad Applicatios, 2011, 3, 242-247 doi:10.4236/jemaa.2011.36039 Published Olie Jue 2011 (http://www.scirp.org/joural/jemaa) History ad Advacemet of the Family of Log Periodic
More informationIndustrial Automation
OPTICAL FIBER. SINGLEMODE OR MULTIMODE It is important to understand the differences between singlemode and multimode fiber optics before selecting one or the other at the start of a project. Its different
More information信號與系統 Signals and Systems
Sprig 2 信號與系統 Sigals ad Systems Chapter SS- Sigals ad Systems Feg-Li Lia NTU-EE Feb Ju Figures ad images used i these lecture otes are adopted from Sigals & Systems by Ala V. Oppeheim ad Ala S. Willsky,
More informationHOW BAD RECEIVER COORDINATES CAN AFFECT GPS TIMING
HOW BAD RECEIVER COORDINATES CAN AFFECT GPS TIMING H. Chadsey U.S. Naval Observatory Washigto, D.C. 2392 Abstract May sources of error are possible whe GPS is used for time comparisos. Some of these mo
More informationECE 333: Introduction to Communication Networks Fall Lecture 4: Physical layer II
ECE 333: Itroductio to Commuicatio Networks Fall 22 Lecture : Physical layer II Impairmets - distortio, oise Fudametal limits Examples Notes: his lecture cotiues the discussio of the physical layer. Recall,
More informationGuided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber
Guided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber The Nature of Light Quantum Theory Light consists of small particles (photons) Wave Theory Light travels as a transverse electromagnetic wave Ray Theory Light
More informationMultipath and Doppler Effects and Models
Multipath ad Doppler Effects ad Models There are two parts i this lecture. I Part I, we will first itroduce the mutipath propagatio effects ad Doppler frequecy shift/spread effects. I Part II, we will
More informationSupplementary Information - Nanocouplers for free-space excitation of whispering-gallery microlasers
Supplemetary Iformatio - Naocouplers for free-space excitatio of whisperig-gallery microlasers Jiagag Zhu 1*, Şahi K. Özdemir 1*, Huzeyfe Yilmaz 1, Bo Peg 1, Mark Dog, Matthew Tomes, Tal Carmo, ad La Yag
More informationOptical Fiber Communication
A Seminar report On Optical Fiber Communication Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree Of Mechanical SUBMITTED TO: www.studymafia.org SUBMITTED BY: www.studymafia.org
More informationx y z HD(x, y) + HD(y, z) HD(x, z)
Massachusetts Istitute of Techology Departmet of Electrical Egieerig ad Computer Sciece 6.02 Solutios to Chapter 5 Updated: February 16, 2012 Please sed iformatio about errors or omissios to hari; questios
More informationLecture 4. Antennas, db, and Introduction to Radio Propagation
Lecture 4 Ateas, db, ad Itroductio to Radio Propagatio Overview 2 Quickly review some cocepts that we make use of repeatedly i this class You may have see these thigs i other classes Primarily a refresher
More informationGuided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber. Xavier Fernando Ryerson Comm. Lab
Guided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber Xavier Fernando Ryerson Comm. Lab The Nature of Light Quantum Theory Light consists of small particles (photons) Wave Theory Light travels as a transverse electromagnetic
More informationEvaluation of turbulent parameters based on angle-of-arrival fluctuation Yang LI 1,Chao GAO 2, Yi-Ming LI 2, Gang YANG 2 & Xiao-Feng LI 2
