CRM 230 Module 2 Lecture Notes. Crime Scene Search
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1 CRM 230 Module 2 Lecture Notes Crime Scene Search Hello. This presentation will discuss sequential processing of a crime scene and the importance of identification and individualization of evidence. It will provide you with some additional thoughts on the material that will be covered during this module as well as mention of some directives not listed in the text. The title of this module is Crime Scene Processing: Identification and Individualization. As previously discussed, if you hear the phrase crime scene technician, know that it represents any civilian or sworn personnel who works for a public safety agency and processes and/or investigates crime scenes. The titles of the individuals may vary depending on your physical and jurisdictional location. If you are going to process a crime scene, the first thing that must be acknowledged is whether or not you have the right to do so. It might seem unusual: you work for a law enforcement agency; the officers have arrived and a call is put in requesting assistance it must be OK to process the scene, right? Well, actually, it is important to recognize that a proper crime scene search requires it to be a planned and coordinated legal search of the property/persons for the purpose of identifying information that can be used later in court. For example, if photographs are needed of a suspected clandestine meth lab, a search warrant is needed in order to enter the home. Photos are taken of the search warrant as well as photos of the interior before collection of evidence. Photos are then taken after all evidence is collected, so there is a complete record of all events occurring at the location. Crime Scene Search Patterns Spiral Strip/Line Grid Quadrant/Zone Wheel Aerial searches (directional) Once the search begins, it is important to recognize what kind of search strategy is best. You ve learned about the most common search patterns (spiral, strip or line, grid, and quadrant or zone) but one not mentioned in the readings is the wheel search. Just like sections of a pie, a wheel search is most often conducted during aerial searches of outdoor scenes. This works because the pie shape can represent a compass, with directionals such as northeast and southwest to direct the pilot for photography and videotaping. The most commonly used search pattern is the quadrant but most often, common sense will dictate what type to use. In addition, no matter what search pattern is utilized, the crime scene technician must be thorough and observant when conducting the search for evidence.
2 Types of Crime Scene Sketches Overview/Bird s Eye View The crime scene will be documented for chain of custody and preservation purposes using photography, videotaping, or sketching. There are four types of sketches admissible, and your choice may depend on the circumstances at the scene, what will best capture the scene, and what (if any) budgetary constraints you might have. The most common sketch is known as the bird s eye view or overview sketch. Upon looking at it, it might seem like something familiar: yes, a floor plan of a residence or business. Often, you will find victims of a crime will be willing to assist and something as simple as asking for a floorplan or blueprint may make your job easier when it comes to sketching. However, if that is not available, you can easily complete an overview sketch: just draw the scene as if you were looking over it (on the roof). Elevation Cross-Projection/Exploded Perspective/3D The next sketch, an elevation sketch, is helpful when identifying points of evidence on the vertical plane. If there is damage to a wall or a series of fingerprints on a window, an elevation sketch can display placement on this vertical plane.
3 Taking the overview and elevation portions of sketches and combining them will provide you with the cross-projection or exploded sketch. Here the walls come down and are drawn alongside the floors. It is sometimes also completed by including a ceiling as a flat view, especially if there are bloodstains or bodily matter on the ceiling. Finally, the perspective sketch is another way of describing a three-dimensional sketch. There are several programs commercially available to law enforcement agencies that contain crime scene templates with which to construct a 3D version of the crime scene. However, that being said, if these sketches are attempted in the field, they can be time-consuming and require some artistic skill. However, completing a rough sketch in the field (using the overview or elevation sketch method) and then returning to the station (or wherever your home base is located) to create the 3D sketch is an option. Measurement of Evidence in Crime Scene Sketches Triangulation (best method) Requires measurements from two fixed points Creates a triangle Once you begin sketching, there has to be a way to succinctly locate items of evidence in the sketch. While it is not necessary to draw EVERY item found in the crime scene, it IS important to sketch the location of items collected for evidence submission. As with search patterns and types of sketches, there are also several ways in which to plot locations of evidence in a sketch. The first (and most accurate from a drawing perspective) measurement method discussed is the triangulation method. Using two fixed points within the environment (with fixed meaning an immovable object like a wall or a door frame), the items of evidence can be sketched to a particular place in space. The triangles formed offer a fairly accurate location when describing distances (such as the victim was five feet away from the weapon).