Iteratioal Coferece o Iformatio Techology ad Maagemet Iovatio (ICITMI 15) Evaluatio of turbulet parameters based o agle-of-arrival fluctuatio Yag LI 1,Chao GAO, Yi-Mig LI, Gag YANG & Xiao-Feg LI 1 Accoutig
More informationModel Display digit Size Output Power supply 24VAC 50/60Hz, 24-48VDC 9999 (4-digit) 1-stage setting
FXY Series DIN W7 6mm Of er/timer With Idicatio Oly Features ig speed: cps/cps/kcps/kcps Selectable voltage iput (PNP) method or o-voltage iput (NPN) method Iput mode: Up, Dow, Dow Dot for Decimal Poit
More informationHuygen s Principle: Propagation of Wavefronts. Light Rays and Geometric Optics. The Laws of Reflection
Chater 5: Relectio ad Reractio o Light Huge s Pricile: Proagatio o Waverots Ever oit o a waverot roduces wavelets. Radius o each wavelet is vt. New waverot is the surace taget to the wavelets. waverots
More informationFiber Optic Communications Communication Systems
INTRODUCTION TO FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS A fiber-optic system is similar to the copper wire system in many respects. The difference is that fiber-optics use light pulses to transmit information down
More informationLectureo5 FIBRE OPTICS. Unit-03
Lectureo5 FIBRE OPTICS Unit-03 INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS ABOUT OPTICAL FIBRE Multimode Fibres Multimode Step Index Fibres Multimode Graded Index Fibres INTRODUCTION In communication systems, there
More informationELEN 624 Signal Integrity
ELEN 624 Sigal Itegrity Lecture 8 Istructor: Ji hao 408-580-7043, jzhao@ieee.org ELEN 624, Fall 2006 W8, 11/06/2006-1 Ageda Homework review S parameter calculatio From time domai ad frequecy domai Some
More informationThe Eye. Objectives: Introduction. PHY 192 The Eye 1
PHY 92 The Eye The Eye Objectives: Describe the basic process of image formatio by the huma eye ad how it ca be simulated i the laboratory. Kow what measuremets are ecessary to quatitatively diagose ear-sightedess
More informationADITIONS TO THE METHOD OF ELECTRON BEAM ENERGY MEASUREMENT USING RESONANT ABSORPTION OF LASER LIGHT IN A MAGNETIC FIELD.
ADITIONS TO THE METHOD OF ELECTRON BEAM ENERGY MEASUREMENT USING RESONANT ABSORPTION OF LASER LIGHT IN A MAGNETIC FIELD. Melikia R.A. (YerPhI Yereva) 1. NEW CONDITION OF RESONANT ABSORPTION Below we ca
More informationX-Bar and S-Squared Charts
STATGRAPHICS Rev. 7/4/009 X-Bar ad S-Squared Charts Summary The X-Bar ad S-Squared Charts procedure creates cotrol charts for a sigle umeric variable where the data have bee collected i subgroups. It creates
More informationDesign of FPGA Based SPWM Single Phase Inverter
Proceedigs of MUCEET2009 Malaysia Techical Uiversities Coferece o Egieerig ad Techology Jue 20-22, 2009, MS Garde,Kuata, Pahag, Malaysia MUCEET2009 Desig of FPGA Based SPWM Sigle Phase Iverter Afarulrazi
More informationChapter 3. GPS Signal Propagation Characteristics and its Modeling
Chapter 3 GPS Sigal Propagatio Characteristics ad its Modelig 3. Itroductio GPS avigatio sigal icludes vital iformatio such as orbital parameters, clock error coefficiets etc. This received sigal is affected
More informationMeasurement of Equivalent Input Distortion AN 20
Measuremet of Equivalet Iput Distortio AN 2 Applicatio Note to the R&D SYSTEM Traditioal measuremets of harmoic distortio performed o loudspeakers reveal ot oly the symptoms of the oliearities but also
More informationMassachusetts Institute of Technology Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Fall Semester, Introduction to EECS 2.
Massachusetts Istitute of Techology Dept. of Electrical Egieerig ad Computer Sciece Fall Semester, 006 6.08 Itroductio to EECS Prelab Exercises Pre-Lab#3 Modulatio, demodulatio, ad filterig are itegral
More informationSampling. Introduction to Digital Data Acquisition: Physical world is analog CSE/EE Digital systems need to
Itroductio to Digital Data Acuisitio: Samplig Physical world is aalog Digital systems eed to Measure aalog uatities Switch iputs, speech waveforms, etc Cotrol aalog systems Computer moitors, automotive
More informationEECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof. Mark Fowler
EECE 3 Sigals & Systems Prof. Mark Fowler Note Set #6 D-T Systems: DTFT Aalysis of DT Systems Readig Assigmet: Sectios 5.5 & 5.6 of Kame ad Heck / Course Flow Diagram The arrows here show coceptual flow
More informationCIRCUMFERENTIAL GUIDED WAVES FOR DEFECT DETECTION IN COATED PIPE
CIRCUMFERENTIAL GUIDED WAVES FOR DEFECT DETECTION IN COATED PIPE W. Luo, J. L. Rose, J. K. Va Velsor, M. Avioli 2, Jack Spaer 3 Departmet of Egieerig Sciece & Mechaics, the Pesylvaia State Uiversity, Uiversity
More informationProblem of calculating time delay between pulse arrivals
America Joural of Egieerig Research (AJER) 5 America Joural of Egieerig Research (AJER) e-issn: 3-847 p-issn : 3-936 Volume-4, Issue-4, pp-3-4 www.ajer.org Research Paper Problem of calculatig time delay
More informationH2 Mathematics Pure Mathematics Section A Comprehensive Checklist of Concepts and Skills by Mr Wee Wen Shih. Visit: wenshih.wordpress.
H2 Mathematics Pure Mathematics Sectio A Comprehesive Checklist of Cocepts ad Skills by Mr Wee We Shih Visit: weshih.wordpress.com Updated: Ja 2010 Syllabus topic 1: Fuctios ad graphs 1.1 Checklist o Fuctios
More informationA New Space-Repetition Code Based on One Bit Feedback Compared to Alamouti Space-Time Code
Proceedigs of the 4th WSEAS It. Coferece o Electromagetics, Wireless ad Optical Commuicatios, Veice, Italy, November 0-, 006 107 A New Space-Repetitio Code Based o Oe Bit Feedback Compared to Alamouti
More informationRMS WIDTH OF PULSES PROPAGATING IN AN ARBITRARY DISPERSIVE MEDIUM
RMS WIDTH OF PULSES PROPAGATING IN AN ARBITRARY DISPERSIVE MEDIUM P.- A. Bélaer, A. Gajadharsih COPL, Départemet de Physique, Uiversité Laval. ad C. Paré Istitut Natioal d Optique INO, Québec. Abstract
More informationCross-Layer Performance of a Distributed Real-Time MAC Protocol Supporting Variable Bit Rate Multiclass Services in WPANs
Cross-Layer Performace of a Distributed Real-Time MAC Protocol Supportig Variable Bit Rate Multiclass Services i WPANs David Tug Chog Wog, Jo W. Ma, ad ee Chaig Chua 3 Istitute for Ifocomm Research, Heg
More informationMeasurements of the Communications Environment in Medium Voltage Power Distribution Lines for Wide-Band Power Line Communications
Measuremets of the Commuicatios viromet i Medium Voltage Power Distributio Lies for Wide-Bad Power Lie Commuicatios Jae-Jo Lee *,Seug-Ji Choi *,Hui-Myoug Oh *, Wo-Tae Lee *, Kwa-Ho Kim * ad Dae-Youg Lee
More informationUltra Wideband Wireless Propagation Channel Characterizations for Biomedical Implants
Ultra Widebad Wireless Propagatio Chael Characterizatios for Biomedical Implats Bao-Li Wei, Chu Xiog, Hog-Wei Yue, Xue-Mig Wei, Wei-Li Xu, Qia Zhou, ad Ji-Hai Dua Abstract I order to ispect the feasibility
More informationis a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic
is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. The
More informationMaking sure metrics are meaningful
Makig sure metrics are meaigful Some thigs are quatifiable, but ot very useful CPU performace: MHz is ot the same as performace Cameras: Mega-Pixels is ot the same as quality Cosistet ad quatifiable metrics
More information4. INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE
DATA COMMUNICATIONS 59 4. INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE 4.1 OBJECT The effects of restricted badwidth i basebad data trasmissio will be studied. Measuremets relative to itersymbol iterferece, usig the eye patter
More informationGuided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber. Xavier Fernando Ryerson University
Guided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber Xavier Fernando Ryerson University The Nature of Light Quantum Theory Light consists of small particles (photons) Wave Theory Light travels as a transverse electromagnetic
More information10GBASE-T. length of precoding response, and PMA training
1GBASE-T TxFE solutios, dpsnr vs legth of precodig respose, ad PMA traiig IEEE P82.3a Task Force Austi, May 18-2, 25 Gottfried Ugerboeck 1 Cotets Study of trasmit frot-ed solutios Simple : o digital filterig,
More informationResolution. Learning Objectives. What are the four types of resolution?