4 Baseline (easiest method) Uses perpendicular measurements from one fixed and permanent point Another method of measurement is referred to as a baseline measurement. This is often used in traffic accidents, as the main roadway is the baseline and items of evidence are drawn at the distance from the baseline. As such, we see most baseline measurements used in outdoor scenes, where a row of trees, a roadway, or the side of a building acts as the baseline. However, as with triangulation, fixed points must be used, such as a fire hydrant or a utility pole. Rectangular Coordinates Most common using graph paper squares to determine distance (such as 1 box = 1 foot) GPS Utilizes surveying machinery (Total Station ) Rectangular coordinates are not so much a form of measurement but are how we can plot measurement in a sketch, especially if the agency provides graph paper. Everyone remembers graph paper; well, your sketch works by locating evidence within the boxes, giving them a designated distance, such as one box equals one foot or one mile. Simple? Yes. But you can run out of room or not accurately depict distance with such generic markers. The great thing about technology is that we can utilize it to our advantage. GPS systems help us find a location when driving and can help us plot evidence in a three dimensional sketch. Just like a surveying system, we can electronically capture distances and transfer them to the sketches using GPS mechanisms, such as the Total Station system. Many traffic accident investigations utilize GPS units to accurately determine stopping distances of vehicles, yaw measurements, and other important information, giving the investigators more time to assess the crime scene.
5 Crime Scene Photography Method of capturing information using light Greek A true and accurate representation of the evidence as you witnessed it Different types of photo equipment Which one is best? As described earlier, sketching is one way to capture and process a crime scene. Another method is photography. You can take a week long (40 hours) courses in basic and advanced crime scene photography and STILL not be certain of your abilities! However, there are some photo basics you must learn if you will use this method to preserve and process a crime scene. The phrase photography is based on the Greek words for light and drawing. An object is captured with light, and drawings are the result. Of course, photography has come a long way from its Greek roots and in the crime scene realm, we are no longer concerned with drawings but with accurate representations of the scene. As such, the phrase often coined in this discipline is that a crime scene photograph represents a true and accurate representation of the evidence as the photographer saw it. For example, you are waiting for the bus on the corner of a busy intersection. Suddenly, you hear shots and the victim falls down. Your position (whether in front of the bus stop sign, on the northeast corner waiting to cross the street, or coming out of a storefront) will determine how you saw the crime occur. Remember from an earlier module the idea of eyewitness testimony. Photography, at times, can play the same part. Some authors believe that having more than two technicians processing and searching a scene is helpful, because you and your partner will have a different vantage point. However, as you may have seen in some of your own personal photos, the camera captures more than we may originally see. Have you ever looked at one of your photos and said, I don t remember her wearing that colored shirt, or, Was that guy standing behind our group when the picture was taken? The camera may sometimes capture what our eyes will miss. As such, it is important to recognize that there are different types of photographic equipment from camera bodies, to lenses, to flash mounts. With digital photography advancing rapidly, many agencies no longer utilize film and have gone completely digital. Of course, with any new technology, safeguards must be in place to prevent any compromise or manipulation of information. Your text will provide you with plenty of information on the types of cameras currently in use in crime scene investigations. Include photos with and without scales of measurement To photograph interiors, use the four corners to capture 360 If available, videotape scene and begin with overall panning of exterior Keep conversation to a minimum every sound will be recorded! Better yet, turn off sound on device To enter tape into evidence, it must be in original condition no editing! Finally, there are some basic concepts every crime scene photographer should know. First, it is imperative photographs of crime scene evidence should be taken with and without a scale of measurement. If you don t have a ruler handy, no problem. Most courts accept a penny or quarter as a form of measurement. However, it is best to include a ruler with numbers when the size or distance of an object may be in question. If you get into the habit of taking all evidentiary photos with and without a scale or ruler, it will be second nature as you rack up the experience. Another concept often utilized in indoor crime scenes (and imagined for outdoor scenes) is the four corners method. This requires the photographer to stand at the four corners of a room, moving the camera from a horizontal to a vertical position to capture a part of the ceiling and a part of the floor in each photograph. If done correctly, the four photos can provide a near 360 (or panoramic) view of the room. This four corners method is also helpful when photographing vehicles, as one can photograph the
6 front/passenger side, back passenger side, front/driver s side, and back driver s side, and most likely have every surface of the vehicle visible in the photographs. When it comes to videotaping a crime scene, there are a few cardinal rules to remember. First, attempt to pan the overall scene, making certain to go nice and slow while capturing vehicles, witnesses, passersby, and other associated items in the scene. If you move the camera too fast, the jury who might see the tape will feel as if they are on a rollercoaster ride! Nice and slow. Second, keep conversation to a minimum. Better yet, disable the sound mechanism on the video camera to avoid any issues. Since the videotape, once rolling, cannot be edited as it would violate the chain of custody (look up your vocabulary if you don t remember what that means!). It must be in its original condition in order to be accepted into court. Besides, you don t want to say anything that might compromise the investigation and believe me, some of the words and phrases said at a crime scene investigation should not be heard! Hopefully, this presentation has helped you see the concepts described in the text. CSI doesn t just mean crime scene investigation; it also means common sense investigation! You will find ways to use these tools and through constant use, you may find one method works better than another. They are all here to help you do your job to the best of your abilities.
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