Ladsat ETM+ image Resolutio Learig Objectives Be able to ame ad defie the four types of data resolutio. Be able to calculate the umber of pixels i a give area. Uderstad the trade-offs betwee differet types
More informationTehrani N Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2018, 5(7):1-7
Available olie www.jsaer.com, 2018, 5(7):1-7 Research Article ISSN: 2394-2630 CODEN(USA): JSERBR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
More informationSpread Spectrum Signal for Digital Communications
Wireless Iformatio Trasmissio System Lab. Spread Spectrum Sigal for Digital Commuicatios Istitute of Commuicatios Egieerig Natioal Su Yat-se Uiversity Spread Spectrum Commuicatios Defiitio: The trasmitted
More informationA New Design of Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) Antenna
Joural of Commuicatio Egieerig, Vol., No., Ja.-Jue 0 67 A New Desig of Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) Atea Javad Ghalibafa, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi, ad Seyed Hassa Sedighy Departmet of Electrical Egieerig,
More informationLecture 29: Diode connected devices, mirrors, cascode connections. Context
Lecture 9: Diode coected devices, mirrors, cascode coectios Prof J. S. Smith Cotext Today we will be lookig at more sigle trasistor active circuits ad example problems, ad the startig multi-stage amplifiers
More informationNumerical simulation of nonlinear pulses propagation in a nonlinear optical directional coupler
Iteratioal Joural of Physical Scieces Vol. 4 (9 pp. 55-53 September 9 Available olie at http://www.academicjourals.org/ijps ISSN 99-95 9 Academic Jourals Full Legth Research Paper Numerical simulatio of
More informationNATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY GREEN BANK, WEST VIRGINIA ELECTRONICS DIVISION TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 134
NATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY GREEN BANK, WEST VIRGINIA ELECTRONICS DIVISION TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 134 Title: SMALL-APERTURE SCALAR HORN AS A FEED FOR THE 7-FEED, 6-CM RECEIVER ON THE 300-FT TELESCOPE
More informationThe Potential of Dynamic Power and Sub-carrier Assignments in Multi-User OFDM-FDMA Cells
The Potetial of Dyamic Power ad Sub-carrier Assigmets i Multi-User OFDM-FDMA Cells Mathias Bohge, James Gross, Adam Wolisz TU Berli Eisteiufer 5, 1587 Berli, Germay {bohge gross wolisz}@tk.tu-berli.de
More informationCOM 46: ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS jfm 07 FIBER OPTICS
FIBER OPTICS Fiber optics is a unique transmission medium. It has some unique advantages over conventional communication media, such as copper wire, microwave or coaxial cables. The major advantage is
More informationDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University. ECE 3150: Microelectronics. Spring Due on April 26, 2018 at 7:00 PM
Departmet of Electrical ad omputer Egieerig, orell Uiersity EE 350: Microelectroics Sprig 08 Homework 0 Due o April 6, 08 at 7:00 PM Suggested Readigs: a) Lecture otes Importat Notes: ) MAKE SURE THAT
More information11.11 Two-Channel Filter Banks 1/27
. Two-Chael Filter Baks /7 Two-Chael Filter Baks M We wat to look at methods that are ot based o the DFT I geeral we wat to look at Fig..6 rom Porat ad igure out how to choose i & i to get Perect Reco
More informationHigh Speed and High Precision Fs-laser Writing Using a Scanner with Large Numerical Aperture
High Speed ad High Precisio Fs-laser Writig Usig a Scaer with Large Numerical Aperture Jes GOTTMANN, Mare HÖRSTMANN-JUNGEMANN, Marti HERMANS, Deis BECKMANN Lehrstuhl für Lasertechik, RWTH Aache Uiversity,
More informationAbsorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat.
Absorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat. Scattering: The changes in direction of light confined within an OF, occurring due to imperfection in
More informationTheoretical Modelling of An End Face Reflection based Tapered Fiber Optic SPR Sensor with Different Probe Designs
Theoretical Modellig of A Ed Face Reflectio based Tapered Fiber Optic SPR Sesor with Differet Probe Desigs Rajeesh. K. Verma Departmet of Physics Cetral Uiversity of Rajastha Bader Sidri, Ajmer, Idia Abstract
More informationSIMULATION TOOLS FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF GUIDED WAVE INSPECTIONS
SIMULATION TOOLS FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF GUIDED WAVE INSPECTIONS A. Lhémery, K. Jezzie, V. Baroia ad S. Mahaut CEA, LIST, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Frace Abstract. The paper reviews theoretical
More information(2) The MOSFET. Review of. Learning Outcome. (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) 2.0) Field Effect Transistor (FET)
EEEB73 Electroics Aalysis & esig II () Review of The MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semicoductor Field Effect Trasistor) Referece: Neame, Chapter 3 ad Chapter 4 Learig Outcome Able to describe ad use the followig:
More informationOptical Fiber Technology. Photonic Network By Dr. M H Zaidi
Optical Fiber Technology Numerical Aperture (NA) What is numerical aperture (NA)? Numerical aperture is the measure of the light gathering ability of optical fiber The higher the NA, the larger the core
More information}, how many different strings of length n 1 exist? }, how many different strings of length n 2 exist that contain at least one a 1
1. [5] Give sets A ad B, each of cardiality 1, how may fuctios map A i a oe-tooe fashio oto B? 2. [5] a. Give the set of r symbols { a 1, a 2,..., a r }, how may differet strigs of legth 1 exist? [5]b.
More informationStudies on Extreme Ultraviolet Sources
Studies o Extreme Ultraviolet Sources R. Lebert 1, L. Aschke 3, K. Bergma 1, S. Düsterer 3, K. Gäbel, D. Hoffma 1, P. Loose 1, W. Neff 1, P. Nickles 2, O. Rosier 1, D. Rudolph 4, H. Schwoerer 3, H. Stiel
More informationSingle Bit DACs in a Nutshell. Part I DAC Basics
Sigle Bit DACs i a Nutshell Part I DAC Basics By Dave Va Ess, Pricipal Applicatio Egieer, Cypress Semicoductor May embedded applicatios require geeratig aalog outputs uder digital cotrol. It may be a DC
More informationCAEN Tools for Discovery
Applicatio Note AN2506 Digital Gamma Neutro discrimiatio with Liquid Scitillators Viareggio 19 November 2012 Itroductio I recet years CAEN has developed a complete family of digitizers that cosists of
More informationDirect Link Networks - Encoding
Direct Lik Networks - Ecodig Readig: Peterso ad Davie, Chapter 2 Sprig 2018 CS 438 Staff, Uiversity of Illiois 1 Where are we? Applicatio Layers BitTorret (P2P) HTTP (Web) Skype (VOIP) IPTV (streamig media)
More information2. The Basic principle of optical fibre (Or) Working principle of optical fibre (or) Total internal reflection
Introduction Fibre optics deals with the light propagation through thin glass fibres. Fibre optics plays an important role in the field of communication to transmit voice, television and digital data signals
More informationNOISE IN A SPECTRUM ANALYZER. Carlo F.M. Carobbi and Fabio Ferrini Department of Information Engineering University of Florence, Italy
NOISE IN A SPECTRUM ANALYZER by Carlo.M. Carobbi ad abio errii Departet of Iforatio Egieerig Uiversity of lorece, Italy 1. OBJECTIVE The objective is to easure the oise figure of a spectru aalyzer with
More informationImaging and Aberration Theory
Imagig ad Aberratio Theory Lecture 6: Spherical Aberratio 5-4- Herbert Gross Witer term 5 www.iap.ui-ea.de Prelimiary time schedule.. Paraxial imagig paraxial optics, fudametal laws of geometrical imagig,
More informationA SELECTIVE POINTER FORWARDING STRATEGY FOR LOCATION TRACKING IN PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A SELETIVE POINTE FOWADING STATEGY FO LOATION TAKING IN PESONAL OUNIATION SYSTES Seo G. hag ad hae Y. Lee Departmet of Idustrial Egieerig, KAIST 373-, Kusug-Dog, Taejo, Korea, 305-70 cylee@heuristic.kaist.ac.kr
More informationResearch Article Dominant Mode Wave Impedance of Regular Polygonal Waveguides
Microwave Sciece ad Techology, Article ID 485794, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/485794 Research Article Domiat Mode Wave Impedace of Regular Polygoal Waveguides Vyacheslav V. Komarov Istitute
More informationCHAPTER 8 JOINT PAPR REDUCTION AND ICI CANCELLATION IN OFDM SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 8 JOIT PAPR REDUCTIO AD ICI CACELLATIO I OFDM SYSTEMS Itercarrier Iterferece (ICI) is aother major issue i implemetig a OFDM system. As discussed i chapter 3, the OFDM subcarriers are arrowbad
More informationIntroduction to CPM-OFDM: An Energy Efficient Multiple Access Transmission Scheme
Joural of Commuicatio ad Computer 1 (015) 37-43 doi: 10.1765/1548-7709/015.01.007 D DAVID PUBLISHING Itroductio to CPM-OFDM: A Eergy Efficiet Multiple Access Trasmissio Scheme Mohammad Irfa, Sag Hoo Lee
More informationMethods to Reduce Arc-Flash Hazards
Methods to Reduce Arc-Flash Hazards Exercise: Implemetig Istataeous Settigs for a Maiteace Mode Scheme Below is a oe-lie diagram of a substatio with a mai ad two feeders. Because there is virtually o differece
More informationChapter 3 Signal Degradation in Optical Fibers
What about the loss in optical fiber? Why and to what degree do optical signals gets distorted as they propagate along a fiber? Fiber links are limited by in path length by attenuation and pulse distortion.
More informationA New FDTD Method for the Study of MRI Pulsed Field Gradient- Induced Fields in the Human Body
A New FDTD Method for the Study of MRI Pulsed Field Gradiet- Iduced Fields i the Huma Body Stuart Crozier, Huawei Zhao ad Liu Feg Cetre For Magetic Resoace, The Uiversity of Queeslad, St. Lucia, Qld 4072,
More informationTECHNICAL ARTICLE: DESIGN BRIEF FOR INDUSTRIAL FIBRE OPTICAL NETWORKS
TECHNICAL ARTICLE: DESIGN BRIEF FOR INDUSTRIAL FIBRE OPTICAL NETWORKS Designing and implementing a fibre optical based communication network intended to replace or augment an existing communication network
More informationOptical fibre. Principle and applications
Optical fibre Principle and applications Circa 2500 B.C. Earliest known glass Roman times-glass drawn into fibers Venice Decorative Flowers made of glass fibers 1609-Galileo uses optical telescope 1626-Snell
More informationFigure 4-1. Figure 4-2 Classes of Transmission Media
Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 4 Transmission Media Computers and other telecommunication devices transmit signals in the form of electromagnetic energy, which can be in the form of electrical current,
More information